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Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway hyper responsive - ness, and its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Low type~2 (T2) inflammatory pheno type asthma has main manifestations of neutrophilic and oligo granulocytic inflammation, which exists in some patients with refractory asthma. Studies have found that metabolic disorder syndrome has an important effect on the occurrence of low T 2 inflammatory phenotype asthma. Some studies have explo red the treatment in the patients with low T 2 inflammatory pheno type asthma. In this paper, recent progress about the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of low T2 inflammatory pheno type asthma is review ed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimers disease (AD) is a disease with complex pathogenesis. With the increase of the aging population in China, the incidence of AD is gradually increasing, which has seriously affected the life quality and health of the elderly. The establishment of a suitable pathological model is of great significance for the study of the pathogenesis of AD and the mechanism involved in drug prevention and treatment. In recent years, the application of metabolomics in the investigation of pathogenesis of AD has been deepened. This paper makes a comprehensive review of the existing pathological models of AD including animal models and cell models, as well as the application of metabolomics in AD research in recent years, so as to provide reference for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tacrolimus is one of the most commonly-used calcineurin inhibitors, which is mainly used for immunosuppression after organ transplantation. After oral absorption, tacrolimus mainly binds with its prototype to the tacrolimus-binding protein, which acts on T cells and exerts immunosuppressive effect. However, the binding of tacrolimus-binding protein in red blood cells displays a nonlinear pattern, therefore it is necessary to detect its whole blood concentration in clinical treatment. Since its advent, such detection methods as LC-MS/MS, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, micro particles enzyme immunoassay, chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay and electrochemiluminescent immunoassay have come out of laboratory and are used in clinical service. However, they all have advantages and disadvantages: the traditional detection methods have the shortcomings of long detection time and large deviations in results, while the new detection methods have some shortcomings of high detection cost and complicated pretreatment procedures. In addition to introduction of the characteristics of tacrolimus, this paper has summarized the common detection methods of blood drug concentration introduced several new detection methods that will be used in clinical practice, and forecasted their future development trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) is a biophysical technique allowing direct studies of ligand binding to proteins in cells and tissues. The assay is based on the concept that ligand binding affects protein stability. It can be used to detect the binding of label free drugs to target proteins in various media such as cell lysates, whole cells and tissues • In recent years combined with Western blot, two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis, and quantitative protein mass spectrometry, CETSA method has been successfully used in drug target verification, clinical drug target discovery, off-tar get identification and so on. With development of this technique, it is now further used in the analysis of metabolites, nucleic acids and protein-protein interactions. This paper chiefly summarizes the principle and method evolution of CETSA and its application in drug target discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucocorticoid receptor（GR） regulates gene transcription by binding to a specific sequence of DNA of the targeted genes in the nucleus and exerts various biological effects when activated.GR participates in a wide range of biological behaviors in organisms， plays a very complex role in the regulation of tumor genesis and development， and displays an obvious tissue specificity. However， its role varies greatly in different tissues and cells.In this paper，the relationship between GR and tumor was summarized from the aspects of migration，invasion and proliferation.In addition，this paper also aimed at the interaction of GR and other nuclear receptors and microRNA，and summarized the influence of GR-induced biological behaviors on treatment and prognosis of tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to apoptosis, necrosis, altered metabolism, muscle weakness, neurodegeneration and decreased organ function, thus resulting in disease or death of the whole organism. Mitochondrial toxicants are compounds that may cause decrease in the number of intracellular mitochondria or decrease in the normal function of mitochondria. High throughput screening (HTS) has great potential for the test and detection of toxic agents on mitochondria. This paper reviewed the research progress in the determination of mitochondrial toxicants by HTS technology in vitro, so as to provide reference for screening mitochondrial toxicants in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum flaccidum Meism is a commonly-used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of injuries from falls and gastrointestinal diseases. Its chemical constituents were organic acids, flavonoids and terpenoids and so on, with such pharmacological effects as anti-bacteria, digestive tract protection, anti-inflammation, anti-virus and anti-oxidation. In this paper, recent progress of experimental studies on bioactivities of Polygonum flaccidum Meism was reviewed comprehensively, so as to provide basic evidence for further research and development of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tripterygium wil fordii possesses various activities, including anti-inflammation, analgesia. antitumor arid immunoregulation. However, the active substances arc often toxic ingredients. For this reason, the research as how to decrease its toxicity and at the same time increase its efficacy has been an important research direction. As compared with the traditional route of oral medication, transdermal drug delivery has the advantages of less hepatotoxicity and absence of peak-valley drug concentration. Therefore, new route of Tripterygium wil fordii delivery has become an important hot spot in research. This paper made a comprehensive review from the perspectives of drug permeation-enhancing methods and related mechanisms involved in different drug permeation-enhancing techniques. At the same time, the paper also brought forth challenges and future direction in the research lor Tripterygium wil fordii preparations lor external use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resiquimod, an analogue of imiquimod, has immunomodulatory properties both in vitro and in vivo. As a Tolllike receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR8 agonist, resiquimod could stimulate immune cells to produce a large number of inflammatory cytokines, promote Thl response and inhibit Th2 response, thus playing an important role in treatment of anti-virus, anti-tumor and anti-atopic diseases. In this paper, the pharmacochemical properties, pharmacological effects and clinical application of resiquimod were systematically reviewed, so as to provide reference for research and application of resiquimod in dermatology and other related specialties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peritoneal dialysis is an important alternative treatment for end-stage renal diseases, while peritonitis is a chief factor for termination of peritoneal dialysis in patients. Intraperitoneal administration is a main method to treat peritonitis. The compatibility and pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in intraperitoneal administration were reviewed in the paper, in order to help treatment of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis clinically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methotrexate (MTX) is an anti-metabolic cytotoxic drug. High-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) supplemented with calcium leucovorin is a profile for clinical treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, osteosarcoma, malignant lymphoma and other cancers. However, HD-MTX may produce serious toxicity and significant differences may exist individually. Serious adverse drug reactions may occur, should there be delayed metabolic excretion. This paper is a comprehensive review on the pharmacokinetics, influential factors and detection methods of plasma concentration of HD-MTX, and will provide reference for clinicians and pharmacists and safe and rational use of HD-MTX will be ensured clinically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uric acid-lowering therapy for hyperuricemia complicated with chronic kidney disease can delay progress of chronic kidney disease. Western and traditional Chinese medicines have clear effects for reduction of uric acid. However, for chronic kidney disease complicated with hyperuricemia, the application of western medicine has its limitation. This paper reviewed recent studies on uric acid-lowering effects of western and traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of hyperuricemia complicated with chronic kidney disease, in order to provide reference for the combined medication of western and traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of hyperuricemia with chronic kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor-associated macrophage （TAM） is abundantly distributed in tumor micro-environment ，which is closely related to tumor cell growth and metastasis ，immunosuppression and neovascularization ．Tumor-targeted therapy strategy that focuses on TAM is a hot topic in recent years ．In this paper ，the factors influencing the targeted delivery of TAM by nanoparti唱 cles ，the results of TAM as a living cell target for tumor tissue delivery and TAM polarity transformation were reviewed ，and prospect for future development was forecasted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, related literature on the plant origin, physicochemical properties, pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics of ligustilide were analyzed and summarized. It was found that the pharmacological effects of ligustilide were extensive, including the effects on atherosclerosis, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, senile dementia, cerebral ischemia and other related models. In addition, it had the effects of anti-tumor, anti-lipid peroxidation, enhancement of microcirculation, and so on. In terms of pharmacokinetics, ligustilide conformed to the two-compartment model. The main effector organs were the lungs, heart and brain. The main eliminating organs were the liver, spleen and kidney. It had the characteristics of rapid absorption and slow elimination, but with low bioavailability when administered by gavage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Gardeniae Fructus there exist various chemical gradients, such as iridoid glycosides, which have obvious anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects. The paper made a comprehensive review of the analytical methods and pharmacokinetic studies of iridoid glycosides in Gardeniae Fructus, with the aim to identify those common analytical methods and disposal process of iridoid glycosides in vivo, so that reference could be provided for the detection of iridoid glycosides in compound Chinese herbal drugs, and solid evidence could also be offered for rational use of the drug clinically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton pump inhibitors(PPI) are now widely used in clinical practice. This paper mainly discusses the relationship between PPI and chronic kidney diseases(CKD) from the perspective of clinical case studies and pathological mechanisms， and analyzes the risk of kidney injuries caused by PPI and the increasing risks of CKD，so as to provide reference for clinical safe medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary fibrosis induced by paraquat is an important factor leading to death of patients, and is also a hot and difficult research topic both at home and abroad. Various studies have shown that the onset time for typical pulmonary fibrosis in the paraquat animal model is approximately １４ to ２８ days. However, latest studies have not yet fully elucidated the intoxication mechanism involved. Research findings are mostly focused on the active uptake and accumulation features of paraquat. Furthermore, paraquat itself is an electron receptor that acts on intracellular oxidation reduction reaction and produces large numbers of active free radicals, resulting in disorder of cytokine network, imbalance of protease and dysfunction of mitochondria and accelerating the occurrence and development of fibrosis. At present, the research on anti-fibrosis treatment is mainly focused on herbal medicine，which is now still at the experimental stage and clinical data in this respect remain insufficient. Therefore, this paper gives a comprehensive review on the latest animal model, pathogenesis and treatment of pulmonary fibro- sis induced by paraquat, so that solid evidence could be provided for the research and treatment of paraquat toxication． [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Docetaxel, one of the taxoid antitumor drugs, has good clinical effects on many kinds of cancer. However, due to the side effects caused by docetaxel itself and its solvent, its application is seriously restricted clinically. As nanoformulations have shown good perspective in terms of sustained drug release, prolonged drug efficacy, reduced toxicity and improved bio - availability of insoluble drugs, they are now a hot research topic both at home and abroad. This paper gives a comprehensive review on the current literature of nanoformulations of docetaxel as well as a perspective on future development and application so as to provide reference for the research and development of new nanoformulations of docetaxel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statins drugs may induce muscle-associated adverse reactions. The paper reviewed the relationship between statins and physical activities. The medication of statins has no obvious effects on cardiorespiratory function, athletic performance and exercise tolerance. However, there is no agreement so far as to its adverse effects on muscle strength. In spite of the fact that the application of statins during physical exercise may induce adverse events, it could effectively reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite great progress in the treatment of gastric cancer in recent years，gastric cancer is still the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Cytoxic drugs including fluoropyrimidines，taxanes，the third generation platinum-based drugs and topoisomerase Ⅰ inhibitors have been applied in clinical treatment of gastric cancer. They can improve quality of life and prolong overall survival time of the patients. However，there still exist such shortfalls as relatively short survival time and adverse drug reactions. Following deeper understanding of the development and progress of gastric cancer，new targeted drugs such as trastuzumab，ramucirumab and apatinib have been applied in clinical use. In this paper，the option of drugs for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer is summarized and reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butylphthalide, the first class new cardiovascular drug with independent intellectual property rights in China, is used for the treatment of ischemic stroke. In spite of its sound therapeutic effects , it is of poor water solubility . thus making its derivatives a hot research spot. The paper gives a comprehensive review on the mechanisms of butylphthalide and its derivatives in the treatment of stroke from tho perspectives of anti-platelet aggregation and formation of anti-thrombosis, mitochondrial protection, neuronal cell protection, anti-oxidative stress and the promotion of nerve regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the focus of new drug research and development,drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the difficulty of preclinical safety evaluation and clinical research,and also a hotspot in the study of liver diseases both at home and abroad in recent years. Due to the sensitivity,specificity and other factors,traditional indicators of DILI have limitations in the application of early evaluation. So discovery and verification of new biomarkers of DILI have become the focus of attention in new drug study and clinical diagnosis in recent years. In this paper,the status and prospects of new biomarkers of DILI were reviewed from the aspects of serum biology,cytokines,genomics,transcriptomics and metabolomics in order to provide reference for the predic - tion and diagnosis of DILI,and drug safety as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a variety of structurally similar lignans in Schisandra chinesis raw materials. The paper made a comprehensive review on the determination methods of Schisandra chinensis ligans and research progress of pharmcokinetics. so as to know the most commonly used determination methods and regular pattern of lignan metabolism in the body, and also to provide; evidence for the determination of Schisandra chinensis lignans. speculation of the relationship between effective component dosage and time, and quantitative description of the pattern of in vivo metabolism of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) products have achieved obvious effects in tumor immunotherapy. CAR-T cell therapy has shown high objective response rates, especially in the patients with B lymphocyte malignance. The feasibility of industrial production, choice of viral vector, challenges encountered in clinical application and strategies for the development of CAR-T cell products were reviewed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of diabetes mellitus is increasing in recent years. Progressive function failure of pancreatic islet B cells and insulin resistance are the main causes of the occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The current treatment strategies for type 2 diabetes mellitus have limitations. As the disease progresses. long-term glycemic control and prevention of various chronic complications can not be achieved in some patients even with combined treatment of oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin intervention. Furthermore, adverse drug reactions such as hypoglycemia, weight-gain and other risks still exist. with this reason, the treatment of type 2 diatetes mellitus is not satisfactory. In recent years, cell therapy including pancreatic islet cell transplantation, stem cells transplantation, inducing conversion of panereatic islet alpha cells to B cells and inducing conversion of hepatic cells has provided new ideas for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The research progress in cell therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus is reviewed in this paper, so as to provide reference for related basic and clinical researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fentanyl, a μ-opioid agonist , is a powerful synthetic narcotic analgesic metabolized by CYP3A4 . Fentanyl is the most commonly used analgesic clinically . Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to study biopharmaceutical analysis and pharmacokinetics，to understand the change patterns of serum drug concentrations with different medication modes，and to develop clinical medication schemes of such drugs. And study on the analysis and detection methods of fentanyl metabolites in humans is also of great importance for quick detection of such drugs under special conditions. Biopharmaceutical analysis and pharmacokinetic research progress were reviewed in the paper, which could provide basis for related research concerning fenta­nyl and its metabolites in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of adverse drug reactions. The incidence of DILI showed a rapid upward trend each year. It has become one of the major severe diseases that clinical physicians are to be faced with. Due to the diversity of clinical manifestations, lack of specificity and uniform diagnosis criteria for DILI, missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis often occurred clinically. This paper summarized the pathogenesis of DILI and was of clinical importance for timely and accurate diagnosis, prevention and treatment of DIL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) technique is an environment-friendly pre-processing technique, mainly composed of hollow fiber membrane liquid microextraction (IIF-LOME). dispersive liquid-liquid mieroex tract ion (DLLME), solidification of floating organic drop liquid phase mieroex traction (SFO-LPME). Progress in the application of LPME is reviewed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory reactions play an important role in cardiopulmonary post-resuscitation syndromes (PRS). Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and so on are involved in many physiopathologic processes as mediators in inflammatory cascade reactions after sudden cardiac arrest. In this paper, the changes of proinflammatory cytokines after sudden cardiac arrest were reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbapenem antibiotics are resistant to β-lactamases and display potent activity against gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria, as well as aerobes and anaerobes, and are widely used in clinical application. In recent years, with the increasing application of carbapenems and rising incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), great concerns have been given to ADRs of carbapenems. In this paper, the causes, types and preventive countermeasures of ADRs of carbapenems are reviewed, so as to provide firm evidence for the safe and rational use of carbapenem clinically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an annual succulent both for medicine and edible plants, Portulaca oleracea L. has a lot of healthcare functions, including anti-aging, anti-hyperglycemia, antilipemia, antiatherosclerosis and hepatoprotection. Comprehensive studies on its pharmacological activities have been made for many years. The pharmacological activities and related mechanism of Portulaca oleracea L. in recent years were summarized in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

摘要 大豆及其发酵品营养丰富，可作为药食两用资源，被广泛应用于食品工业和医疗保健。本文对大豆及其发酵品抗癌、抗骨质疏松和降血糖的药理作用，其中异黄酮类化合物、蛋白质、多肽和脂肪酸的提取方法，以及异黄酮、多糖、生物胺、挥发性成分的分析方法进行了综述，为其进一步开发利用提供参考。 As a medicinal and food resource，the nutrient-rich soybean and its fermented products are widely used in food industry and health care. In this paper，the anti-cancer，anti-osteoporosis and anti-hyperglycemic activity of the soybean and its fermented products，the extraction methods of isoflavones，proteins, polypeptides and fatty acids，and analytical methods of isoflavones，polysaccharides，biogenic amines and volatile ingredients and its fermented products were summaried. This review provides reference for further development and utilization of soybean and its fermented products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies found that stress might significantly alter the expression and activity of the major hepatic drugmetabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP450) in a stress唱specific and species-specific manner ，which is mediated v ia glucocorticoid and epinephrine／norepinephrine receptor pathway ．Our preliminary study further observed that the expression and activity of P450 in depression rats induced by chronic unexpected mild stress （CUMS） were affected ，and the pharmacokinetic process was thus disturbed consequently ．We advocate that stress and stress-induced depression may be considered as one of important factors that affect drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics and will be potential to significantly alter the drug efficacy and toxicity ．The current data in animal experiments might arise vigilance for rational drug use in clinical practice ．In this paper ， related research advances were reviewed ． [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments around the globe are faced with the hard problem in the control of substandard/spurious/falsely labeled/falsified and counterfeit (SSFFC) medicines. However, at present, there is no unified definition on the matter, which is unfavorable to the control of SSFFC medicines globally. In this paper, we use such technical terms as SSFFC medical prod - ucts to define what used to be widely known as "counterfeit medicine". At the same time, we also introduce the harms and control measures for SSFFC drugs, so as to provide reference for drug supervision and surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fructose injection is a basic carbohydrate infusion, which is mainly used to supply energy and body fluid to patients. When fructose injection is used as a solvent of an injection, its compatibility characteristics is worth close attention. In this paper, the clinical applications and compatibility characteristics of fructose injection are summarized so as to provide refer - ence for its safe application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids, which are polyphenol compounds, are secondary metabolites of plants, generated in the long process of evolution, and are widely distributed in all parts of plants. Due to the special chemical structures of the compounds, they have various biological effects, e.g. effective in anti-oxidation, regulating lipid level, etc. Therefore, they are of positive significance to the promotion of human health. This paper made a comprehensive review on the chemical structure, pharmacokinetic features and pharmacological effects and possible mechanism involved, so as to provide theoretical evidences for further research and development of flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bivalirudin is a new thrombin inhibitor with the advantages of predicting anticoagulant effect, but without the tendency to induce thrombocytopenia. This paper collected and summarized recent research progress in percutaneous coronary intervention, carotid artery stenting, balloon aortic valvuloplasty, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, etc, further analyzed the disadvantages in its clinical application, so as to provide theoretical evidence for the safety and efficacy of the new drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genotoxic impurities in drugs may have genetical toxicity and carcinogenicity. The risk for patient health caused by genotoxic impurities in drugs has become the focus of attention by pharmaceutical manufacturers and regulatory authorities，as well as patients and doctors. Through analyses of pharmaceutical manufacturing sources，toxic mechanism and related regulatory requirements of genotoxic impurities，this paper would provide pharmaceutical researchers and manufacturers with better ways for quality control of products，evaluating new synthetic routes，selecting optimal synthetic routes and refining strategies for chemical reactions and product purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma delta （γδ） T cells are recognized as an important component of innate immune, which is the main resource of IL-17.In recent years, γδ T cells have been proved to play an important role in many psoriasis models. In this paper, several important γδ T cell subsets and their functions in the pathogenesis of psoriasis are focused on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]