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Women tend to display greater pro-environmental attitudes and behaviour than men. This gender difference in environmentalism has been explained in terms of distinct gender role socialization, with women socialized to be more other-focused and empathic compared to men. A related explanation is that women are more environmentally concerned because they are less prone to favour social dominance than men, which is in line with recent research showing that empathy and social dominance orientation (SDO) are intrinsically linked. We tested a Bayesian path model examining the extent to which empathy and SDO predicted environmental values over a one-year period, and the extent to which such effects mediated the initial gender difference. Results from a national probability adult sample (N = 4381) indicated that both empathy and SDO partially and independently mediated the gender–environmentalism link. Women tended to display higher levels of environmental values because they were higher in empathy and lower in SDO, while men displayed lower levels of environmental values because they were lower in empathy and higher in SDO. The findings have theoretical implications for the reciprocal relations between empathy and SDO, and practical implications for understanding and fostering pro-environmental engagement across distinct social actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We compare and contrast existing broad-bandwidth and frequency-specific worldview measures in the prediction of Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). As expected, broad-bandwidth and frequency-specific measures of dangerous worldview predicted common variance in RWA, and competitive worldview measures predicted common variance in SDO. Only the broad-bandwidth measures retained a unique concurrent association with RWA and SDO (n =347 New Zealand undergraduates). We argue that these alternative worldview measures share a common component reflecting schematic beliefs about the level of danger and threat in the social world (a descriptive belief component). The broad-bandwidth measure should be better suited for assessing a mixture of descriptive and prescriptive beliefs about how the social world ought to be, whereas the newer frequency-specific index is better suited for isolating the descriptive component of social worldview schemas. Directions for research examining heuristic biases that shape descriptive components of social worldview schemas are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A full cross-lagged panel design examined the bidirectional effects of the Big-Five personality dimensions on Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) over 9months (N =190 undergraduates). Consistent with the Dual Process Cognitive-Motivational Model, SDO and RWA exhibited markedly different personality bases. Low Agreeableness predicted change in the motivational goal for group-based dominance and superiority (SDO), whereas Openness to Experience predicted change in the motivational goal for social cohesion and collective security (RWA). Extending previous longitudinal research, this study indicates that the effect of personality on ideology is unidirectional, as RWA and SDO did not predict reciprocal prospective change in broad-bandwidth personality. These findings are consistent with a model in which relatively stable broad-bandwidth personality traits shape ideological attitudes over even relatively short time periods, and not the reverse. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We present an alternative self-report measure of the social worldview component in Dual Process Model (DPM) of prejudice. Theoretically, worldviews represent belief structures about the nature of the social world (schemas). The new Frequency Estimation Index of Dual Social Worldviews (FEI-DSW) uses 0–100% response scales to assess social worldviews using indicators of the subjective estimation of the frequency of events. Previously, worldview indicators have been indexed using ideological attitude measures as a proxy. Exploratory (N =378; Study 1) and Confirmatory (N =300; Study 2) Factor Analyses validated the factor structure of the FEI-DSW in undergraduate and New Zealand community samples. The FEI-DSW evidenced good construct validity, as its dual factors, dangerous worldview (FEI-DW) and competitive worldview (FEI-CW) differentially predicted Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). The FEI-DSW provides a reliable and valid measure of social worldviews that is closer to a formal definition of worldviews as social schemas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Three independent diary studies supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the Accommodation Scale () by testing whether questionnaire-measured accommodation predicted individual differences in accommodation during naturally-occurring relationship interactions. First, across the three samples, questionnaire-measured accommodation predicted levels of diary-reported accommodation within – and only within – interactions in which participants were experiencing conflict. Second, questionnaire-measured accommodation within family relationships predicted accommodation within interactions with family members but not within interactions with friends. Third, the effects were evident controlling for global self and relationship evaluations. This research highlights the utility of diary methodology to test whether questionnaires capture the specific situation-behavior linkages they are designed to measure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Using a diary study, this research examined the links between attachment avoidance (and anxiety) and romantic attraction felt toward current romantic partners versus relevant alternatives (i.e., non-familial interactants of the same gender as participants’ romantic partner) within daily social interactions. Hierarchical Linear Modelling analyses revealed that participants reported greater romantic attraction within interactions with their current romantic partner than within social interactions with relevant alternatives. However, despite experiencing greater romantic attraction toward current versus alternative partners, a more avoidant attachment orientation was associated with experiencing relatively (a) lower romantic attraction during interactions with current partners as well as (b) greater romantic attraction when interacting with relevant alternatives. These results indicate that highly avoidant individuals will be more likely to respond favourably to relationship alternatives in the course of their daily interactions, and, in doing so, undermine relationship satisfaction and stability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This research examined the hierarchical structure of attachment representations by directly measuring both global attachment orientations within distinct relationship domains (romantic, familial, and friendship), and attachment within a comprehensive range of specific relationships within each of these domains (e.g., current romantic partner, mother, best friend). In two independent samples, Hierarchical Linear Modeling analyses demonstrated that domain-specific representations were strongly associated with attachment ratings of specific relationships within that same domain (domain-relationship congruent associations) but were not (in general) associated with ratings of relationship-specific attachment in other domains (domain-relationship incongruent associations). These results provide evidence for the domain differentiation of multiple attachment representations – a defining feature of a hierarchically organized attachment representational network. Directions for future research integrating representations of attachment-related domains with the higher-order personality-esque component of the attachment representational hierarchy are briefly discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The authors argue that cross-national variation in the association between right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) depends upon the degree to which political systems are organized along a single explicitly ideologically articulated left–right dimension. In societies where the political system is ideologized along a single dimension, RWA and SDO should be strongly positively correlated, and the magnitude of this association should be moderated by political identification. This hypothesis was tested in Italy, a society where the political system is highly ideologized, using analyses of concurrent data from student (N =148) and community samples (N =133) (study 1), and an experiment in which the salience of peoples’ political identification was manipulated (study 2; N =151). In both studies, stronger political identification was associated with a significantly stronger positive RWA–SDO association, although mean levels of RWA and SDO did not vary across conditions in study 2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The factor structure and short-term temporal stability of the Revised Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire (Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000) were examined. Separate exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the ECR-R provided a reliable and replicable dual factor self-report measure of adult romantic attachment. These results provide important additional information about the ECR-R, and suggest that the scale maintains acceptable classical psychometric properties while also assessing a range of trait scores more evenly distributed than previous measures (as reported by Fraley et al., 2000). Latent variable path analyses suggested that longitudinal measures of both the anxiety and avoidance subscales were remarkably stable over a 6-week assessment period (86% shared variance over time). This result supports previously published test re-test reliability estimates based on simulation analyses, and suggests that the scale provides stable estimates of trait attachment which are largely free from measurement error over short assessment periods. The importance of using reliable and precise measures in order to minimize bias in repeated measures of attachment in romantic and interpersonal relationships over prolonged time periods is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Heterosexual intimacy is theorised to play a key role in Ambivalent Sexism, yet gay, lesbian, and bisexual people's levels of Hostile and Benevolent Sexism have not been previously examined. This paper draws upon data from the national probability New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (N = 18,266) to examine levels of Hostile and Benevolent sexism across gender (men and women) and sexual identity (gay/lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual individuals). Overall, we found that men compared to women, and heterosexuals compared to lesbian/gay and bisexuals, had significantly higher Hostile and Benevolent Sexism than other groups. The interaction of gender and sexual identity was significant for Benevolent, but not Hostile, Sexism. Gay men had the lowest levels of Benevolent Sexism, with bisexual men scoring between gay and heterosexual men. Heterosexual women were higher in Benevolent Sexism than lesbian and bisexual women. These findings lend support to the notion that heterosexual intimacy is an important driver sustaining Benevolent Sexism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual differences in the preference for group-based hierarchy and inequality, as indexed by social dominance orientation (SDO), have been shown to predict environment-relevant variables. To date the literature examining the SDO–environmentalism link has used the traditional unidimensional conceptualisation of SDO. This article reports three studies using the new measurement and conceptualisation of SDO that involves the SDO 7 scale and the sub-dimensions of intergroup dominance (SDO-D) and intergroup anti-egalitarianism (SDO-E). SDO-D entails support for group-based dominance achieved via overt oppression and aggressive intergroup behaviour, and SDO-E entails support for group-based inequality subtly achieved via unequal distribution of resources. Our results show anti-egalitarianism to be the main SDO sub-dimension related to environmentalism. While SDO-D is either a weaker or non-significant predictor, individuals with high levels of SDO-E were less willing to make personal sacrifices for the environment, value environmental protection and endorse climate change beliefs. Interestingly, neither facet of SDO predicted change in environmentalism over a five-month period; but climate change denial predicted change in SDO-E while pro-environmental attitudes predicted change in SDO-D over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquiescent response style (the tendency to agree to questionnaire items regardless of content) is an issue that has plagued questionnaire design for decades. We employ recent advances in random intercept exploratory factor analysis to examine the extent to which the Multidimensional Model of Māori Identity and Cultural Engagement (the MMM-ICE2) is potentially contaminated by acquiescent response bias. The MMM-ICE2 is a culture-specific seven-dimension scale designed to measure one's subjective identification as Māori (the indigenous peoples of New Zealand). Analyses of a national probability sample of Māori ( N = 678) indicated that the factor structure of MMM-ICE2 was reliably recovered when adjusting for potential bias due to acquiescent responding, indicating that the scale shows minimal contamination due to acquiescent response bias. These findings provide important additional information validating the MMM-ICE2 measure of identity for use with Māori populations. Following Aichholzer (2014), we recommend random intercept exploratory factor analysis for use in scales where acquiescent responding may be of concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The factor structure of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) remains a contentious issue. Although designed to measure three underlying attitude clusters, aggression, submission and conventionalism, many items are deliberately double- or triple-barrelled, to capture the covariation of the three clusters in a unidimensional scale. Additionally, although the scale is balanced, there is an item wording direction bias in the clusters; aggression items are pro-trait, and conventionalism items are con-trait. Sub-scale structure is therefore potentially confounded with acquiescence bias. Although RWA as a unitary construct has been an effective tool for exploring prejudice, it would be useful in many cases to measure its underlying components directly. Proposed solutions to this problem include creating short-form scales as subsets of the original scale, or modifying items to simplify and un-confound the structure. We present convergent evidence of an underlying factor structure by considering one-, two- and three-factor solutions to the uncorrected scale and then using an indirect method to correct for acquiescence bias. Before and after correction, factor analysis supported a three-factor solution. Confirmatory factor analyses also support a three-factor solution compared to a one-factor solution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This research investigated the associations between sexist attitudes and preferences for romantic partners both cross-sectionally (N =347 women, 130 men) and longitudinally over a nine-month period (N =174 women). Women placed greater importance on status/resources partner characteristics, particularly when they were high in Benevolent Sexism (ideation of women who conform to traditional gender roles). Longitudinal analyses also revealed that, for women, Benevolent Sexism predicted increases in status/resources preferences over time. Men, in contrast, placed greater importance on attractiveness/vitality characteristics, particularly when they were high in Hostile Sexism (hostility toward women who oppose traditional roles). These findings indicate that sexist ideologies promote preferences for romantic partners who possess qualities congruent with traditional gender roles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Prototypes of personality traits derived from the Five-Factor Model of personality were developed using Latent Profile Analysis. Trait configurations and predictive outcomes suggested the appropriateness of a four-profile solution over the commonly identified three-profile solution. However, comparisons of model fit and predictive ability with previous investigations suggest that the profiles presently developed are less precise than those using the alternative Six-Factor Model of personality. Accordingly, results indicate that the additional trait within the Six-Factor Model provides critical information in profile development. The authors argue that, regardless of whether the Five-Factor or Six-Factor Model of personality is used, the four-profile solution reflects a comprehensive framework for describing coherent and theoretically meaningful profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Which aspects of psychopathic personality, if any, contribute to professional success? Previous research suggests that fearless dominance does so. Yet, it also suggests that self-centered impulsivity impairs professional success. Here, we address this differential pattern in a preregistered, multi-wave study involving a large, nationally representative sample (N = 2969 New Zealanders). We test the (a) replicability of prior findings using a new objective measure of professional success, and (b) stability of our findings across two annual assessments from 2011 and 2012. Fearless dominance is positively associated, but self-centered impulsivity is negatively associated, with subjective professional success. Controlling for age, gender, education level, and time in the current job does not alter these associations. Further, self-centered impulsivity and coldheartedness are negatively related with objective professional success. However, only the effect of coldheartedness remains after considering demographic variables. These relations hold for predicting subjective and objective professional success one year later. Together, aspects of psychopathic personality are linked negatively to objective professional success, a finding that challenges popular beliefs about the functional benefits of psychopathy in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]