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Exclusive measurements of the quasifree pp→ppπ^{+}π^{-} reaction have been carried out at WASA@COSY by means of pd collisions at T_{p}=1.2 GeV. Total and differential cross sections have been extracted covering the energy region T_{p}=1.08-1.36 GeV, which is the region of N^{*}(1440) and Δ(1232)Δ(1232) resonance excitations. Calculations describing these excitations by t-channel meson exchange are at variance with the measured differential cross sections and underpredict substantially the experimental total cross section. An isotensor ΔN dibaryon resonance with I(J^{P})=2(1^{+}) produced associatedly with a pion is able to overcome these deficiencies.

Exclusive measurements of the quasifree pp→ppπ^{+}π^{-} reaction have been carried out at WASA@COSY by means of pd collisions at T_{p}=1.2 GeV. Total and differential cross sections have been extracted covering the energy region T_{p}=1.08-1.36 GeV, which is the region of N^{*}(1440) and Δ(1232)Δ(1232) resonance excitations. Calculations describing these excitations by t-channel meson exchange are at variance with the measured differential cross sections and underpredict substantially the experimental total cross section. An isotensor ΔN dibaryon resonance with I(J^{P})=2(1^{+}) produced associatedly with a pion is able to overcome these deficiencies.

This letter reports the successful use of feedback from a spin polarization measurement to the revolution frequency of a 0.97 GeV/$c$ bunched and polarized deuteron beam in the Cooler Synchrotron (COSY) storage ring in order to control both the precession rate ($\approx 121$ kHz) and the phase of the horizontal polarization component. Real time synchronization with a radio frequency (rf) solenoid made possible the rotation of the polarization out of the horizontal plane, yielding a demonstration of the feedback method to manipulate the polarization. In particular, the rotation rate shows a sinusoidal function of the horizontal polarization phase (relative to the rf solenoid), which was controlled to within a one standard deviation range of $\sigma = 0.21$ rad. The minimum possible adjustment was 3.7 mHz out of a revolution frequency of 753 kHz, which changes the precession rate by 26 mrad/s. Such a capability meets a requirement for the use of storage rings to look for an intrinsic electric dipole moment of charged particles.

The preservation of the nuclear polarization of hydrogen atoms during the recombination to molecules was observed on different surface materials in the temperature range from 45 to 100 K and for magnetic fields up to 1 T. On a gold and a fused quartz surface, the expected molecular polarization of about 50% or lower of the atomic polarization was measured, while a surface layer of perfluoropolyether (Fomblin) shows a nearly complete preservation (at least 97%) of the atomic polarization during the recombination process. Further experiments have the possibility of storing polarized deuterium molecules and to use them in nuclear-fusion installations. Another application might be the production of polarized substances for enhanced NMR techniques.

The preservation of the nuclear polarization of hydrogen atoms during the recombination to molecules was observed on different surface materials in the temperature range from 45 to 100 K and for magnetic fields up to 1 T. On a gold and a fused quartz surface, the expected molecular polarization of about 50% or lower of the atomic polarization was measured, while a surface layer of perfluoropolyether (Fomblin) shows a nearly complete preservation (at least 97%) of the atomic polarization during the recombination process. Further experiments have the possibility of storing polarized deuterium molecules and to use them in nuclear-fusion installations. Another application might be the production of polarized substances for enhanced NMR techniques.

The in-medium properties of the ${\mathrm{D}}_{13}(1520)$ nucleon resonance were studied via photoproduction of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ mesons from nuclei (C, Ca, Nb, Pb) with the TAPS detector at the Mainz Microton accelerator. The inclusive (single and multiple pion production) data disagree with model predictions which explain the disappearance of the second resonance bump in total photoabsorption via a medium modification of the ${\mathrm{D}}_{13}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{N}\ensuremath{\rho}$ decay. The exclusive single ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ production data show no broadening of the resonance structure beyond Fermi smearing. Both results together cast doubt on attempts to explain the vanishing of the second resonance bump for nuclei by a broadening of the ${\mathrm{D}}_{13}$ resonance.

We report on a measurement of subthreshold eta and pi(0) mesons in the reaction Ar + Ca at 180A MeV. We find that the ratio of the eta to pi(0) meson-production cross section is more than a factor of 20 smaller than the one expected from threshold-energy scalings of meson production. In addition, the multiplicity of high m(t) pi(0) increases faster with the centrality of the reaction than the multiplicity of the bulk of pi(0) mesons. This behavior is explained by the rescattering of pi mesons in nuclear matter at the origin of most energetic particles.

The neutral pi(o) and eta mesons are studied in Au-197-Au-197 collisions at an incident energy of 800A MeV, substantially below the threshold for eta production in N-N collisions. While the gross pi(o) multiplicity increases almost linearly with the number of participant nucleons, the multiplicities of eta and hard pi(o) mesons show a stronger than linear dependence. The nonlinearity is governed by the average transverse-mass excess [m(t)] - (root s - 2m(N)) of the mesons and is insensitive to their final-state interaction in the nuclear medium.

An initially unpolarized beam of deuterons is found to acquire tensor polarization after traversing a foil of spin-zero target nuclei. The effect, called nuclear spin dichroism, has been predicted theoretically, albeit resulting in small values of p(zz) of the order of 0.01 for energies around 10 MeV. The experiment was carried out at the Koln tandem accelerator using carbon targets bombarded by deuterons. The observed polarization is as large as p(zz) = -0.28 +/- 0.03 for a beam of 14.8 MeV and a 129 mg/cm(2) target. The results allow one to produce tensor-polarized deuterons with p(zz) around -0.30 (or +0.25) from an initially unpolarized beam using a carbon target of appropriate thickness.

We report new measurements of inclusive $\ensuremath{\pi}$ production from frozen-spin HD for polarized photon beams covering the $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1232)$ resonance. These provide data simultaneously on both H and D with nearly complete angular distributions of the spin-difference cross sections entering the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn (GDH) sum rule. Recent results from Mainz and Bonn exceed the GDH prediction for the proton by $22\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{b}$, suggesting as yet unmeasured high-energy components. Our ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ data reveal a different angular dependence than assumed in Mainz analyses and integrate to a value that is $18\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{b}$ lower, suggesting a more rapid convergence. Our results for deuterium are somewhat lower than published data, considerably more precise, and generally lower than available calculations.

The cross section for inclusive multipion production in the pp->ppX reaction was measured at COSY-ANKE at four beam energies, 0.8, 1.1, 1.4, and 2.0 GeV, for low excitation energy in the final pp system, such that the diproton quasi-particle is in the 1S0 state. At the three higher energies the missing mass Mx spectra show a strong enhancement at low Mx, corresponding to an ABC effect that moves steadily to larger values as the energy is increased. Despite the missing-mass structure looking very different at 0.8 GeV, the variation with Mx and beam energy are consistent with two-pion production being mediated through the excitation of two Delta(1232) isobars, coupled to S-- and D-- states of the initial pp system., 4 pages, 3 figures

We report new measurements of inclusive pi production from frozen-spin HD for polarized photon beams covering the Delta(1232) resonance. These provide data simultaneously on both H and D with nearly complete angular distributions of the spin-difference cross sections entering the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn (GDH) sum rule. Recent results from Mainz and Bonn exceed the GDH prediction for the proton by 22 microb, suggesting as yet unmeasured high-energy components. Our pi0 data reveal a different angular dependence than assumed in Mainz analyses and integrate to a value that is 18 microb lower, suggesting a more rapid convergence. Our results for deuterium are somewhat lower than published data, considerably more precise, and generally lower than available calculations.

Differential and absolute cross sections for the reaction {ital p}({gamma},{pi}{sup 0}) have been measured with energy-defined photons in the threshold region ({ital E}{sub {gamma}}=131.4--157.2 MeV). The {ital E}{sub 0+} amplitude has been extracted out of the data. The values found are in disagreement with predictions of low-energy theorems.

The differential and total cross sections for the dp{yields}{sup 3}He{eta} reaction have been measured in a high precision high statistics COSY-ANKE experiment near threshold using a continuous beam energy ramp up to an excess energy Q of 11.3 MeV with essentially 100% acceptance. The kinematics allowed the mean value of Q to be determined to about 9 keV. Evidence is found for the effects of higher partial waves for Q > or approx. 4 MeV. The very rapid rise of the total cross section to its maximum value within 0.5 MeV of threshold implies a very large {eta}{sup 3}He scattering length and hence the presence of a quasibound state extremely close to threshold.

The pp ! ppreaction has been studied at the Cooler Synchrotron COSY-Julich, using the internal beam and ANKE facility. Total cross sections have been determined at three excess energiesnear the production threshold. The differential cross section closest to threshold at � � 18:5 MeV exhibits a clear S wave dominance as well as a noticeable effect due to the proton-proton final-state interaction. Taken together with data for pp! production, a significant enhancement of the �=! ratio of a factor 8 is found compared to predictions based on the Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka rule.

The pp--ppphi reaction has been studied at the Cooler Synchrotron COSY-Jülich, using the internal beam and ANKE facility. Total cross sections have been determined at three excess energies epsilon near the production threshold. The differential cross section closest to threshold at epsilon=18.5 MeV exhibits a clear S wave dominance as well as a noticeable effect due to the proton-proton final-state interaction. Taken together with data for ppomega production, a significant enhancement of the phi/omega ratio of a factor 8 is found compared to predictions based on the Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka rule.

Indications for the production of a neutral excited hyperon in the reaction $pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{K}^{+}{Y}^{0*}$ are observed in an experiment performed with the ANKE spectrometer at COSY-J\"ulich at ${p}_{\mathrm{beam}}=3.65\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}/c$. Two final states were investigated simultaneously, viz. ${Y}^{0*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{X}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{X}^{+}$, and consistent results were obtained in spite of the quite different experimental conditions. The parameters of the hyperon state are $M({Y}^{0*})=(1480\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/{c}^{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}({Y}^{0*})=(60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/{c}^{2}$. The production cross section for ${Y}^{0*}$ decaying through these channels is of the order of few hundred nanobarns. Since the isospin of the ${Y}^{0*}$ has not been determined here, it could either be an observation of the $\ensuremath{\Sigma}(1480)$, a one-star resonance of the Particle Data Group tables, or, alternatively, a $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ hyperon. Relativistic quark models for the baryon spectrum do not predict any excited hyperon in this mass range and so the ${Y}^{0*}$ may be of exotic nature.

Indications for the production of a neutral excited hyperon in the reaction pp --pK+Y0* are observed in an experiment performed with the ANKE spectrometer at COSY-Jülich at p(beam) = 3.65 GeV/c. Two final states were investigated simultaneously, viz. Y0* --pi+X- and pi-X+, and consistent results were obtained in spite of the quite different experimental conditions. The parameters of the hyperon state are M(Y0*) = (1480 +/-15) MeV/c2 and gamma(Y0*) = (60 +/- 15) MeV/c2. The production cross section for Y0* decaying through these channels is of the order of few hundred nanobarns. Since the isospin of the Y0* has not been determined here, it could either be an observation of the sigma(1480), a one-star resonance of the Particle Data Group tables, or, alternatively, a lambda hyperon. Relativistic quark models for the baryon spectrum do not predict any excited hyperon in this mass range and so the Y0* may be of exotic nature.

A measurement of the analyzing power A(y) of the p-->d--> (p p) + n reaction was carried out at the ANKE spectrometer at COSY at beam energies of 0.5 and 0.8 GeV by detection of a fast forward proton pair of small excitation energy E(pp) < 3 MeV. The S-wave dominance in the fast diproton is experimentally demonstrated in this reaction. While at T(p) = 0.8 GeV the measured analyzing power almost vanishes, it rises to nearly unity at T(p) = 0.5 GeV for neutrons emitted at theta(c.m.)(n) = 167 degrees. The results are compared with a model taking into account one-nucleon exchange, single scattering, and Delta(1232) excitation in the intermediate state. The model describes fairly well the unpolarized cross section obtained earlier and the analyzing power at 0.8 GeV; it fails to reproduce A(y) at 0.5 GeV.

A measurement of the analyzing power A(y) of the p--d--(p p) + n reaction was carried out at the ANKE spectrometer at COSY at beam energies of 0.5 and 0.8 GeV by detection of a fast forward proton pair of small excitation energy E(pp)3 MeV. The S-wave dominance in the fast diproton is experimentally demonstrated in this reaction. While at T(p) = 0.8 GeV the measured analyzing power almost vanishes, it rises to nearly unity at T(p) = 0.5 GeV for neutrons emitted at theta(c.m.)(n) = 167 degrees. The results are compared with a model taking into account one-nucleon exchange, single scattering, and Delta(1232) excitation in the intermediate state. The model describes fairly well the unpolarized cross section obtained earlier and the analyzing power at 0.8 GeV; it fails to reproduce A(y) at 0.5 GeV.

The reaction $pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}d{K}^{+}{\overline{K}}^{0}$ has been investigated at an excess energy of $Q=46\text{ }\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$ above the ${K}^{+}{\overline{K}}^{0}$ threshold with ANKE at the cooler synchrotron COSY-J\"ulich. From the detected coincident $d{K}^{+}$ pairs, about 1000 events with a missing ${\overline{K}}^{0}$ were identified, corresponding to a total cross section of $\ensuremath{\sigma}(pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}d{K}^{+}{\overline{K}}^{0})=[38\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2(\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}14(\mathrm{s}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t})]\text{ }\mathrm{n}\mathrm{b}$. Invariant-mass and angular distributions have been jointly analyzed and reveal $s$-wave dominance between the two kaons, accompanied by a $p$ wave between the deuteron and the kaon system. This is interpreted in terms of ${a}_{0}^{+}(980)$-resonance production.

The photon asymmetry in the reaction H-1(, pi (0))H-1 close to threshold has been measured for the first time with the photon spectrometer TAPS using linearly polarized photons from the tagged-photon facility at the Mainz Microtron MAMI. The total and differential cross sections were also measured simultaneously with the photon asymmetry. This allowed determination of the S-wave and all three P-wave amplitudes. The values obtained at threshold are E0+ = [-1.33 +/- 0.08(stat) +/- 0.03(syst)] x 10(-3)/m(pi+), P-1 = [9.47 +/- 0.08(stat) +/- 0.29(syst)] x 10(-3)q /m(pi+)(2) P-2 [-9.46 +/- 0.1(stat) +/- 0.29(syst)] x 10(-3)q/m(pi+)(2), and P-3 = [11.48 +/- 0.06(stat) +/- 0.35(syst)] x 10(-3)q/m(pi+)(2).

The reaction {gamma}p{yields}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup 0}n has been measured at MAMI for photon energies up to 820MeV. Invariant mass spectra of the particles in the final state ({pi}{sup +}n) , ({pi}{sup 0}n) , ({pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup 0}) have been determined for several bins of incident photon energy. Differences in {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup 0} and simultaneously measured {pi}{sup 0}{pi}{sup 0} invariant mass distributions are assigned to a {rho} branch of the D{sub 13}(1520) nucleon resonance.

K{sup +} -meson production in pA (A=C,Cu,Au) collisions has been studied using the ANKE spectrometer at an internal target position of the COSY-Juelich accelerator. The complete momentum spectrum of kaons emitted at forward angles, {theta}{

The photon asymmetry in the reaction 1H(--gamma,pi(0))(1)H close to threshold has been measured for the first time with the photon spectrometer TAPS using linearly polarized photons from the tagged-photon facility at the Mainz Microtron MAMI. The total and differential cross sections were also measured simultaneously with the photon asymmetry. This allowed determination of the S-wave and all three P-wave amplitudes. The values obtained at threshold are E(0+) = [-1.33+/-0.08(stat)+/-0.03(syst)] x 10(-3)/m(pi(+)), P(1) = [9.47 +/- 0.08(stat) +/- 0.29(syst)] x 10(-3)q/m(2)(pi(+)), P(2) = [-9.46 +/- 0.1(stat) +/- 0.29(syst)] x 10(-3)q/m(2)(pi(+)), and P(3) = [11.48 +/- 0.06(stat) +/- 0.35(syst)] x 10(-3)q/m(2)(pi(+)).

The in-medium properties of the D13(1520) nucleon resonance were studied via photoproduction of pi(0) mesons from nuclei (C, Ca, Nb, Pb) with the TAPS detector at the Mainz Microton accelerator. The inclusive (single and multiple pion production) data disagree with model predictions which explain the disappearance of the second resonance bump in total photoabsorption via a medium modification of the D13--Nrho decay. The exclusive single pi(0) production data show no broadening of the resonance structure beyond Fermi smearing. Both results together cast doubt on attempts to explain the vanishing of the second resonance bump for nuclei by a broadening of the D13 resonance.

We have measured precise total and differential cross sections for the reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p\ensuremath{\eta}$ from threshold to 790 MeV at the MAMI accelerator in Mainz with the neutral meson spectrometer TAPS. Resonance parameters of the ${S}_{11}$(1535) resonance and the electromagnetic coupling $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{S}_{11}$ have been extracted from the data. Contributions from the ${D}_{13}$(1520) resonance to $\ensuremath{\eta}$ photoproduction in the threshold region have been identified for the first time via interference terms in the angular distributions.

Differential and absolute cross sections for the coherent reaction $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$(\ensuremath{\gamma},${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$${)}^{40}$Ca g.s., as well as for the incoherent reaction $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$(\ensuremath{\gamma},${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{0}$${)}^{40}$Ca(g.s.), have been measured with monochromatic photons in the threshold region (${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$=157--169 MeV). The differential cross section for the coherent process exhibits a diffraction minimum due to the nuclear mass form factor while the incoherent cross section is rather structureless. The cross sections are in good agreement with recent distorted-wave impulse-approximation calculations.