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SUMMARY One of tue essential conditions of economic expansion is defined by the value of intellectual investment that menns practically by the num ber and quality of leaders and technicians who hold responsible positions in the management of public and private enterprise In that respect uni- versitary policies acquire .v objective teaching programs must be denned wirh view to the requirements of economic evolution and technical and social progress Which is the present situation in France from that point of vie Though statistical data on that crucial problem are very scarce it can be concluded with fair accuracy that our position is most serious As matter of fact only third or half of the necessary quantity of leading technicians leave our ingineering schools or our universities As for medium technicians their number if ridiculously smal from the point of vieiv of present and above all of future necessities If vigorou! aud necessary improvements are not obtained our future economic expansion will be compromised and it Iwill become difficult defend the position of France in the hierarchy of great Powers, Bize Pierre. Investissements intellectuels et expansion économique. In: Revue économique, volume 7, n°1, 1956. pp. 117-126.

SUMMARY Nec ssiiy promoting quickly economic expansion oi underdeveloped trrLuoi ir iilid countries appears among the main tasks of modern world Large amounts devoted today to use schemes of development tend at first to raisin; of local populations standard of life still in state close to misery as President Truman said Point IV) The work on line hii.-i uo common line with the former experiment Consequently it givrs rise to problems up till now unknown and thru- general solution would be bound to theory of structural evolution non yet stated The effort in progress proceeds from empirical decisions of which incomptabilities do not appear but lately However continual approa ches and successive cautious tentatives have permitted to define in better way conditions and difficulties of calculation from which choice and prio rities are subordinated in static order In dynamic order they have brought out the responsabilities regarding to orientation and control of structural evolution Development schemes remain more caniluguos than prospects of total solution harmoniously coordinated Research is developed into technical field But it still remains too much rudimentary for example regarding to reformulation of certain economic laws in the outline of under-develop- raent or the study of sociological obstacles liable to restraining moder nization of economy For lack of sufficiently general method the adapted decisions can lead to unbalance and set new problems The fundamental objective risks to be drawed back or at least to be unsuftlciently approxi mated It is true that measuring tools and control tools are improving But they still remain far from the use we would like to do of them Moreover calculation of efficiency of investments could not be sufficient Quick structural evolution requires special attention It must be borii con- troled and guided if we want to avoid serious disorders and explosive reactions First of all economic modernization must be fitted to social state of considered countries and territories Evolution of social structures can not be entirely subordinated to evolution of methods of production in view of greater productivity balance and method of working must be looked for which will give characteristics peculiar to each country or territory to the new economy according to ealiest data to be considered This adaptation of methods strongly affects investment policy price policy and taxation policy which it is convenient to adopt It controls rhythm of modernization in its most social aspects period of transition which could be divided into progressive phases must be the main object of previous thoughts It will fix the temporary limits of action and it will precise its forms Especially it will emphasize the extent of privileges hoided by small class who in fact enjoys lasting monopolies Sometimes economic expansion must be carried on notwithstanding class which is favoured by underdevelopment However it cannot succeed without it, Bourcier de Carbon Luc. Reconsidération des méthodes d'expansion économique dans les pays et territoires sous-développés. In: Revue économique, volume 6, n°3, 1955. pp. 427-447.