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Direct numerical simulations with an immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method are used to investigate the effects of particle rotation on flows past random arrays of mono-disperse spheres at moderate particle Reynolds numbers. This study is an extension of a previous study of the authors [Q. Zhou and L.-S. Fan, “Direct numerical simulation of low-Reynolds-number flow past arrays of rotating spheres,” J. Fluid Mech. 765, 396–423 (2015)] that explored the effects of particle rotation at low particle Reynolds numbers. The results of this study indicate that as the particle Reynolds number increases, the normalized Magnus lift force decreases rapidly when the particle Reynolds number is in the range lower than 50. For the particle Reynolds number greater than 50, the normalized Magnus lift force approaches a constant value that is invariant with solid volume fractions. The proportional dependence of the Magnus lift force on the rotational Reynolds number (based on the angular velocity and the diameter of the spheres) observed at low particle Reynolds numbers does not change in the present study, making the Magnus lift force another possible factor that can significantly affect the overall dynamics of fluid-particle flows other than the drag force. Moreover, it is found that both the normalized drag force and the normalized torque increase with the increase of the particle Reynolds number and the solid volume fraction. Finally, correlations for the drag force, the Magnus lift force, and the torque in random arrays of rotating spheres at arbitrary solids volume fractions, rotational Reynolds numbers, and particle Reynolds numbers are formulated.

The hydrodynamics and heat transfer phenomena during the collision process of a liquid droplet and a hot particle, both in motion, are illustrated by direct numerical simulation in this study. The three-dimensional level-set method is used to portray the surface deformation of the droplet. The immersed boundary method is employed by means of the particle level-set function so that the particle-fluid boundary conditions are satisfied. The governing equations for the droplet and the surrounding gas phase are solved using the finite-volume method. To account for the multiscale effect due to lubrication resistance induced by the vapor layer between the droplet and solid surface or solid particle formed by the film-boiling evaporation, a vapor flow model is developed, which quantifies the pressure and velocity distributions along the vapor layer. The temperature fields in all phases and the local evaporation rate on the droplet surface are illustrated using a full-field heat transfer model. The convergence of ...

The hydrodynamics and heat transfer phenomena of a liquid droplet impacting upon a hot flat surface are analyzed based on three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation considering film-boiling behavior. The 3D level-set method is employed to portray the droplet surface variation during its deformation. The governing equations for the droplet and the surrounding gas phase are solved utilizing the finite-volume method with the arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian technique. To account for the lubrication resistant effects of the vapor cushion formed by the film-boiling evaporation, a separate vapor flow model is developed to simulate the pressure and velocity distribution along the vapor layer between the droplet and the surface. The temperature fields in all phases and the local evaporation rate on the droplet surface are determined by using a full field heat transfer model. Both the water and n-heptane droplets impacting on the solid wall with different Weber numbers are investigated. The comparisons of the simulation results with the experimental results reported in the literatures are made to substantiate the model presented in this study. Specially, the spreading and recoiling motions of the impacting droplets are reproduced accurately for a wide range of the Weber number. The oscillation of the thickness of the vapor layer and the temperature distribution across the interface are also calculated and compared favorably with the experimental results. As the Weber number increases, the extent of the droplet spreading increases, but the residence time of the droplet on the surface is almost unchanged. Compared to the saturated impacts, the subcooled impact yields a thinner vapor layer and a higher heat transfer rate.