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Purpose: In recent years, many people show interest to Paralympics competition because it is dedicated to athletes with disabilities. In order to affect the throwing, static stretching can be applied on the two muscles, i.e. pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi that play an important role in the arm acceleration phase. Normally, before sport activities, static stretching is applied. Stretching increases the flexibility that is effective in the throwing. The important point is the effect of this type of stretching on the throwing function, which is a combination of muscular strength, range of motion and productive torque. This study is going to examine this issue. Methods: In this study, 45 disabled male athletes (15 discus throwers, 15 shot put throwers, and 15 javelin throwers) participated. Before stretching, each athlete did 3 throws, then a static stretching session consisting of 5 sets of 30 seconds stretching followed by 30 seconds of rest between each set, was performed. One minute after the stretching, the athletes did throwing 3 more times. Stretch was of the static type applied on the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles. Results: Based on study results, no significant change was observed in the amount of throw before and after the stretching (Discus: P=0.47, Shot put: P=0.46, Javelin: P=0.14). Conclusion: Considering data analysis, one session of static stretching of pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles does not create a significant change in the magnitude of throw in disabled athletes engaged in discus, shot put, and javelin throw.

Purpose: Low Back Pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems in the world so that about 80% of people are affected by LBP at least once in a lifetime. Therefore, knowing the risk factors for LBP is an important topic. Obesity is also a major health problem that is dramatically rising. If there is a proven relationship between obesity and LBP, losing weight can be an effective advice to help treat effectively LBP. This study aimed to evaluate the association between LBP and Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Fat Percentage (BFP), Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR), and Waist to Height Ratio (WHtR). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 60 women aged 20 to 40 years were randomly recruited by convenience sampling method during 2016-2017. They were living in one of the dormitories of Tehran, and were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of them, 30 persons suffered from LBP during the past year and 30 were healthy. Therefore, the participants were divided into two groups: LBP and healthy. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, and also the skin folds at triceps, quadriceps, and suprailiac were measured for all participants. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS22. Results: The mean BMI value, although, was higher in patients with LBP, but showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.17). The mean values of WHR (P=0.04), WHtR (P=0.04), and BFP (P=0.03) in participants with LBP were significantly higher than those in the control group. Conclusion: The present study confirmed the relationship between the WHR, WHtR, and also BFP with the incidence of LBP in women. The strongest relationship was found between LBP and BFP.