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Three studies evaluate rewritings by students from 8 to 12 years old who used a resource texts database. This paper stresses the importance of the semantic treatment in the processes of writing and rewriting, describes the rewriting assistance system, and introduces to some important results. The students who use the system rewrite more, add macrostructure propositions and produce original propositions rather than propositions borrowed from the resource texts; the system helps the unskilled writers; access to the resource texts by criteria is more helpful than free navigation; the students who learned how to rewrite with the computer system succeed in better using the paper resource texts and transfer their skills to other text genres., Les trois expériences rapportées dans cet article ont pour but d'évaluer les effets d'une base de données textuelles, le logiciel expérimental Scripertexte, sur la révision et la réécriture de récits chez des élèves de huit à douze ans. La première expérience mesure les effets de ce dispositif sur l'amélioration des textes. La deuxième compare les effets de deux modes de navigation dans le logiciel. La troisième cherche à évaluer les apprentissages après trois ans d'utilisation de l'outil.

In this paper, it is shown that the speech production system can be explained from deforming an acoustic tube with the objective of producing sounds with both ieconomy of effortî and maximum acoustic contrast between one another. This deductive approach automatically infers standard places of articulation for vowels and consonants, thereby identifying physical bases for phonological distinctions. A brief discussion of the implications of the findings concludes the paper., Carré René. Émergence des systèmes phonologiques.. In: Langages, 36ᵉ année, n°146, 2002. L'origine du langage, sous la direction de Bernard Laks et Bernard Victorri. pp. 70-79.

This paper gives some references used in computer science teachers professional development in France. In conclusion, it made proposals for research and the continuing education of teachers., À partir de l’expérience de l’auteur en formation d’enseignants d’informatique, cette rubrique propose un parcours subjectif parmi les travaux pouvant être référencés et utilisés en didactique de l’informatique pour répondre aux questions professionnelles des enseignants d’informatique au lycée en France. En conclusion des pistes pour la recherche et la formation continue des enseignants sont esquissées., Declercq Christophe. Didactique de l’informatique : une formation nécessaire. In: Sciences et Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication pour l'Éducation et la Formation, volume 28 n°3, 2021. Numéro spécial. Technologies pour l'apprentissage de l'informatique de la maternelle à l'Université. pp. 233-249.

6. A. Wierzbicka, « The universal of grammar » This paper explores the area of universal grammar, a concept which, in the context of natural semantics, is to be understood as the set of grammatical universels and other strategies allowed as part of the natural semantic metalanguage. It is very much a tentative paper with a large number of proposals and observations which await further exploration., Wierzbicka Anna. Les universaux de la grammaire. In: Langue française, n°98, 1993. Les primitifs sémantiques, sous la direction de Bert Peeters. pp. 107-120.

This paper gives some solutions concerning the maximum available electrical power by a passive network from an active one, where the optimality conditions given by C. A. Desoer cannot be realized, for physical reasons. The theory given in this paper mainly concerns the distribution and subtransmission power systems., Calvaer André J. On the maximum power available from electric multi-ports. In: Bulletin de la Classe des sciences, tome 68, 1982. pp. 843-850.

Centres of Attention of Utterances and Discourse Coherence in Slavic Languages In this paper, we would like to suggest that the Meta-Informative Centering theory (MIC) is relevant for the description of meta-informative markers in the so-called 'free word order' languages such as Slavic languages in contrast to languages with a more rigid word order like French and English. We also briefly sketch out the main properties of the morphemes to and èto in Polish and Russian in the utterances where they are used as meta-informative particles. In the framework of the MIC Theory, the term information refers to the semantic content of linguistic utterances while the term meta-information indicates its sequential ordering. In Associative Semantics (AS), situations are formalised as static or dynamic frames anchored in space and time, i. e. as situations in which participants (animate or non animate entities) fill neutral roles (in states) and active, passive or median roles (in actions). The speaker selects among participants (a) the global primary centre of attention, i.e. the subject of an utterance about which he predicates and possibly (b) one (or even two) local secondary centre(s) of attention, the direct and indirect object(s). Moreover, predication consists in assigning meta-informative status – either new or old – to utterance constituents. In Polish and Russian, the subject of an utterance is mostly expressed by a noun phrase in the nominative case (linked up to the verb by the agreement rule). Participants chosen as subjects of utterances can fill different semantic roles (most frequently active, but possibly also passive or even median as in other accusative languages). Diathesis (which, in our approach, includes active and passive voices as well as impersonal constructions) is used to maintain discourse cohesion when the participant distinguished as the global centre of attention does not fill an active role. Passive constructions are often used without any complement phrase, thus making it possible not to mention at all the active role (either because it is unknown to the speaker or because it is not one of his centres of attention). On the other hand, impersonal constructions make it possible to treat the global centre of attention (i.e. the subject) as (very) partially determined. We proposed to name such a subject anonymous: the only information expressed about it in the utterance is the fact that it belongs either to the class of human or non-human beings. Utterances in which the subject and the predicate have the same meta-informative status (old or new) are said to be basic. In extended utterances the centre of attention is a distinguished noun phrase contrasting with the rest of the utterance: an old topic contrasting with a new comment or a new focus with an old background. In Polish and Russian, word order is used mainly in order to mark the difference between entirely new or entirely old basic utterances but not the difference between Subject and Object as in French and English. In extended utterances, word order combines with intonation and morphological markers (particles, adverbs, clitics, etc. ) in order to point to the topic and/or the focus. However, in Polish and Russian, topicalisation and focalisation can often be marked by word order only. As a matter of fact, in these languages word order is the main device of text cohesion: such a weak topic or weak focus are difficult to identify in original texts (in particular, in the written language) for French or English translators whose translations are often perfect as regards the semantic content but not the text cohesion., Centra uwagi wypowiedzenia a spójność tekstu w językach słowiańskich Artykuł wskazuje na stosowalność pojęć Meta-Informacyjnej Teorii Centrów Uwagi (skrót angielski: MIC) w opisie języków o tak zwanym wolnym szyku tak jak j. słowiańskich w kontfrontacji z językami o tak zwanym ustalonym szyku (jak francuski lub angielski). Dajemy również krótki zarys właściwości morfemów to (i èto) w językach polskim i rosyjskim w wypowiedzeniach, w których występują one jako partykuły meta- informacyjne. W teorii MIC termin informacja odnosi się do treści semantycznej wypowiedzenia, natomiast termin meta-informacja do jej porządku sekwencyjnego. W Semantyce Asocjacyjnej (skrót angielski: AS) sytuacje są formalizowane jako statyczne lub dynamiczne, zakotwiczone w czasie i przestrzeni; jako sytuacje, w których różni uczestnicy (istoty żywotne lub nieżywotne) pełnią role neutralne (w stanach) oraz aktywne, bierne lub pośrednie (w czynnościach). Spośród tych składników sytuacji osoba mówiąca wyróżnia globalne pierwszorzędne centrum uwagi (podmiot) oraz jedno albo dwa (lub nawet więcej) lokalne (dopełnienia bliższe i dalsze). Ponadto predykacja polega na przypisywaniu określonym składnikom wypo- wiedzenia statutów metainformacyjnych o wartościach danej lub nowej. W j. polskim i rosyjskim podmiot wypowiedzenia wyraża fraza nominalna w mianowniku (związana z czasownikiem związkiem zgody). Uczestnik w pozycji podmiotu może pełnić różne role semantyczne (najczęściej czynną ale także i bierną lub średnią jak i w innych j. akuzatywnych). Diateza (pod którą rozumiem zarówno strony czynną i bierną jak i konstrukcje bezosobowe) jest środkiem spójności tekstu, kiedy uczestnik sytuacji wyróżniony jako globalne centrum uwagi nie występuje w roli czynnej. Konstrukcje bierne bywają często używane bez frazy dopełnieniowej, co pozwala pozostawić rolę czynną jako w ogóle nie wyrażoną (z powodu braku wiedzy na jej temat lub tylko z braku poświęcenia jej uwagi). Z drugiej zaś strony w konstrukcjach bezosobowych globalne centrum uwagi (czyli podmiot) jest traktowane jako nieokreślone, zwane w naszej teorii podmiotem anonimowym: jedyna informacja zawarta w wypowiedzeniu na jego temat dotyczy przynależności do klasy istot ±ludzkich. Wypowiedzenia, w których podmiot i orzeczenie cechuje ten sam statut meta-informacyjny (dany lub nowy), nazywamy podstawowymi. W rozszerzonych wypowiedzeniach zaś centrum uwagi wskazuje na wyróżnioną fraze nominalną kontrastującą z resztą wypowiedzenia: topik o danym statucie kontrastujący z nowym komentarzem lub nowy fokus kontrastujący z danym tłem. W j. polskim i rosyjskim w wypowiedzeniach podstawowych szyk wyrazów służy głównie do wyrażania informacji albo całkiem nowych albo całkiem danych. W j. francuskim i angielskim natomiast szyk w wypowiedzeniu podstawowym w pierwszym rzędzie służy do odróżnienia podmiotu od dopełnienia. W j. słowiańskich (nie tylko w j. polskim i rosyjskim) w wypowiedzeniach rozszerzonych centra uwagi (topik i fokus) są uwydatnione przede wszystkim przez szyk wyrazów w połączeniu z intonacją oraz opcjonalnie przy pomocy wykładników morfologicznych (m. in. partykuł, mocnych lub słabych zaimków osobowych). Jednakże w j. polskim i rosyjskim topiicalizacja lub foka- lizacja bywają często wyrażane jedynie przez szyk wyrazów. W językach tych albowiem szyk wyrazów jest głównym wykładnikiem spójności tekstu: takie słabe topiki czy też takie słabe fokusy sprawiają najwięcej trudności francusko- lub angielsko-języcznym tłumaczom, którzy potrafią oddawać wiernie treść słowiańskiego tekstu w j. francuskim lub angielskim, lecz równocześnie zatracają całkowicie jego spójność., Włodarczyk Hélène. Les centres d'intérêt de l'énoncé et la cohérence textuelle en polonais et russe . In: Revue des études slaves, tome 80, fascicule 1-2, 2009. La cohérence du discours dans les langues slaves, sous la direction de Jean Breuillard, Paul-Louis Thomas et Hélène Włodarczyk. pp. 13-30.

This paper studies multimodal communication between a teacher and a learner. Our long term goal is to specify the behavior of an animated pedagogical agent in a tutoring system. Dyadic interactions between teachers and learners were recorded. We worked with the Pepite tutoring system that assesses the level in algebra of students aged 15-16. Statistical analysis of annotations allows for capturing different strategies in the way the teacher uses gaze depending on students’ level and on pedagogical acts., Les EIAH actuels prennent peu en compte la multimodalité de la communication entre enseignants et apprenants. Cet article décrit une étude exploratoire de la communication enseignant – apprenant. L’objectif est de spécifier le comportement multimodal d’un agent pédagogique animé (APA) pouvant être intégré à terme dans un EIAH. Nous avons filmé des interactions dyadiques entre enseignants et apprenants de fin de troisième début seconde (15-16 ans) lors d’un bilan de compétences en mathématiques effectué avec le logiciel Pépite. Des mesures statistiques calculées à partir d’annotations effectuées suggèrent différentes stratégies des enseignants en termes de direction du regard en fonction du profil de l’apprenant et des actes pédagogiques., Farouk Mohamedade, Delozanne Elisabeth, Grugeon Brigitte, Bensimon Nelly, Martin Jean-Claude. Stratégies d’utilisation de la direction du regard en situation de communication interpersonnelle enseignant-élève. In: Sciences et Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication pour l'Éducation et la Formation, volume 14, 2007. Les Dimensions émotionnelles de l'interaction dans un EIAH/Analyses des traces d'utilisation dans les EIAH. pp. 265-288.

This paper deals with determination in nominal predicates of "feelings". The basic hypothesis that underlies this text is that the lexico-semantic properties of nominal predicates impose constraints on their determination. That is why we put forward the idea that the theoretical framework of classes of objects permits us to describe, formalize and encode nominal predicate determination. Taking as example the class of objects of "feelings", which demonstrate a high semantico-syntactic heterogeneity, we investigate their standard or marked determination in close relation with the Support Verbs that actualize them. First, we briefly present the model of analysis of simple phrases that we adopt, that is the lexicon-grammar, then, we describe the theoretical framework of classes of objects and, finally, we study the determination in predicate nouns of feelings (of first or second degree) and their syntatic behavior as arguments after appropriate verbal, adjectival or nominal predicates., Gavrilidou Zoé. La détermination des noms de sentiment en grec moderne. In: Langages, 36ᵉ année, n°145, 2002. La détermination au regard de la diversité lexicale, sous la direction de Pierre-André Buvet. pp. 83-96.

This paper, developed within the frame of dynamic semantics combined with the precisification principle, proposes a new distinction between polysemy and vagueness. According to this distinction, a polysemous word is underspecified in relation to a set of lexicalized precisifications, whereas a vague word is underspecified in relation to a set of precisifications which are not lexicalized. It is also proposed that, notwithstanding the independence of denotative and argumentative levels, neither of these levels can be bypassed in the semantic representation. Key words: Dynamic semantics, Precisification, Underspecified, Denotative level., Heronides M. Moura. Dénotation et argumentation dans le discours. In: Langages, 35ᵉ année, n°142, 2001. Les discours intérieurs au lexique, sous la direction de Amr Helmy Ibrahim. pp. 77-91.

Summary : Is there an oblique effect in the tactual perception of orientation ? This paper surveys studies on the anisotropic perception of orientation in the tactual (cutaneous/'passive touch or haptic/active touch) system. In the visual system, the vertical and horizontal orientations are known to be perceived more accurately than oblique orientations. This anisotropy is called the oblique effect. The interest ofexamining the oblique effect in the tactual system stems, in part, from the fact that even its existence is debated in the literature. The aim of the present work was to show that : 1/ the study of factors that induce a tactual (cutaneous or haptic) oblique effect makes it possible to understand more easily the nature of the tactual underlying processes ; 2/ the study of the cutaneous, haptic and visual oblique effects allows comparisons in the three perceptual systems of the nature of the respective processes that underlie the processing of orientation. The first part of this article presents the data on the oblique effect in the cutaneous system. The second part concerns the data on the oblique effect in the haptic system. We examine the hypothesis that the nature of task would influence the oblique effect in the different perceptual systems. When the task induces low-level processing, the presence of an anisotropy and its forms seems to depend on the properties of orientation-selective neurons existing at an early stage in the perceptual hierarchy. Thus, an oblique effect is present in the visual system, an effect of proximo-distal orientation (i.e. along the length ofthefinger) is present in the cutaneous system and no oblique effect is observed in the haptic system. In contrast, when the task induces high-level processing, an oblique effect seems to be present in the cutaneous, haptic and visual systems. Keys words : orientation, oblique effect, tactual, haptic and cutaneous perception, gravity, perceptual development., Résumé Ce travail présente une synthèse des principaux résultats sur la perception tactile (passive ou active) des orientations. Dans le système visuel, il est établi que nous percevons systématiquement avec une plus grande précision les stimulus dont l'orientation est verticale ou horizontale que ceux dont l'orientation est oblique. Ce phénomène est appelé l' « effet de l'oblique ». L'intérêt d'examiner cet effet de l'oblique dans le système tactile (cutané ou haptique) réside dans le fait que son existence même est débattue dans la littérature. L'objectif de cette revue est de montrer que : 1/ l'étude des facteurs qui participent à la manifestation de l'effet de l'oblique tactile est un moyen de mieux connaître la nature des processus tactiles responsables de cet effet ; 2/ l'étude des effets de l'oblique cutané, haptique et visuel permet de comparer dans ces systèmes perceptifs la nature des processus respectifs qui sous-tendent le traitement des orientations. Mots-clés : orientation, effet de l'oblique, perception tactile, cutanée et haptique, gravité, aveugle, développement perceptif., Guentaz E. Existe-t-il un « effet de l'oblique » dans la perception tactile des orientations ?. In: L'année psychologique. 2000 vol. 100, n°1. pp. 111-140.

The current dramatic evolution in information technology is bringing major modifications in the way scientists work and communicate. The concept of electronic information handling -and thus of electronic publishing -encompasses the diverse types of information, the different media, as well as the various communication methodologies and technologies. The structure itself of information has become different by the introduction ofhypertextual links. Fluid information is becoming a common concept. While publication is considered here as a public announcement (no implicit assumption being made as to the medium used), it is obvious that electronic publishing will have to diverge from an electronic version of contributions on paper and will become part of a more general diversified publishing policy. The procedures for validating published material and for evaluating scientific activities will have to be adjusted too. Provision of electronic refereed informa¬ tion independently from commercial publishers is now feasible and even maybe highly recommended in view of strict copyright policies tentatively applied by some publishers to the electronic material. In other terms, scientists and scientific institutions have now the possibility to run an efficient information server with validated (refereed) material without the help of a commercial publisher., Heck André. La publication électronique. In: Bulletin de la Classe des sciences, tome 8, n°1-6, 1997. pp. 21-26.

Summary: This paper outlines the history of video games, from the Atari generation through Nintendo and Sega to interactive multimedia and hyper-reality. After considering a number of methodological questions, it suggests three different approaches for analysing the habits and behaviour of young players. It then discusses the new generation of adult games and the networks of virtual communities they have spawned on the Internet. The conclusion considers the influence of media games on other sectors of the culture industry., Lafrance Jean-Paul, Libbrecht Liz. Games and players in the electronic age. Tools for analysing the use of video games by adults and children. In: Réseaux. The French journal of communication, volume 4, n°2, 1996. pp. 299-331.

Dynamic annotation and experimental reading : towards a new gloss? In this paper, we present some reflections about a set of tools enabling a reader to annotate computer-readable texts. A typology of annotative acts is presented. Also are evoked relationships between annotation and other types of text representation, as mark-up, structuring within corpora, or linguistic investigation. It is argued that a computer system of annotation, as a particular type of text manipulation system, gives the user a great power in the management of reading tasks, as memorizing, structuring, reusing, etc., Virbel Jacques. Annotation dynamique et lecture expérimentale : vers une nouvelle glose ?. In: Littérature, n°96, 1994. Informatique et littérature. pp. 91-105.

The aim of this paper is to show how the use of Relevance Theory can simplify traditional analyses of a range of temporal phenomena. First, it is argued that logical descriptions of the past which treats it as ambiguous can be replaced by a pragmatic analysis which treats the past as univocal. Second, it is shown that the temporal progression characteristic of the so- called narrative past falls out from relevance-theoretic considerations, without the need for logical stipulation. Third, it is argued that a partial explanation for the interpretation of present tense sentences containing dynamic verbs can be derived from the exploitation of the idea of « interpretive use »., Smith Neil. Observations sur la pragmatique des temps. In: Langages, 27ᵉ année, n°112, 1993. Temps, référence et inférence, sous la direction de Jacques Moeschler. pp. 26-38.

M.-T. Vinet The aim of this paper is to discuss the structure of predicate constructions without a copula in French headlines. We show that the categorial selection for the syntactic realization of predication is here partly determined by the semantic properties of a lexical verbal element. We also demonstrate the role of a non-overt Aspectual head in licensing DP predicates which are obligatorily free adjuncts in this register of French. Finally, a brief comparison of predicate constructions in Moroccan Arabic serves to emphasize the universality of certain aspects of these constructions., Vinet Marie-Thérèse. L'aspect et la copule vide dans la grammaire des titres. In: Langue française, n°100, 1993. Temps et aspect dans la langue française, sous la direction de Jacqueline Guéron. pp. 83-101.

CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN: The subject of the imperative. This paper considers the status of the empty subject noun phrase of the imperative in French and in Rumanian. For Rumanian the analysis draws a parallei between the cases of lexical nouns that occur in the vocative case (to the right of the verb) and the cases with a surface subject. It is shown that in Rumanian the subject of the imperative is of the same type as the subject of other inflected verbs (in Rumanian pronominal subjects are generally deleted). In French thesubject of the imperative may be (is is shown that the empty subject slot is to the right of the verb, as in Rumanian) unlike the nominative subject of other inflected verbs. This possibility is explained by a relation of quantification that binds the subject of the imperative to an «imperative quantifier» which defines the domain of reference of the subject as the set of aIl co-speakers. Our hypothesis, which is is that the subject of the imperative can only occur (as an empty slot) to the right of the verb, accounts for the difference in clitic placing between the imperative and other structures (Tu le tapes / Tape-le)., Dobrovie-Sorin Carmen. Le sujet de l'impératif. In: Histoire Épistémologie Langage, tome 5, fascicule 1, 1983. L'Ellipse grammaticale : Études épistémologiques et historiques, sous la direction de Catherine Fuchs. pp. 129-134.

The representation of meaning in natural languages is quite a complex task, which can only be achieved by means of approximative model constructions within the frame of a powerful formalism. This paper provides an introduction to some basic locative concepts , in the formal apparatus of lambda-calculus., Renaud Francis. Analyse sémantique de la localisation en chinois.. In: Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale, vol. 14 1, 1985. pp. 5-45.

Cryptography is the art and science of making communications unintelligible to all except the intended receiver. Until recently, the use of cryptographic methods to secure communications has been the sole province of governments, but now, standard cipher systems have been developed in order to protect private data in computer and communication systems from unauthorized disclosure and modification. The study of modern cryptography embraces a number of scientific fields, notably computer science, electronics, logic, number theory, algebra and statistics. Our aim in this paper is to provide a broad introduction to the subject and to present some research topics and some of the most popular methods used today., Roggeman Yves. Méthodes cryptographiques en informatique. In: Bulletin de la Classe des sciences, tome 73, 1987. pp. 490-500.

Summary. — This paper reports the use of an original method in order to compare the boolean and continuous approaches. One makes use of an algorithmic description of their specific and fundamental functioning. A generalized description of the boolean approach is also proposed ; the new idea introduced is the use of a unique real variable (a generalized variable) to describe at the same time a boolean variable and the dynamic state of its on-and off-retarding devices. Thanks to this point of view it is rigorously shown that the boolean approach and the continuous approach with Heaviside functions have similar algorithm, i.e. fundamental functioning. What differs between them is the actual law governing the variation of the variables., Richelle Jean. Analyses booléenne et continue de systèmes comportant des boucles de rétroaction. III. Description algorithmique des approches booléenne et continue. In: Bulletin de la Classe des sciences, tome 69, 1983. pp. 535-565.