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The current theoretical paper uses an evolutionary psychological perspective to provide criterion validity suggestions for assessing emotional intelligence (EI). We primarily suggest that valid measures of EI should be positively correlated with measures of cooperative behavior and reproductive success. That said, we make the distinction between reproductive success and mating success, establishing indices of the latter as proxies to measure the former in a post-contraceptive society. We also make the distinction between content of EI and outcomes of EI: In our view, cooperative behavior, such as altruism, as well as mating success and mating intelligence should be viewed as outcomes and not facets of EI, evolutionarily and psychometrically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-rumination refers to the excessive discussion of negative issues, which has been associated with internalizing problems and friendship quality. Two studies were conducted to explore (a) the construct validity of Co-rumination Questionnaire and (b) the relationship between co-rumination and life satisfaction. Study 1 demonstrated the validity of the two-dimensional model of co-rumination. Findings indicated that the revised short version of the Co-rumination questionnaire comprises 10 items, involving "Supportive Discussion" (SD) and "Obsessive Whining" (OW). Study 2 focuses on the relationship between co-rumination and life satisfaction, aiming to explore the adaptive mechanisms of it. Middle school students (n = 2614; 51.8 % boys; M = 14.11 years, SD = 1.42) were investigated based on responses to questionnaires. Results revealed that co-rumination positively correlated with life satisfaction, whereby "SD" positively associated with life satisfaction, while "OW" negatively associated with it. Friendship quality was shown to serve as an intermediate mechanism of "SD" promoting life satisfaction, while it suppressed the negative effect of "OW". The effect of "OW" on life satisfaction differed between genders with the maladaptive result of "OW" being observed only in girls but not boys. The findings both directly and indirectly indicate the adaptability of co-rumination, revealing that "the more we co-ruminate, the happier we are." • Proposed a two-dimensional model of co-rumination and revised the CRQ • Co-rumination showed adaptability, and it was advocated "directly" by "SD" and "indirectly" by "OW". • Friendship quality played a positive mediating role in the SD model and suppressed the negative effects of the OW model. • The OW model exhibited gender differences, with boys showing adaptability while girls did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-player evolutionary model of support for redistribution is compatible with a fairness motive; however, existing research has found near-zero effects of fairness. Here we propose an egalitarian division fairness motive, solving the problem of reward for collaboration and impacting support for redistribution. Study 1 (N = 403) showed egalitarian division fairness had additional predictive power predicting support for redistribution (β = 0.14), as well as discriminant validity from self-interest, compassion, and envy. Robustness was supported by a replication (N = 402), yielding a significant and larger effect size (β = 0.25) of egalitarian division with support for redistribution. We also examined support for coercive redistribution. In both studies, willingness to use coercive redistribution was predicted by egalitarian division fairness (S1 β = 0.15, S2: β = 0.31) and, independently, by instrumental harm (S1 β = 0.21, S2: β = 0.16). These motives expand the three-player model to include fairness and coercive enforcement, and suggest applications of evolution in developing better political, economic, and ethical knowledge. Evolved motives accounted for ~45 % of support for redistribution. • Tested if fairness impacts support for economic redistribution. • Procedural fairness unrelated to support for redistribution. • Egalitarian fairness drives support for redistribution. • A taste for coercion drives support for redistribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations of individual differences in how safe people feel in their social lives have typically used single-item measures or indirect measures. To examine the multifaceted nature of perceived personal safety more comprehensively, we introduce a novel measurement model of perceived personal safety, validated over the course of 8 studies (5 main and 3 supplementary studies; total N = 4390). Three distinct factors capturing variance in perceived personal safety emerged, Feeling of Safety (i.e., experiencing security in day-to-day life), Fear of Crime (i.e., being afraid of victimization), and Safety Confidence (i.e., trusting one's own ability to remain safe). Studies 1–3 introduce a newly developed multidimensional model, providing evidence for its face and construct validity. Studies 4 A-4B suggest that the feeling of safety facet specifically relate to better mental health outcomes, even across the span of one year. Study 5 explored the cross-national validity of this model across four different European countries. Contrary to past conceptualizations, perceived personal safety appears to be multidimensional, with different facets affecting our lives in distinct ways. • A multidimensional, three-factor model of perceived personal safety is validated • Feelings of safety measure levels of safety in familiar, day-to-day environments • Fear of crime captures perceived threat from victimization from different crimes • Safety confidence measures a person's perception that they can protect themselves • Relationships with mental well-being and demographic indicators are highlighted [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the structure and dimensionality of emotional intelligence (EI) in early adolescents using multiple operationalisations within the ability-based framework. The observed and latent level relationships between the abilities to perceive, understand, and manage one's own and others' emotions were analysed in a sample of 517 primary school students, aged 10 to 15 years old (45.3 % female). In addition to three performance-based instruments–the Perception of Affective Content in Art Test (TAES), the Analysis of Emotions Test (TAE) and the Emotion Management Test (TUE), the study included peer and teacher ratings of abilities related to the three branches of the Mayer and Salovey's (1997) EI model. Descriptive, correlational and confirmatory factor analyses provided evidence for the validity and appropriateness of the EI tests administered for use with early adolescents. The findings support the hypothesised distinction between self- and other-related emotion management abilities, but the conceptual division into experiential and strategic levels of EI could not be discerned in the adolescent sample data of our study. The other-rating measures of the three EI dimensions failed to show discriminant validity, however, the latent correlations obtained indicate that they share substantial common variance with all performance-based measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the cultural appropriateness of the DIAMONDS (Duty, Intellect, Adversity, Mating, pOsitivity, Negativity, Deception, and Sociality) model as a situational taxonomy within the South Korean cultural context. Using a sample from the local population, we validated the Riverside Situational Q-Sort-8 (RSQ-8), designed to measure the DIAMONDS model. The study included 445 adult male and female participants aged 25–39 years. We gathered the data using two distinct methods, each subjected to separate scale-validation processes. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an acceptable model fit. We established convergent and criterion validity through correlations with the Situation Six Questionnaires and NEO Adult Personality Assessment System Short Form. We did not observe any differences in the factor structure between the two data collection methods. Our results support the applicability of the DIAMONDS model as a situational taxonomy in the South Korean cultural context. Finally, we considered the significance and limitations of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freedom of speech is a core value in free and democratic societies, but its psychological characteristics are not well understood. Here, we test a model of support for freedom of speech consisting of four correlated dimensions: 1) Tolerance of offensive speech, 2) Tolerance of disagreement, 3) Tolerance of heterodox speech, and 4) Tolerance of socially divisive speech. Study 1 (N = 809) supported this model, finding that freedom of speech measures fit this four-factor structure well and showed strong external validity. Replication (Study 2, N = 721) confirmed this four-factor structure and its external validity. The scales also showed strong discriminant validity, e.g., MFQ-2 moral foundations accounted for <3 % of freedom of speech variance. A third study confirmed the 7-month test-retest reliability of the scales. In summary, support for free speech could be measured validly and reliably, spanning multiple dimensions and providing a firm base for research on this essential trait. It was robust to potential confounders of personality and moral domains, suggesting that variation in support for freedom of speech may index a separate "liberty" moral foundation. • A new four-factor model of support for free speech is proposed and tested. • SEM across two large samples supported the four-factor structure. • The freedom of speech factors had weak associations with personality and morals. • 7-month test-retest shows new scales reliably measure expressive liberty views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) that incorporate components of traditional Buddhist practices are widely used in Western countries. However, most MBIs omit a central Buddhist idea that mindfulness promotes three crucial insights (the inevitability of suffering, impermanence, and interconnection) that are alleged to enhance human functioning. To enable testing hypotheses about insight, we developed the Mindfulness Insight Scale (MIS) with three adult samples: n = 365 Thai residents (sample 1), n = 429 Thai residents (sample 2); and n = 484 UK residents (sample 3). Analysis with sample 1 showed a two-level structure of six factors loaded onto by 3 higher order factors, the latter corresponding to the three Buddhist insights. Analyses with samples 2 and 3 replicated this model in both Thai and UK participants. In testing convergent and divergent validity with samples 2 and 3, the MIS had most of the expected associations with conceptually related constructs. To test discriminant validity, the insights of samples 1 and 2 (Thai residents, who have much exposure to Buddhist teaching) were compared with sample 3 UK residents (who do not). As expected, Thai residents had higher insight than UK residents. Findings support the MIS as a useful measure of Buddhist insights. • In Buddhist tradition, mindfulness is a means to achieve insight. • We developed the first measure of insight: The Mindfulness Insight Scale (MIS). • The scale assesses suffering, impermanence, and interconnectedness insights. • The 32 items have a cross-culturally replicable three factor structure. • We provide evidence of convergent, divergent and discriminant validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work consists of two studies. In the first study, a new abbreviated form of the EPQ-R (six items per scale) was developed from the 100 items of the full-length version of the questionnaire. Methods and procedures developed within the framework of multidimensional IRT were used for this purpose. In the second study, the abbreviated questionnaire was validated on a new data sample. In addition, latent profile analysis was used to identify groups of individuals characterized by similar patterns of the four PEN-L traits. These patterns were also compared with respect to indicators of psychosocial functioning. Results indicated that the new abbreviated form of the questionnaire outperforms the old abbreviated form with respect to reliability and approximation of measures obtained with the full-length test. Moreover, the four-factor structure of the instrument and its convergent validity have been confirmed. Three PEN-L patterns have been identified that differ for anxiety and depression, satisfaction for social relations, frequency of substance use and sexual risk behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proactive aggression refers to attaining personal goals or gains through aggressive means with prior deliberation and moral disengagement, and it can occur without provocation and with a low-level of anger arousal. The current study introduces a new task, a Reward-Interference Task (RIT), to induce and measure proactive aggression in the laboratory under incentive conditions and develops a task-related questionnaire (Interference/Non-interference Motivation Questionnaire, INIMQ) through four experiments. The findings reveal that instrumental motivation toward incentives and moral motivation (moral disengagement and moral inhibition) were the main motivations for participants to attack opponents during the RIT. The validity and reliability of the INIMQ were acceptable, and the RIT had good internal consistency, adequate convergence, and discriminant validity. The present results show that the RIT is a valid tool for inducing and measuring proactive aggressive behavior under incentive conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turning points can bring about crime deceleration and desistance in several ways. In the present study, improved conduct at school in association with a change in differential associations (friends) served as a putative turning point, while a change in moral agency served as a cognitive mediator, and arrest served as a dichotomous outcome measure in a group of 7117 low-to-moderate-risk justice-involved youth divided into two equally sized samples (mean ages = 15.74 and 15.73, SD = 1.36 and 1.38). Mediation analysis revealed a significant direct effect from good school conduct to low recidivism and significant indirect effects across both samples. One of the significant indirect effects ran from improved school conduct to decreased friend delinquency to increased moral agency to lower recidivism and the other ran from good school conduct to increased moral agency to lower recidivism. Despite potential problems with the generalizability of results and the construct validity of some of the measures, findings from this study suggest that improved school conduct in association with a change in friend differential associations can serve as a turning point or marker for change capable of stimulating a rise in moral agency, which, in turn, may reduce the likelihood of future recidivism. • Significant direct effect from good school conduct to low recidivism • Friend delinquency and moral agency mediated the conduct-recidivism relationship. • Improved school conduct and decreased friend delinquency served as turning points [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional closure is a feeling of subjective completeness of a past event evoking feelings of closure as opposed to openness. People might differ in need for emotional closure over past open experiences. In the current two studies, we aimed to create a valid scale to measure this need as a personality tendency. We asked participants (N = 265, N = 207, respectively) to fill out the constructed need for emotional closure scale in Turkish (Study-1) and in English (Study-2). Additionally, participants filled out the intolerance to uncertainty, ruminative responses, and need for cognitive closure scales in random order. We conducted a series of exploratory factor analyses in the Turkish version, which revealed four factors: Emotional disturbance, interpersonal discussions, bother, and regret. In Study-2, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis of the English adaptation showed an adequate fit. A measurement-invariant English version was created with high internal reliability and convergent validity. We discuss these findings concerning the importance of this tendency, why it can be a helpful measurement, and possible implications for clinical psychology literature. • The need for emotional closure over past events is a personality tendency. • The need for emotional closure scale was created and validated. • The scale was closely related to intolerance to uncertainty and rumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although an impressive amount of research has investigated the relationship between personality and workplace criteria, very few studies have done so (a) in a high-stakes context or (b) over time. Based on a Romanian sample of 1009 (600 males and 409 females) employees applying for a new role as part of an organizational restructure, in this study we investigate the relationship between personality measured in a high-stake context and three important workplace criteria: job performance, voluntary turnover and career progression over a time span of 3–5 years. As part of the selection process, candidates completed the GAMA intelligence test, the NEO PI-R personality questionnaire, and went through a competency-based behavioral interview. Information about job performance was extracted from annual performance evaluations by direct managers. Voluntary turnover was retrieved from organizational records, after one year and after 3–5 years from the selection process. Career advancement was estimated by the number of promotions for each employee after 1, 3–5 years. The findings suggest that conscientiousness is the best predictor across the three criteria, with extraversion and agreeableness emerging as rather weak incremental predictors over general mental ability in some settings. • Cognitive ability is best predictor for job performance & career advancement. • Conscientiousness predicts job performance over 1 year and 3–5 years. • Agreeableness predicts job performance over 3–5 years. • Conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness predict voluntary turnover. • Conscientiousness and extraversion predict promotion over cognitive ability & CBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short form of the Preoccupied and Avoidant Coping Questionnaire (PACQ; Younger, Corby, Perry, 2005) is a widely used self-report questionnaire measuring insecure attachment toward mother and father in middle childhood. However, its factorial structure has not yet been examined, and evidence concerning its concurrent and convergent validity is extremely sparse. In Study 1 (N = 378, M = 9.37 years), we evaluated the factorial structure of the PACQ and its measurement invariance across Italian boys and girls. In Study 2 (N = 199, M = 9.27 years), we tested the mutual associations between the PACQ and the Experiences in Close Relationships–Revised Child version (ECR-RC; Brenning, Van Petegem, Soenens, 2014), and their convergent and predictive validity. Results supported the factorial validity of the PACQ, its satisfactory internal consistency and structural invariance across child gender. However, findings lent only partial support to the association between the PACQ and the ECR-RC, and convergent and predictive validity were found only for the avoidance subscale of these questionnaires. Overall, the Italian version of the PACQ is a psychometrically sound instrument to assess insecure attachment in middle childhood, but further research is needed to shed light on the conceptual significance of the preoccupied dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) is a self-report instrument which has been tested in several countries with mixed support. The current research examined the factor structure, construct validity, and reliability in a sample of university students in New Zealand (n = 1028). Our findings add support for a five-factor structure with two recommended cross-loadings, adequate internal consistency, and strong measurement invariance between male and female students. Significant correlations were found between most FMPS subscales, wellbeing, and semester GPA. Regression-based results indicated that several FMPS factors were predictors of wellbeing and semester GPA, respectively. An interaction effect was found between gender and the Parental Expectations subscale when predicting wellbeing. Overall, these results indicate that the FMPS is a reliable, valid instrument for New Zealand university students with a five-factor model which shows relevance to gender, wellbeing, and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A concurrent, construct validity study was conducted to compare responses from a traditional personality instrument to responses from a game-like instrument designed to assess personality. Personality assessment research demonstrates that misleading and careless responses typically stem from lack of internal motivation or interest in the task. To address the underlying motivation issue, we created a text-based fantasy game where participants can select a variety of choices to reflect corresponding personality characteristics. Results from three studies show consistent moderate-to-strong correlations between choices in the game and scores on a traditional Five-Factor Model personality inventory, indicating that game-like personality assessments can be developed with acceptable construct validity in a mentally stimulating way. Highlights • Scores on a game-like instrument correlated with Big Five personality scores. • Three studies (N = 513) found significant correlations for 3–4 factors of the Big Five. • The significant correlations between the game and the Big Five were modest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Investigation into the structure of Hare's Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) has consistently shown it to be multidimensional. The implications of multidimensionality for the scale are nontrivial. In the first place, because the construct of psychopathy has traditionally been considered to be dimensional and unitary, results seeming to show that the PCL-R is multidimensional could be taken as calling into question the construct validity of the scale as a measure of psychopathy. In the second, unidimensionality is the sole psychometric justification for employing a composite of test items to scale individuals. Herein, we argue that the purported multidimensionality might, in actuality, be an artifact of the grounding of dimensionality assessment on species of dimensionality- those specific to principal component and linear factor analysis- which are incongruous with the scale. A reconsideration of the scale's theoretical structure singles out the unidimensional monotone latent variable (UMLV) brand of unidimensionality as the one appropriate to the role of grounding dimensionality assessments of the PCL-R. Empirical support for this position is provided by a small-scale dimensionality analysis informed by the UMLV sense of unidimensionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted three studies to examine the psychometric properties of the Serbian translations of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (Study 1, N  = 364) and the Short Dark Triad (Study 2, N  = 409), as well as their convergent and discriminant validity in relation to basic HEXACO personality traits and empathy (Study 3, N  = 443). The three-factor structure, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were confirmed for both instruments. The main correlates of the traits, from both instruments, were low Honesty-Humility and lack of affective empathy. Also, alpha coefficients for scale scores were satisfactory and scale information was good, with more precision in above-average levels of trait for some of the scales (e.g., psychopathy). Both instruments are recommended to be used in further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contributes to the cyberpsychology literature by investigating the moderating effect of gender in the relationship between narcissism and selfie posting behavior. A demographic questionnaire, 13-item selfie-posting scale developed and validated in the present study, and Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16) were used to collect data. An EFA was conducted to test the factor structure of scales based on data collected from 179 young adults (age 18–27 years). A CFA was then conducted using data from 269 university students (age 18–32 years) to test construct validity of the scales. A correlation analysis was employed to test the correlations between narcissism and selfie posting behavior. The results indicated that the correlations between attitudes, intentions, behaviors, and narcissism are significant for men, but not for women. The results also indicated gender differences in online behavior with women spending more time on social media and selfie-posting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economistic Business Ethics Denial (BED) is the belief that contemporary business has features that make it systematically incompatible with ethics. Using over 1200 participants across seven separate samples we established the substantive validity of a BED Scale, confirmed its theorized structure, psychometric properties, convergent, and discriminant validity. The results suggest that the scale assesses four correlated factors of economistic BED. The scale can be used in future research on ethical decision making in business, and business ethics education. • Business Ethics Denial is a belief in the incompatibility of business and ethics. • The Business Ethics Denial (BED) Scale measures four types of BED. • The BED Scale is reliable and valid. • The scale will advance understanding of (un)ethical behavior in business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the role of self-reported emotional intelligence over affectivity and dispositional optimism in predicting depressive symptoms and flourishing in young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. Beyond affectivity and dispositional optimism, the inclusion of emotional intelligence was found to augment the prediction models for both indices of psychological adjustment. For all three age groups (young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults), the ability to understand one's emotions was consistently found to be a unique predictor of less depressive symptoms, whereas the ability to understand others' emotions and the ability to use emotions to motivate oneself were both found to be unique predictors of greater flourishing. Beyond affirming the importance of mood and cognition in adulthood, the present findings highlight the unique importance of emotional intelligence in accounting for psychological adjustment across the adult lifespan. • Examined self-reported emotional intelligence in young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. • Controlling for affectivity and dispositional optimism, emotional intelligence predicted adjustment. • Ability to understand one's emotions predicted less depressive symptoms for all groups. • Understanding other's emotions and use of emotions predicted flourishing in all groups [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situational judgment tests (SJTs) typically focus on candidates' judgment of various response options and ignore the process of arriving at that judgment. In three studies, we developed two situational construal measures (i.e., situation evaluation and the ability to identify criteria [ATIC]) based on a construct-driven SJT measuring cooperativeness. We tested their role in the response judgment process and examined their incremental validity in predicting work performance. Study 1 (N = 30) provided qualitative evidence that situation evaluation and ATIC shape response judgment. Study 2 (N student = 136, N employee = 154) showed that situation evaluation predicts response judgment. Moreover, situation evaluation had incremental validity in predicting supervisor-rated task performance and peer-rated interpersonal performance over and above response judgment and ATIC. Furthermore, ATIC predicted response judgment and had incremental validity in predicting interpersonal performance but not task performance over and above response judgment. Finally, Study 3 (N = 266) replicated the findings of Study 2 using a new sample and yielded similar results regardless of the order in which situation evaluation and response judgment were measured. • Situation evaluation (SIE) shapes response judgment. • Ability to identify criteria (ATIC) shapes response judgment. • SIE predicts task and interpersonal performance over and above response judgment. • ATIC predicts interpersonal performance over and above response judgment. • SIE predicts task and interpersonal performance over and above ATIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study asks whether instructed response items validly detect careless respondents. We found that instructed response items have high internal consistency, good convergent validity with other types of carelessness detectors (synonyms, antonyms, and odd-even index), and good discriminant validity with acquiescence. Excluding careless respondents based on increasingly strict cutoff values leads to stronger negative correlations between regular and reverse-keyed items. Overall, the results favor the continued use of instructed response items to identify careless respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the study of temporal psychology, researchers have classified individuals as ‘past’, ‘present’, or ‘future’ depending on how they respond to items in a variety of scales. This labelling implicitly assumes that if an individual is ‘future’, they are equally ‘future’ in all domains of life. However, emerging research has suggested that orientation to the future might be domain-specific. Building on previous research with adolescents only, we used an adolescent ( N  = 243) sample, and a University ( N  = 173) sample to further examine the psychometric validity, internal consistency, and construct validity of the Domain Specific Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) Scale. Results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed acceptable validity and internal consistency for scale scores. Domain specificity was demonstrated via correlations between Domain Specific CFC scores and scores on other future-orientated constructs. Endorsing self-reported behavior in each domain was also associated with significantly higher scores on Domain Specific CFC factors, in models adjusted for future temporal focus score, subjective life expectancy, and both gender, and sample. With evidence emerging for the domain specificity of CFC scores, it may be time for this literature to examine domain specificity in all constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research demonstrates that procrastination is an instance of self-regulation failure with deleterious consequences, Chu and Choi (2005) have defined a new construct called active procrastination . Active procrastination is the deliberate deferral of tasks to the last minute resulting in positive outcomes despite the delay. The present study examined and challenged the construct validity of active procrastination. We used key defining characteristics of procrastination (e.g., self-regulation, intention-action gap), correlates (e.g., self-efficacy beliefs, conscientiousness) and related outcomes (e.g., stress, depression) as identified in the extant research literature to re-examine the relations that define the construct's nomological network. Results revealed that active procrastination is heterogeneous in nature consisting of two theoretically and empirically distinct constructs: purposeful and arousal delay . Correlations and a Principle Components Analysis failed to replicate the nomological network of active procrastination demonstrated in previous research, and we argue that it is more appropriately construed as a deliberate delay that is purposeful, not procrastination. Limitations associated with the active procrastination construct, empirical evidence and the corresponding inferences in developing the Active Procrastination Scale are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a short and ultrashort version of the vengeance scale (Stuckless & Goranson, 1992). Across three samples, good psychometric properties and convergent validity for the new scales were found. Study 1 found in a Brazilian sample that the original 20 items can be reduced to both a 10 and 5 item version (VS-10 and VS-5), without losing psychometric quality. In Study 2, the one-factorial structure was confirmed in a Brazilian and a British sample. Also, (partial) measurement invariance was established across gender and countries for the VS-10, but not for the VS-5. Across both samples, the short-versions correlated as expected with the Big-5, Big-6, and Dark Triad. Overall, the 10- and 5-item versions of the vengeance scale exhibited comparable reliabilities and validities to the full version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to propose the Italian version of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS, Neff, 2003b) and to provide new evidence concerning its relationships with various forms of self-view and well-being. In the first study, we analysed whether the scale preserved its original psychometric features. Among the tested models, both a six-factor and a bifactor model showed adequate fit indexes, sustaining the employment of both the six subscales and a total self-compassion score. In the second study, through Confirmatory Factor Analysis and partial correlations, we explored convergent, divergent, and predictive validity of the scale. As expected, self-compassion was associated with, yet distinguishable from, self-esteem and low labile self-esteem scores, and it was unrelated to narcissism and self-enhancement. -Moreover, self-compassion maintained its link with well-being variables also controlling for self-esteem, labile self-esteem, narcissism, and self-enhancement. Findings suggest that self-compassion may be conceived as a healthy self-attitude, alternative to self-esteem, as it is related to self-esteem benefits (low labile self-esteem and well-being), but not with its potential downsides (narcissism and self-enhancement). Therefore, self-compassion appears as a self-caring disposition that does not lead to overly positive self-evaluations and self-image enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we developed a scale to measure individual differences in constructive rule beliefs ; a newly defined construct that is thought to underlie morally justifiable forms of rule-breaking behavior. To develop and validate the scale, we recruited a sample of workers (N = 291) who completed an online survey comprised of demographic questions, a large pool of newly developed questions assessing constructive rule beliefs, and a set of questions measuring hypothetical rule-breaking behavior. Using an exploratory factor analysis, we found support for a two-dimensional factor structure, with the first factor reflecting rule relativity beliefs (i.e. the belief that rules should guide rather than dictate behavior) and the second reflecting beliefs about the purpose and idealized nature of rules. Construct validity was tested by exploring whether the two factors correlate with hypothetical rule-breaking behavior. We found that only the first dimension (rule relativity beliefs) was strongly associated with rule-breaking. We discuss the importance of constructive rule beliefs in understanding a range of rule-related behaviors. • A new 20-item measure of constructive rule beliefs (CRB) was developed. • The CRB measure had two factors: rule relativity beliefs and rule purpose beliefs. • Those high in the first factor believe rules should guide rather than dictate behavior. • Those high in the second factor believe that rules should serve an important purpose. • Rule relativity beliefs were correlated with breaking contextually problematic rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to develop a brief instrument to assess self-reported affective experiences, the Hedonic and Arousal Affect Scale (HAAS), rooted in the valence-arousal model of affect. Throughout four different studies, we found that: (1) the 12-item version showed a better goodness-of-fit than an initial longer version (Study 1; n = 259); (2) the two-dimensional model of affect (i.e., four-factor model: positive affect and high arousal, positive affect and low arousal, negative affect and high arousal, and negative affect and low arousal) showed the best fit to our data (Study 2; n = 525); (3) the HAAS showed evidence of concurrent validity with related measures in the field (Study 3; n = 480); and (4) it showed partial support for temporal invariance (Study 4; n = 262). The content and psychometric qualities of the HAAS make it a suitable brief scale to measure affect and could be particularly useful for repeated measures designs such as psychological interventions, experimental studies, or ecological momentary assessment studies. • Brief instrument (12 items) to assess self-reported affective experiences • Rooted in the valence-arousal model of affect • Concurrent validity with related measures and temporal invariance • Useful for repeated measures designs (e.g. interventions, experimental, diary) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evoking the agentic model of narcissism, the present study contributes to understanding the nuanced responses to ethical leadership that result from the non-normative, dark personality trait of narcissism. We draw from affective events theory to understand why narcissists respond to ethical leadership with feelings of anger, which then results in withdrawal behaviors. We establish internal validity by testing our model via an experimental design. Next, we establish external validity by testing our theoretical model in a field study of university employees. Together, results from the studies suggest anger mediates the positive relationship between narcissism and withdrawal under conditions of high ethical leadership. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings. • Ethical leadership serves an affective event that prompts a negative emotion. • Affective events theory helps explain why narcissists respond to ethical leadership with feelings of anger. • Anger mediates the positive relationship between narcissism and withdrawal under conditions of high ethical leadership. • Both a field study and experimental study are used to demonstrate research findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerns about faking on pre-employment personality assessment are well founded as respondents often dissimulate. This potentially affects the accuracy of hiring decisions, predictive validity of assessment scores, and defensibility of using personality assessment for high-stakes decision making. We use Jackson's forced-choice instrument and provide novel construct validity evidence. Moreover, our laboratory and field evidence suggests that although respondents are able to elevate test scores in similar magnitudes when instructed, they do not elevate their scores as much when using the forced-choice format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much recent work on ostracism has used the online game Cyberball paired with an un-validated 12-item scale that purportedly measures four needs. Thus, the present paper examined convergent and discriminant validity for the needs threat scale compared to the Sheldon Needs Scale, a more established measure of ten psychological needs. Two samples, containing 192 participants, completed inclusion or exclusion manipulations via Cyberball. Convergent validity correlations were higher than divergent correlations, but within-scale correlations were higher still, suggesting the sub-scales are not perfectly distinct. This was further supported by the poor fit to a four-factor model in confirmatory factor analysis and the existence of a two-factor structure in exploratory factor analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Core self-evaluations (CSE) and Psychological Capital (PsyCap) each consist of four first-order dimensions, and the two constructs are strong predictors of personal and organizational outcomes. Despite their similarities, much is still unknown regarding the manner in which the two constructs are distinct. Also, while both constructs are described as positive attributes, the most popular CSE and PsyCap scales include items that represent negative attributes. We suggest that these items may represent two alternative constructs – Negative CSE and Negative PsyCap. Through a series of three studies, we address these research questions. We show that, although strongly related, the constructs of CSE and PsyCap represent two distinct factors, even when the scale instructions provide a common temporal stability and/or specificity. We also show that the two most popular CSE and PsyCap scales are best represented by four factors that represent CSE, PsyCap, Negative CSE, and Negative PsyCap. As two separate dimensions emerged for the items describing negative attributes, this finding suggests that the factors representing the negative items are more than artifactors alone. We discuss the implications of these findings in regards to the measurement of CSE and PsyCap as well as the future study of Negative CSE and Negative PsyCap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to construct a valid and culturally sensitive scale to measure altruism in Hong Kong, namely, the Hong Kong Altruism Index (A-Index). Applying the Delphi technique, 11 behavioral items were selected to be included as to indicate altruistic level in Hong Kong (Study 1). Analysis of a community sample of 1104 participants confirmed the A-Index's structure, theoretical dimensions, and construct validity (Study 2). Particularly, it was found that the concept of altruism can be well explained in four dimensions, including volunteering, monetary donation, blood and organ donation, and informal helping. Normative data were also calculated based on the finalized A-Index scoring method. A subsequent analysis showed all items demonstrated good reliability (Study 3). Finally, a focus group study with participants from a diverse social background (Study 4) provided an in-depth review of all items of the A-Index in Hong Kong. The A-Index is found to be psychometrically valid and practically convenient for measuring altruism. Findings highlighted the importance of cross-cultural awareness in the measurement of social phenomenon with a special discussion on the motive of blood and organ donations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dark Triad has been proposed to comprise three lower-order facets: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Although multiple inventories have been developed for the Dark Triad, little consensus exists on the internal structure of these inventories. The current study investigated the multidimensional structure of the Dark Triad to provide evidence and recommendations on whether researchers should use a global, overall score representing the combined functioning of the three facets, or separate scores for each facet. We investigated this question through five competing confirmatory factor analysis models to better understand the internal structure of two commonly-used Dark Triad inventories. In both cases, results showed that a bifactor exploratory structural equation model (B-ESEM), which simultaneously estimates global and specific factors, provided evidence for the best model-data fit and evidence for criterion-related validity. These finding suggests that researchers may be better served to examine both the general and specific factors in future Dark Triad research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dark Triad has been proposed to comprise three lower-order facets: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Although multiple inventories have been developed for the Dark Triad, little consensus exists on the internal structure of these inventories. The current study investigated the multidimensional structure of the Dark Triad to provide evidence and recommendations on whether researchers should use a global, overall score representing the combined functioning of the three facets, or separate scores for each facet. We investigated this question through five competing confirmatory factor analysis models to better understand the internal structure of two commonly-used Dark Triad inventories. In both cases, results showed that a bifactor exploratory structural equation model (B-ESEM), which simultaneously estimates global and specific factors, provided evidence for the best model-data fit and evidence for criterion-related validity. These finding suggests that researchers may be better served to examine both the general and specific factors in future Dark Triad research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revised reinforcement sensitivity theory-personality questionnaire (RST-PQ), developed by Corr and Cooper, is a new questionnaire that corresponds with the revised version of the reinforcement sensitivity theory. The aim of this article is to present an extended analysis of the construct validity of RST-PQ's Polish adaptation. Two studies were conducted: the first was to establish construct validity, and the second to test stability over a five-week period. The results showed that the internal consistency of all the scales is satisfactory, comparable to or even higher than for the original version. Examining construct validity with other personality measures (EPQ-R, STAI, BIS/BAS, SPSRQ-s, PANAS-X, FCB-TI) showed that the Polish version of the RST provides an adequate measure of the theoretical constructs differentiated in the revised RST. Moreover, the results showed that RST-PQ is a sensitive measure that makes it possible to accurately detect clinical form of depression. The factor structure of the Polish version generally replicated the original one, albeit with slightly weaker parameters. Test-retest reliability was found to be generally acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virginity loss is a pivotal life event which can have long-lasting effects on sexual behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the construct validity of two measures related to first sexual experience: the First Coital Affective Reaction Scale (FCARS) and the Virginity Beliefs Scale (VBS). Construct validity was investigated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, convergent and discriminant validity, and the known-groups method. Factor analysis of the FCARS suggested that a two-factor model – in which positive and negative affective reactions are separated – accurately reflects the variance in responses. Overall, the results provide support for the construct validity of the FCARS and VBS; however, a two-factor model of FCARS and removing one item of the VBS may improve the measures' psychometric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the validation of a short scale measuring flow in work. Study 1 used exploratory factor analysis on data gathered from 582 workers, and indicated unidimensionality. Study 2 used confirmatory factor analysis on two-wave data gathered from 101 workers, and corroborated the factor structure, ruled out response styles, and established scalar invariance across administrations. In Study 3, a sample of 492 workers completed the scale, other two flow scales, and scales measuring work engagement and positive affect. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale converges satisfactorily with other flow scales and has more discriminant validity. Study 4 used multilevel confirmatory factor analysis on repeated workday surveys gathered from 118 workers, and corroborated the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the scale. The findings indicate that the scale produces valid and reliable scores when used to measure flow both as a domain-specific disposition and as a workday state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two large Italian samples (N 1 = 2248 and N 2 = 1439) were used to investigate the factor structure and discriminant validity of 3 dimensions of the tripartite model of mental well-being, i.e., hedonic, social, and psychological well-being. The Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) was used to measure the well-being dimensions. The data were analyzed using both Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM). The results supported the tripartite model in both samples. In factor analysis, three distinct factors emerged with weak to moderate intercorrelations, indicating a large portion of unshared variance between the factors. The three factors also demonstrated largely different relationships with nine external variables. These results support the factorial and discriminant validity of the dimensions of the tripartite model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A previous study demonstrated that the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) scales are highly robust and can be recaptured when the items (True/False format) are embedded in a large and diverse pool of individual difference items. We called this scale robustness test the “recaptured scale technique”. Those results strongly supported the exploratory scale construction technique used to create the MPQ. This study generalizes our earlier findings by demonstrating that the 11 MPQ constructs are also highly robust—as evaluated by the recaptured scale technique—and also can be recovered when they are measured by self-rated (5 point scale) adjectives or brief descriptors. Specifically, using data from a large sample of participants of the Minnesota Twin Registry ( N = 3968), we factor analyzed the 63-item Minnesota Personality Self-Rating Scales and recovered 17 interpretable factors, 11 of which strongly resembled the 11 MPQ primary scales. The 11 recovered scales were scored on a new data set from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (MISTRA) ( N = 310) and shown to have high convergent and discriminant validity. These recovered scales were also shown to have a factor structure similar to that of the MPQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study tested the validity of a novel four-dimensional model of approach-avoidance, whereby both approach motivation and avoidance motivation are measured in relation to both implied success and implied failure. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the validity of the proposed framework and the use of items with clearly implied outcomes. Furthermore, newly developed scales reflecting constructs representing increasing non-gains via approach and increasing non-losses via avoidance meaningfully expanded the approach-avoidance construct space. The current study also suggested contamination by implied outcomes does not invalidate approach-avoidance scales where reward/punishment context is specified. Finally, results indicated assessing an “effective avoidance” motivational orientation significantly and uniquely predict overall job performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiential avoidance (EA), the preference for avoiding or suppressing the experience of internal events, is gaining increased currency as a predictor of responses to emotional events, including relationship distress in clinical contexts. Nonetheless, several issues challenge the credibility of its measures' discriminant and incremental validities. Furthermore, its application to subclinical populations is less understood. In three studies using university samples, we examined the relevance of EA as a predictor of internal (emotional and cognitive) and external (behavioural) responses to imagined relationship conflicts. Despite consistently moderate associations between the EA measures and outcomes, we found that these associations were eliminated when hypothesized covariates (present affect, neuroticism, and anxious attachment) were included. Attachment anxiety predicted these outcomes over and above mood, neuroticism, and multiple EA measures, in all studies. Furthermore, study three shows how EA might better be conceived as a process by which mood, neuroticism, and attachment anxiety influence reactions – rather than an independent trait. Implications for future research on experiential avoidance are considered in light of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This multistudy investigation is focused on the analysis of theoretically relevant compassion-related appraisals (i.e., similarity with the person in need, attribution of responsibility, and help-related perceived efficacy) that may promote compassionate responses in the context of adversity. Study 1 (N = 384) revealed that a higher similarity with the person in need, lower attribution of responsibility, and higher help-related perceived efficacy were associated with increased compassion, which, in turn, was associated with a greater desire to help. Study 2 (N = 319) extended prior findings by examining whether this compassionate pathway could be modulated by perspective taking, which is the act of considering the feelings of others in need. Results showed that the compassionate pathway found in Study 1 seems to remain constant regardless of perspective-taking instructions (e.g., imagining how that person feels vs. remaining objective and detached). In this research, we point out a promising direction for interventions directed at enhancing compassion and prosocial tendencies in distressing contexts. • We analyzed the content validity of seven independent suffering scenarios. • A higher similarity with the person in need was related to increased compassion. • A lower attribution of responsibility was associated with higher compassion. • Higher help-related perceived efficacy was related to increased compassion. • All these appraisals were indirectly associated with a greater desire to help via compassion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the construct validity of occupational intelligence – the average intelligence of the individuals working in a certain occupation – as a measure of occupational complexity. We show that it is highly correlated with traditional occupational analysts' based measures of occupational complexity (DOT and O*NET based measures), and considerably less so with occupational pay – the average pay of the individuals working in each occupation. We also show that the interaction between individual intelligence and occupational intelligence in predicting pay is similar to the interaction between individual intelligence and traditional measures of occupational complexity. We discuss the advantages of using occupational intelligence as a measure of occupational complexity when compared to the two traditional analysts' based measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that a large percentage of job applicants fake their responses on personality tests. This faking has the potential to undermine the value and validity of personality tests in the selection context. Faking warnings are messages that try to dissuade applicants from faking by warning them about potential consequences and have been shown to be effective in reducing faking in some studies. We developed new faking warnings that leverage accountability and morality theory to reduce applicant faking. Accordingly, we examined the efficacy of our faking warnings in reducing applicant faking in one applied sample. We examined 534 mTurk participants who believed they were being considered for a real employment opportunity for a remote customer service position. Compared to participants not interested in the job, participants who were interested in the job had significantly more favorable personality scores. After informing participants that the position was fictitious and asking them to fill out the same personality measure as honestly as possible, the same previously interested participants received significantly less favorable personality scores. However, there were no differences in faking across the different faking warning conditions, suggesting the faking warnings were ineffective. • Job applicants fake their responses on personality tests. • Faking warnings are messages that try to dissuade applicants from faking. • We developed new faking warnings that leverage accountability and morality theory. • We had participants apply for an ostensibly real job. • We found that no faking warnings lead to a reduction in applicant faking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental tenet of self-determination theory is that the satisfaction of three basic, innate psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness is necessary for optimal functioning. The aim of this research was to propose novelty as a basic psychological need in self-determination theory and develop a new measure to assess novelty need satisfaction, the Novelty Need Satisfaction Scale (NNSS). Two studies were performed, one at the global lifestyle level (Study 1: general adults, N = 399, M age = 31.30 years) and the other at a contextual level in physical education (Study 2: first-year post-compulsory secondary school students, N = 1035, M age = 16.20 years). Participants completed the NNSS alongside measures of psychological needs and regulation styles from self-determination theory and psychological well-being. The six-item NNSS showed adequate psychometric properties and discriminant validity with other psychological needs in both studies. Novelty need satisfaction predicted life satisfaction (Study 1) and intrinsic motivation in physical education (Study 2) independent of the other three psychological needs. Results provide preliminary evidence that need for novelty is a unique candidate need alongside existing needs from self-determination theory, but further confirmatory and experimental research is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time perspective is usually measured by means of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). The original ZTPI contains 56 items; therefore, completing it is quite laborious. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a Polish Short Version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (PS-ZTPI) in a total sample of 2457 adults in Poland. The construct validity of the PS-ZTPI was assessed by correlating it with two scales for measuring future negative perspective, a scale for testing positive present perspective, five basic personality dimensions, satisfaction with life and affect. Convergent and discriminant validity of the PS-ZTPI was also confirmed using a multitraits-multimethod approach in a confirmatory factor analysis framework. A series of hierarchical regression analyses confirmed the incremental validity of this inventory. Results suggest that the PS-ZTPI is a reliable and valid instrument. In the Polish sample, fatalism is not included in the basic types of time perspectives as it probably has a different nature than other time perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals' strategies of emotion regulation play an important role in maintaining their mental health. However, few multi-strategy measures considered rumination subtypes (brooding and reflection) and covered five emotion-focused strategies. Across four samples (total N = 2398), the current study developed a new Emotion-focused Regulation Questionnaire in Chinese to survey five emotion-focused strategies including two subtypes of rumination, resulting in a six-factor theoretical framework. Exploratory factor analysis of samples 2 and 3 demonstrated a replicable five-factor structure consisting of Distraction, Brooding, Cognitive Rethinking (an integration of reflection and reappraisal), Acceptance, and Expressive Suppression, which is also the best model supported by confirmatory factor analysis of sample 4. The new EfRQ demonstrated acceptable to good internal consistencies (0.726 ≤ Cronbach's α ≤ 0.869 and 0.735 ≤ Macdonald's ω ≤ 0.871), and moderate test-retest reliabilities with ICCs ranging from 0.531 to 0.668. The convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity of EfRQ was supported by its associations with a range of constructs. Multivariate hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated its incremental validity beyond existing ER-related measures. Thus, the EfRQ is a reliable and valid instrument that would be useful in research and clinical environment. • The Emotion-focused Regulation Questionnaire was developed based on process model. • A replicable five-factor structure was validated through an iterative procedure. • The EfRQ demonstrated a broader construct "cognitive rethinking". • The EfRQ demonstrated good reliabilities and validities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two studies examined how individual differences relate to prejudiced attitudes toward asylum seekers. Results consistently showed that prejudiced people had relatively low scores on Honesty-Humility and relatively high scores on the Dark Tetrad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and everyday sadism) and ideological beliefs (social dominance orientation, patriotism, and nationalism). More importantly, multiple regression analyses revealed that the Dark Tetrad (in particular, Machiavellianism) provided incremental validity beyond Honesty–Humility in predicting explicit prejudice, but both the Dark Tetrad and Honesty-Humility were outpredicted by ideological beliefs. These findings suggest that the narrower Dark Tetrad personality traits provide additional useful information for explaining intergroup attitudes beyond the broader Honesty-Humility personality trait. However, the Dark Tetrad traits (and Honesty-Humility) are only distal determinants of explicit prejudice, while ideological beliefs are the proximal determinant. Study 2 also included a measure of implicit prejudice toward asylum seekers. Overall, Honesty-Humility, the Dark Tetrad, and ideological beliefs were much less predictive of implicit (compared to explicit) prejudiced attitudes. • Honesty-Humility, the Dark Tetrad, and ideological beliefs predicted explicit prejudice. • Dark Tetrad provided incremental validity beyond Honesty–Humility. • Ideological beliefs outpredicted the Dark Tetrad (and Honesty-Humility). • Variation in implicit prejudiced attitudes was less accounted for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]