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With the significant beam intensity improvement in RHIC polarized proton run 2005 and run 2006, the emittance growth becomes a luminosity limiting factor. The beam emittance growth has a dependence on the dynamic pressure rise, which in RHIC proton runs is mainly caused by the electron cloud. The dependence of the emittance growth on other electron cloud related parameters is also identified. The beam instability is usually absent, and the emittance growth rate is much slower than the ones typically caused by the head-tail instability. It is suspected that the emittance growth is caused by the electron cloud below the instability threshold. A discussion follows.

Since 2001, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has experienced electron cloud effects, some of which have limited the beam intensity. These include dynamic pressure rises (including pressure instabilities), tune shifts, a reduction of the instability threshold for bunches crossing the transition energy, and possibly incoherent emittance growth. We summarize the main observations in operation and dedicated experiments as well as countermeasures including baking, nonevaporable getter coated warm beam pipes, solenoids, bunch patterns, antigrazing rings, prepumped cold beam pipes, scrubbing, and operation with long bunches.

The antigrazing ridges installed in two Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) warm straight sections have been tested with beam. Significant reduction in electron cloud induced pressure rise has been observed. In addition, the pressure rise pattern at these locations has changed. The effect of antigrazing ridges on the RHIC warm section electron cloud are discussed, as well as possible mechanisms.

Grazing collisions with the stainless steel beam pipes of gold ions, the so-called “halo scraping,” result in large secondary electron emission and surface molecular desorption yields in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Here we estimate electron emission yields as function of incidence angle, we show that desorption rates will follow a similar angular dependence at small angles, and we propose a simple approach to mitigate these effects.

We describe a mechanism using clearing electrodes and solenoids to remove the electron cloud in the Spallation Neutron Source’s accumulator ring. Simulation indicates that strong multipacting could happen at median clearing fields. A similar phenomenon was reported in an experimental study at Los Alamos Laboratory’s Proton Storage Ring. A weak solenoid is proven to be a good remedy for suppressing multipacting by confining electrons near the chamber wall’s surfaces. We investigated the clearing mechanism using both electrodes and solenoids.

This paper summarizes the low-loss design for the Spallation Neutron Source accumulator ring [“Spallation Neutron Source Design Manual” (unpublished)]. A hybrid lattice consisting of FODO arcs and doublet straights provides optimum matching and flexibility for injection and collimation. For this lattice, optimization focuses on six design goals: a space-charge tune shift low enough (below 0.15) to avoid strong resonances, adequate transverse and momentum acceptance for efficient beam collimation, injection optimized for desired target beam shape and minimal halo development, compensation of magnet field errors, control of impedance and instability, and prevention against accidental system malfunction. With an expected collimation efficiency of more than 90%, the uncontrolled fractional beam loss is expected to be at the 10^{-4} level.