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Pharmacotherapeutic interventions are available for most psychiatric disorders in children. Evidence for these interventions varies, depending on the targeted disorders. For attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, a sound database on efficacy and safety of medication exists. For other common disorders or psychopathological phenomena like disruptive behavior, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, or autism, data on efficacy and safety are much scarcer. This selective review aims to provide an overview about current psychopharmacological interventions in child and adolescent psychiatry. The literature indicates either a lower efficacy than other interventions or less beneficial effects compared to possible adverse events in these cases. Most guidelines recommend psychopharmacotherapy in children to be embedded in a psychosocial or therapeutic intervention plan. Decision for medication depends on the severity of symptoms, chronicity, and, most important, impairment of the child in academic performance, family relationships, and everyday life. The high rates of off-label use in the age group of children are often due to a lack of market authorization studies less indicative of low efficacy. As adverse events need to be monitored closely, pharmacotherapy should mainly be restricted to experienced mental health care providers.

Selective mutism is rare with a prevalence below 1% in the general population, but a higher prevalence in populations at risk (children with speech retardation, migration). Evidence for treatment strategies is hardly available. This case report provides information on the treatment of selective mutism in an 8-year-old girl with preexisting thalassaemia major. As medications she received penicillin prophylaxis (500000 IE/d) and deferasirox (Exjade; 20-25mg/kg/d), an iron chelator. The preexisting somatic disease and treatment complicated the treatment, as there are no data about pharmacological combination therapy. Psychotherapy in day treatment, supported by the use of the SSRI fluoxetine (10 mg), led to a decrease in the selective mutism score from 33 to 12 points, GAF improved by 21 points. Mean levels of fluoxetine plus norfluoxetine were 287.8 ng/ml without significant level fluctuations.