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This study aims to examine the results of meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) on antibacterial activity. Salmonella Pullorum is capable of causing huge economic losses. The misuse of antimicrobials has resulted in the evolution of multidrug-resistant strains. Meniran has potential as an antibacterial because it contains many bioactive components such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Nanoparticles help in the bioavailability of plant extracts. The research was conducted by making a meniran extract nanoparticles formulation with ionic glass method using chitosan and TPP sodium with a dose difference of 5%, 10% and 20%. Each dose of meniran nanoparticles then were characterized by PSA, SEM and TEM. The result on PSA showed that size range from 192.67 nm to 385.16 nm and 5% meniran extract nanoparticles have the best homogeneity and stability. EE value showed that the increase in the dose was directly proportional to the increase in the EE value. The result on SEM showed that the overall production of nanoparticle samples, it looks like they are nano-sized. The result on TEM showed small sample morphology with a good distribution. After that, the antibacterial activity test was then carried out using the MIC and MBC tests. The results showed that 5% of meniran extract nanoparticles had the best antibacterial activity against Salmonella Pullorum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to study the characterization and phytochemical screening of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri linn) extract's nanoparticles used ball mill method. The effect of herbal products would be maximized, a formulation that able to increase solubility, stability, bioavailability, and a targeted system was needed so the use of simplicia would be more effective. One of alternative solutions to this problem was to make the preparation of meniran extract in the form of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles made it easier for extract to be absorbed in blood plasma and were more effective in achieving the target drug itself. The manufacture of meniran nanoparticles used ball mill method. Then, meniran extract nanoparticles characterization and phytochemical screening were carried out. Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nanoparticle characterization consisted of size, used Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and morphology, used Scaning Electron Microscope (SEM). Phytochemical screening of meniran extract nanoparticles used qualitative screening by reagent test. The results showed that the meniran extract nanoparticles produced an average size of 192.6 nm. The averange shape of particle was imperfectly amorphous and the dominant composition was Carbon (C). Phytochemical screening showed the content of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and alkaloids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Phyllanthus amarus is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of various ailments which include gonorrhoea, jaundice, diabetes, kidney diseases, bladder and intestinal infections, influenza, measles, viral infections, and tuberculosis. Tuberculosis treatment is faced with many challenges, resulting in a prolonged treatment regimen and potential treatment failure. There is a need to search for more favourable treatment options. Objective: This study aimed at investigating the pharmacognostic and mycobactericidal properties of P. amarus. Since toxicity could also be an issue, the mutagenic activity of this plant was also assessed. Materials and Methods: The macroscopic, microscopic, and physicochemical characteristics were assessed with reference to the Quality Control Methods for Herbal Material WHO (2011). The mycobactericidal activity was determined by the agar diffusion and broth dilution methods, while mutagenicity was investigated by the Ames test. Results: P. amarus contained tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins and steroids. The 50% ethanol extract exhibited activity against M. smegmatis at 100 mg/mL with an inhibitory zone of 2.0 cm. P. amarus had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 mg/mL while that of rifampin was 0.1 µg/mL. P. amarus showed weak mutagenicity at a concentration of 10 µg/mL. Conclusion: The documented pharmacognostic characteristics can be used for quality control of the crude plant material. The mycobactericidal activity also affirmed its folkloric use in the treatment of tuberculosis. The mycobactericidal activity can be further exploited for drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesian people often use Phyllanthus niruri L. (P. niruri L.) to treat pain. Pain is the one of symptoms of inflammation. Some people take traditional medicine to treat this pain, because some analgesic drugs have several adverse effects. The aim of this research is to explore the anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl asetat fraction of ethanolic extract of P. niruri L. (EAPN) from Indonesia in rats induced by carrageenan. A total of 25 rats were divided into 5 groups. Group 1 (diclofenac sodium 50 mg/kgbb), group 2 (aqueous extract), groups 3,4and 5 were ethyl asetat fraction at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000 mg/kgbw respectively. Group 1 was treated by diclofenac sodium at dose of 50 mg/kgbw, group II was treated by aqueous 2mL/rats, groups III, IV and V were treated by EAPN at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000mg/kgbw respectively. Thirty minutes later, all rats were injected by carrageenan 0,1 mL 1% w/v sub cutaneous into back rat's left paw. Paw volumes were measured by Plethysmometer on minutes 0, 60, 90, 150, 210, 330. Area under the curve (AUC) were calculated from these results (AUC 0-30; AUC 0-90; 0-150; AUC 0-210 and AUC 0-330). The AUC of EAPN at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000mg/ kgbw smaller than negative control significantly (P<0.05). EAPN contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and triterpens. EAPN has anti-inflammatory effect in rats induced by carrageenan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The effects of 2 types of solvents, water and methanol were investigated to determine the presence of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) from three Phyllanthus species namely, Phyllanthus urinaria, Phyllanthus niruri and- Phyllanthus debilis. Material and Methods: The antioxidant activities were measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The chemical contents of the Phyllanthus sp. were presented as total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Statistical analysis: All statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS for Windows, Version 22. All data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Results: Our result showed that P. urinaria showed higher TPC, followed by P. debilis and P. niruri for both methanol and water extracts. Similarly, P. urinaria showed higher TFC than P. debilis and P. niruri. The antioxidant activity by using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed EC50 of samples ranged from 15.8 to 29.3 μg/mL for methanol extract and 33.5 to 73.0 μg/mL for water extract. The 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay showed EC50 ranged from 11.2 to 26.0 μg/mL for methanol extract and 13.5 to 37.4 μg/mL for water extract. Conclusion: Methanol extract showed higher TPC, TFC value and lower EC50 values for antioxidant activities when compared to water extract. In both methanol and water extracts, P. urinaria had higher TPC and TFC value and lower EC50 for both DPPH and ABTS assay followed by P. debilis and P. niruri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Many potential compounds have antioxidant activity, such as the flavonoid group, phenolics and carotenoids. Phyllanthus emblica is widespread in Bandung-Indonesia and is a very potent as an antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity and correlation with total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids from Phyllantus extract from Bandung-Indonesia have not been reported. The aim of this research were to determine the antioxidant activity from extract of various parts of P. emblica and its correlation of antioxidant activity with the total flavonoid, phenolics and carotenoid. Method: Successive extractions of various part of P.emblica were performed by maceration using differrent polarity solvent n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The antioxidant activity of each extracts was performed using DPPH (2.2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazil) method. The determination of total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids were performed by UV-Spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was demonstrated by IC50 and its correlation to total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids using the Pearson's method. Result: The highest antioxidant activity was given by fruit ethyl acetate (BE) extract with IC50 3.032 μg/mL. Etyl acetate extract of stem bark P.emblica (KE) had the highest of total phenol content (12.818 g GAE/100 g), ethanol extract of leaves P.emblica (DO) had the highest of total flavonoid content (3.594 g QE/100 g), and n-hexane extract of leave (DN) had the highest of total carotenoid content (0.759 g BE/100 g). Conclusion: According to coeficient correlation Pearson's between P. emblica extract with IC50 of DPPH scavengging activities, suggested that flavonoid and phenolic compound in stem bark extract and leaves extract of P. emblica were contributor major in its antioxidant activity with DPPH methode, and its same with carotenoid content in leaves extract of P. emblica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate toxicity and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of Phyllanthus acidus leaf extract (PAE) on Wistar rat. Methods: PAE was prepared and administered orally to experimental animals used. The extract was tested for toxicity in rats at a dose of 0, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 mg/kg body weight p.o once daily for 14 days. The hypoglycemic effects of PAE on normal rats and orally glucose-induced hyperglycemic rats were compared with distilled water and glibenclamide. A single dose (250 mg/kg body weight) of PAE was administered and blood glucose level was obtained by pricking the tail vain using glucometer at time -30, 0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes. Results: All doses of the extract did not exert any sign or symptom of toxicity and the dead rat was not found. The body weight, white blood cell (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelet (PLT), plateletcrit (PCT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), blood chemistry, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alkaling phosphatase (ALP) and organ weight of liver were not significantly different between control and treated rats. However, red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), lymphocyte (LYM), and hemoglobin (Hb) at a dose 1,500 mg./kg body weight were significantly lower than those in the control group. The blood glucose levels of PAE treated groups were not different with control and Glybenclamide treated. Conclusion: The findings of the present study can be concluded that the PAE are practically non-toxic at a lower dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the era of herbal renaissance, world is moving towards the medicinal plant that repairs and strengthening the body system without any toxic side effects. Popular medicinal plant Phyllanthus niruri contains various bioactive molecules, the present study aimed to observe the biochemical and cyto-architectural alterations in kidney associated with acute oral toxicity (LD50) of aqueous extract of P.niruri in Swiss albino mice. However, limited data is available about the toxicity of herbal remedies used for medication, which is a critical constrain. Materials and Methods: For the acute oral toxicity study, the animals were divided into six groups of 6 mice each. Group--I was named control group and the treatment groups were administered aqueous leaf extract of P.niruri orally at different doses of 500 mg/Kg bw (Group-II), 1000 mg/Kg bw (Group-III), 2000 mg/Kg bw (Group-IV), 2500 mg/Kg bw (Group-V) and 3000 mg/Kg bw (Group-VI) for 7 consecutive days. The mice were sacrificed on and serum was collected for the biochemical analysis. The kidney was dissected and processed for histological analysis. Results: The LD50 dose of P. niruri was found to be 2590.984 mg/Kg bw in Swiss albino mice model in laboratory condition. The result showed the elevated serum level of urea in treated group of mice at higher doses which was found to be statistically significant as compared to the control (Group--I). There were no any significant increase in serum creatinine has been observed. Histological alteration were observed at higher dose more than 2500 mg/Kg bw (Group-VI). Conclusion: It is evident from our study that P. niruri may have toxic effect at high doses. Therefore, it should be ingested with precautions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Phyllanthus species such as P. urinaria, P. niruri and P. debilis are common herbs found in Malaysia that are traditionally used for treatment of chronic diseases such as liver diseases, kidney stones and cancer. Phyllanthus species were shown in vitro to have many biological functions such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and anti-diabetic. Aims: The goal of this in vitro study was to assess the cytotoxic effect of the methanolic extract of P. urinaria, P. niruri and P. debilis on MCF-10A and MCF-7 cells (i.e., normal and cancerous breast cell lines) and to determine the therapeutic index of each Phyllanthus species. Materials and Methods: We determined the therapeutic index for each Phyllanthus sp. and its selective toxicity towards these cells. The toxicity of sample toward the cells are measured by trypan blue cell counting method. Results: Our results showed that P. debilis had the lowest IC50 concentration in MCF-7 cells and the highest IC50 concentration in MCF-10A cells and its therapeutic index was higher than that found in P. niruri and P. urinaria. The high therapeutic index of P. debilis suggests that this species has greater selective cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cancer cells than in MCF-10A normal cells. Thus, the methanolic extract of P. debilis should be further characterised and developed for future use as an anti-cancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]