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Background: Non-response bias is a major problem for the validity of survey answers. Analyses of reasons for non-response in surveys with nursing home residents (NHR) are scarce., Aim and Method: The aim of this study was to develop reliable and valid categories which represent reasons for non-response in nursing homes using the "Prozessmodell induktiver Kategorienbildung" following Mayring (2010). Furthermore, characteristics of unit non-responder and responder were compared., Results: Forming of categories of reasons for non-response was conducted with 522 NHR, longitudinally. Four major categories were identified (general refusal, health reasons, accessibility, excessive demand) and further 17 subcategories. Unit-non-responder and responder did not differ in age and sex; however follow-up non-responder showed differences in marital status, training qualification, and cognitive status., Conclusions: The presented scheme of categories can be used to assess reasons for non-response in nursing homes. Standardised assessment of reasons for non-response may contribute to higher response rates in this setting.

Autonomy is an exceptionally complex philosophical concept which is present in ethical considerations in health care settings. Currently, no consistent definition of autonomy exists. From the perspective of the authors, self-determination and capacity to act independently are essential aspects of autonomy. While there are limited general results regarding autonomy in old age, autonomy of nursing home residents and the corresponding critical influence factors still lack in-depth examination. The aim of this article is to contribute to a more thorough understanding of autonomy of nursing home residents. Due to the high percentage of residents with cognitive impairment, this population plays a crucial role regarding the conceptualisation of autonomy. Various approaches combined with the perspectives developed by the interdisciplinary PAiN-Project team (Pain and Autonomy in the Nursing Home), led to the formulation of a novel conceptualisation of autonomy. Based on theoretical and discursive considerations, the model "Determination Factors of Autonomy" focuses on the residents' self-determination and ability to perform activities of daily living in the nursing home context. According to the author's conceptualisation, autonomy occurs in various ranges in regard to self-awareness as well as the appreciation of autonomy by others.