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Nuclear medicine can play an important role in evaluating prostate cancer combining anatomical and functional information with hybrid techniques. Various PET radiopharmaceuticals have been used for targeting specific biological markers in prostate cancer. Research is ideally oriented towards the development of radiopharmaceuticals targeting antigens overexpressed in prostate cancer, as opposed to normal prostate tissue. In this regard, gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPR) are excellent candidates. Bombesin analogues targeting the GRPR have been investigated. Gallium-68 (68Ga) is an interesting PET radioisotope due to several advantages, such as availability, ease of radiochemistry, half-life, and costs. The focus of this review is on 68Ga-labeled bombesin analogues in prostate cancer.

Advances in the understanding of cellular and molecular basis of tumor progression have spurred interest in the development of new targeted agents that are changing the therapeutic management of patients with cancer. In parallel to progression in the therapeutic area, new PET radiopharmaceuticals are being developed to guide the use of such targeted therapies. This article aims to give an overview on the role of PET imaging in the individualized management of patients affected by urologic and gynecologic malignancies, focusing on the most promising targets for therapies and for molecular imaging using PET.

Imaging is critical for the proper evaluation of patients with primary tumors of bone. There is a growing role for (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and PET/computed tomography (CT) in the grading, staging, prognostication, evaluation of therapeutic response, and detection of recurrent disease in bone. These modalities can also be used to help differentiate benign from malignant disorders of bone.

The utility of 18-F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/CT for the evaluation of skull base tumors is incompletely investigated, as a limited number of studies specifically focus on this region with regard to PET imaging. Several patterns can be ascertained, however, by synthesizing the data from various published reports and cases of primary skull base malignancies, as well as head and neck malignancies that extend secondarily to the skull base, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus tumors, parotid cancers, and orbital tumors.

Diagnostic imaging plays a major role in the evaluation of patients with malignant bone disease. (18)F-Labeled sodium fluoride ((18)F NaF) is a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical with desirable characteristics (rapid blood clearance and bone uptake) for high-quality functional imaging of the skeleton. In addition to higher sensitivity and specificity, (18)F NaF PET combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) allows for shorter imaging time, thus improving patients' convenience and benefiting the overall workflow of the imaging facility. Although as yet no robust evidence-based data exist, this article summarizes the published data currently available on the role of (18)F NaF PET/CT in the assessment of malignant bone disease.