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In order to solve the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations for neutron stars, one routinely uses the equations of state which are computed in the Minkowski spacetime. Using a first-principle approach, it is shown that the equations of state which are computed within the curved spacetime of the neutron stars include the effect of gravitational time dilation. It arises due to the radially varying interior metric over the length scale of the star and consequently it leads to a much higher mass limit. As an example, for a given set of parameters in a σ-ω model of nuclear matter, the maximum mass limit is shown to increase from 1.61 M⊙ to 2.24 M⊙ due to the inclusion of gravitational time dilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomic clocks can measure the gravitational redshift predicted by general relativity with great accuracy and for height differences as little as 1 cm. All existing experiments, however, involve the comparison of two independent clocks at different locations rather than a single clock in a delocalized quantum superposition. Here we present an interferometry scheme employing group-II-type atoms, such as Sr or Yb, capable of measuring the gravitational time dilation in a coherent superposition of atomic wave packets at two different heights. In contrast to other recent proposals, there is no need for pulses that can efficiently diffract both internal states. Instead, the scheme relies on very simple atom optics for which high diffraction efficiencies can be achieved with rather mild requirements on laser power. Furthermore, the effects of vibration noise are subtracted by employing a simultaneous Rb interferometer that acts as an inertial reference. Remarkably, the recently commissioned VLBAI facility in Hannover, a 10-m atomic fountain that can simultaneously operate Yb and Rb atoms and enables up to 2.8 s of free evolution time, meets all the requirements for a successful experimental implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the nonlinear structure formation of the environmentally dependent dilaton model using N-body simulations. We find that the mechanism of suppressing the scalar fifth force in high-density regions works very well. Within the parameter space allowed by the solar-system tests, the dilaton model predicts small deviations of the matter power spectrum and the mass function from their ΛCDM counterparts. The importance of taking full account of the nonlinearity of the model is also emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We obtain a remarkable semianalytic expression concerning the role of purely tidal curvature on accelerated probes, revealing some novel insights into the role of absolute vs tidal acceleration in the response of such probes. The key quantity we evaluate is the relation between geodesic (τgeod) and proper time (τacc) intervals between events on the probe trajectory. This is obtained as a covariant power series in curvature using a combination of analytical and numerical tools. A serendipitous observation then reveals that one can exactly sum all terms involving the purely tidal component ℰn=Rabcdϵabϵcd of curvature, with ϵab the binormal to the plane of motion, τgeod=.... For classical clocks, the above result represents an interesting closed form contribution of tidal curvature to the differential ageing of twins in the classic twin paradox. For quantum probes, it gives a thermal contribution to the detector response with a modified Unruh temperature, [kBT]ℰn=.... As an operational tool, the computational framework we present and the corresponding results should find applications to a wide range of physical problems that involve measurements and observations by use of accelerated probes in curved spacetimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a novel probe of fundamental physics that involves the exploration of temporal correlations between the multi-frequency electromagnetic (EM) signal and the subthreshold GW signal or stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) originating from coalescing binaries. This method will be useful for the detection of EM counterparts associated with the subthreshold/SGWB signal. Exploiting the time delay between concomitant emission of the gravitational wave and EM signals enables inference of the redshifts of the contributing sources by studying the time delay dilation due to cosmological expansion, provided that the time-lag between the emission of gravitational wave signal and the EM signal acts like a standard clock. Measurement of the inevitable time-domain correlations between different frequencies of gravitational and EM waves, most notably in gamma-rays, will test several aspects of fundamental physics and gravitation theory, and enable a new pathway for current and future gravitational wave telescopes to study the universal nature of binary compact objects to high redshifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planck scale modified dispersion relations are one way to capture the influence of quantum gravity on the propagation of fundamental point particles effectively. We derive the time dilation between an observer's or particle's proper time, given by a Finslerian length measure induced from a modified dispersion relation, and a reference laboratory time. To do so, the Finsler length measure for general first order perturbations of the general relativistic dispersion relation is constructed explicitly. From this we then derive the time dilation formula for the κ-Poincaré dispersion relation in several momentum space bases, as well as for modified dispersion relations considered in the context of string theory and loop quantum gravity. Most interestingly we find that the momentum Lorentz factor in the present and future colliders can, in principle, become large enough to constrain the Finsler realization of the κ-Poincaré dispersion relation in the bicrossproduct basis as well as a string theory inspired modified dispersion relation, at Planck scale sensitivity with the help of the muon's lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wheeler equation, for electromagnetic disturbances in a gravitational field, was found by Fiziev to have exact solutions both above and below the event horizon, in the form of waves propagating both inwardly and outwardly. This observation can be interpreted and verified from the optical point of view, entirely on the basis of the Schwarzschild metric for length contraction and time dilation, in order to derive a differential version of Snell's law for the Schwarzschild black hole. It reveals interesting physics, including the correct amount of light deflection by the Sun, internal and external Oppenheimer-Snyder cones of the black hole, properties of its phonon sphere and the conclusion that light rays are kept below the horizon by length contraction and time dilation rather than deflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Takamoto et al. (2020) have discussed high precision measurements of gravity induced time dilation effects on optical lattice clocks located near the Earth surface. A relative tick frequency change, δν/ν0=(49 337.8±4.3)10-18, is found between two optical lattice clocks, one located at the ground floor, h=0 m, and the second one at an altitude hexp=452.596 m, on the Skytree tower in Tokyo. The results are compared with the predictions of Einstein's equivalence principle (EEP) estimated as an average over gravimeter measurements at h=0 m and h=450 m. We present a different derivation of the EEP prediction based on the calculation of the effective gravitational potential on the ground floor and at h=hexp, in excellent agreement with the value δν/ν0, providing an independent method to validate the differences in time dilation measured experimentally. In addition, we obtain the next-order correction to the present results, which may be tested in future more accurate experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the tunneling probability of a massive (mw) uncharged scalar packet out from a near-extremal, static charged black hole (with mass M and charge Q≲M). We show that there is indeed a net probability that a massive uncharged particle tunnels out from the black hole so that the final state (with new mass M′≡M-mw