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We present a new scheme to report on Goos–Hanchen (GH) shift experienced by the Gaussian light beam interacting with an optical cavity filled with four-level sodium atomic medium in the spectral hole burning region with and without Doppler broadening effect. Theoretical atomic density-matrix formalism is employed to obtain the susceptibility of atomic medium while the stationary-phase-theory is used to compute the GH shift in the reflected and transmitted probe beams subjected to control fields. A steep normal slope of dispersion is observed with a maximum and zero probability of transmission and reflection coefficients, respectively, at the regions of the spectral holes burning. In the normal dispersion spectrum at the region of spectral hole burning, positive and negative GH shift is observed, respectively, in the transmitted and reflected light beams. However, at anomalous dispersive regions negative GH shift in the transmission beam and positive GH shift in the reflection beam is observed. The reflection and transmission coefficients as well as the spatial GH shift are the functions of probe detuning, collective phase of control fields, beam incident angle and inverse Doppler broadening effect in the spectral hole burning region. The position and number of spectral holes also depend on the same spectral parametrs as stated above. The study is expected to be useful for optoelectronic devices and optical-clocking applications.

Recently, a considerable enhancement has been observed in the celebrated Fresnel–Fizeau light drag by innovative experimental and theoretical approaches because of its fundamental and practical interest in the emerging technology of quantum optics and photonics. We present a semiclassical density matrix approach on the demonstration of light drag in a slow-light moving medium comprising five-level single tripod atomic configuration. To accomplish this, we introduce Kerr-type nonlinearity that leads to electromagnetically-induced transparency amplification under resonance conditions. By switching ON Kerr-type nonlinearity effect, we observe a prominent transparency window in probe field's absorption spectrum whose width and amplitude can be controlled further by the intensity of Kerr field and control field. The incorporation of Kerr field also switches light propagation from superluminal to subluminal domain. We predict a significant enhancement both in the lateral and the rotary photon drag owing to drag of light linear polarization state subjected to translation and rotation of the host medium, respectively. Consistent with earlier results, light drag considerably depends on both transverse and angular velocity of the host medium. In regime of subluminal propagation, light polarization state drags along the medium motion while in the superluminal propagation region it drags opposite to the medium motion.

Optical activity is investigated in a chiral medium by employing the four level cascade atomic model, in which the optical responses of the atomic medium are studied with Kerr nonlinearity. Light entering into a chiral medium splits into circular birefringent beams. The angle of divergence between the circular birefringent beams and the polarization states of the two light beams is manipulated with Kerr nonlinearity. In the stationary chiral medium the angle of divergence between the circular birefringent beams is calculated to be 1.3 radian. Furthermore, circular birefringence is optically controlled in a spinning chiral medium, where the maximum rotary photon drag angle for left (right) circularly polarized beam is ±1.1 (±1.5) microradian. The change in the angle of divergence between circular birefringent beams by rotary photon drag is calculated to be 0.4 microradian. The numerical results may help to understand image designing, image coding, discovery of photonic crystals and optical sensing technology.

The propagation of probe beam through complex conductive medium is controlled and modified by Laguerre fields. The maximum positive group index of 5.1 × 10 5 and group velocity of 630 m/s are reported. Significant tunability from subluminal to superluminal propagation is investigated while using the Laguerre intensities of the control fields. The maximum of negative group index − 4.53 × 10 5 and group velocity of −667 m/s are reported. The positive group delay time of 60 μ s is tuned to negative group delay time of − 60 μ s . The larger rotary photon drag of ±0.020 radian is tune to ±0.018 radian from subluminal to superluminal propagation. The pulse intensity is undistorted along the x-axis, y-axis and amplitude of complex conductivity. The dark and bright solitons behavior is investigated with time domain. This work will play a vital role in optical information processing and quantum communication.

We investigate self and cross-Kerr nonlinearity in a four level quantized graphene atomic medium. The absorption, dispersion, transmission and subluminal/superluminal behaviors of a probe light field are studied. An amplification of the probe light field is observed in the absorption spectrum. The normal and anomalous slope of dispersion is also investigated at the positive/negative absorption region. It is shown that Kerr nonlinearity invert and enhance the subluminal/superluminal behaviors of the pulse and self-Kerr effect is found to be more subluminal/superluminal as compared to cross-Kerr effect. The results show significant applications in information storage, self and cross phase modulation and lasing without inversion.