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This article examines the "Non-Han cinema Project" launched in 2013 by the State Commission of Minzu Affairs. The aim of this article is to understand how filmmakers involved in the project are able to carve out a space for expressing an autonomous vision of Non-Han societies in contemporary China despite political and economic constraints. This paper first looks into the Non-Han Film Project in detail to assess the multiple challenges and various stakeholders involved in the Project that complicate the centralisation of Non-Han cinema. The paper then discusses female director Yang Rui's short film on the Wa of Yunnan, produced in cooperation with the Head of the Project. The analysis shows that the short film, though fulfilling some commercial and political purposes, implicitly challenges orthodox official representations of Non-Han culture and resists the attempts of the Chinese state to turn the Wa culture into Chinese national symbols., Frangville Vanessa. Négocier les identités ethniques dans « Le Projet sur le cinéma non-han » : le cas du micro-film de Yang Rui sur les Wa du Yunnan. In: Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie, vol. 23, 2014. Des mondes en devenir. Interethnicité et production de la différence en Chine du Sud-Ouest. pp. 201-235.

Članak polazi od već ustanovljene opozicije u jeziku između dva sistema iskazivanja — govora i pripovedanja (povest / govor kod Benvenista, a pripovedanja / komentar kod vajnriha). Da bi se odredilo kom sistemu pripadaju poslovice, proučavaju se konjugirani glagolski oblici, mnogo različitiji u poslovicama BChS (bosanskog-crnogorskog-hrvatskog-srpskog) jezika, nego u poslovicama nekih drugih jezika. Kao korpus se koristi zbirka vuka Karadžića. u poslovicama neki glagolski oblici funkcionišu kao u iskazivanju govora (nesvršeni i svršeni prezent ponavljanja, perfektivni perfekat sa samo jednim glagolom, futur, optativ, imperativ, kondicional), drugi glagolski oblici kao u iskazivanju pripovedanja (prospektivni svršeni prezent, krnji perfekat, hronološki sled radnji u perfektivnom perfektu i u aoristu), dok se za treće utvrđuje posebno funkcionisanje (gnomsko značenje aorista i imperfekta). Prema tome, kriterij funkcionisanja konjugiranih glagolskih oblika dozvoljava da se govori o specifičnom sistemu iskazivanja za poslovice u BChS jeziku, The paper is based on the well-known opposition between two systems of enunciation — speech and narration (story/ speech in Benveniste, narration/ commentary in Weinrich). In order to determine which system proverbs belong to, conjugated verbal forms (much more various in BCMS proverbs than in other languages such as French or English) are examined. the corpus is the collection of proverbs by vuk Karadžić, first published in Cetinje (Montenegro) in 1836. the paper shows that some verbal forms function in proverbs in the same way as in speech enunciation (imperfective and perfective present in repetitions, perfective perfect with only one verb, future, optative, imperative, conditional), others as in narration enunciation (prospective perfective present, truncated perfect, perfective perfect and aorist in chronological successions of actions), while some others are used in a specific way, which can be found only in proverbs (the so-called gnomic aorist and imperfect). therefore the criterion “ how conjugated verbal forms function” allows to distinguish a specific enunciation system for proverbs in the BCMS language., Thomas Paul-Louis. Temps, mode, aspect et système d’énonciation des proverbes BCMS. In: Revue des études slaves, tome 83, fascicule 2-3, 2012. La lettre et l’esprit : entre langue et culture. Études à la mémoire de Jean Breuillard, sous la direction de Stéphane Viellard, Laure Troubetzkoy et Serge Aslanoff. pp. 557-577.

Laurence Rosier: Interjection and the cybergenres In this paper, we study the interjection in some numeric discourse. The work on this kind of numeric corpus obliges to interrogate about the borders between onomatopoeia and interjection. In the internet discourse, it is less the rôle of expressive " super-enounciation" of the interjection that is exploited (this raie being held by the neographemes, the onomatopoeias and the smileys, thèse ones not yet used at the most of their potential meaning) than its rôle of first slice or splint of conversation. The confrontation of new practices of writing thus obliges to create functional catégories which transform the names as onomatopoeias (by the graphie déformations who are supposed imitate a certain intonation) or transform them as interjections (by marking the key-moments of interactional starts again). So certain papers of the internet are less a written orality than a real living writing., Rosier Laurence. De la vive voix à l'écriture vive. L'interjection et les nouveaux modes d'organisation textuels. In: Langages, 40e année, n°161. 2006. L'interjection : jeux et enjeux, sous la direction de Claude Buridant. pp. 112-126.

After the fall of the Democratic Kampuchea regime in January 1979, due to a strenuous shortage of paper and a continuous scarcity of publishing facilities, printed books in general and fiction literary works in particular almost completely disappeared from the local market during the People's Democratic Republic of Kampuchea and State of Cambodia eras (respectively 1979-1989 and 1989-1993). Ideological constraints as well as the constant lack of efficiency of official institutions then paved the way for the blossoming of a myriad short novels, sometimes copied from pre-existing publications but more often entirely original, and hand written on school notebooks made of poor quality lined paper. The École française d'Extrême-Orient in Phnom Penh received from a former book hirer a donation of about ten such novels which are briefly analyzed here., de Bernon Olivier. La littérature des années de misère: les petits romans manuscrits du Cambodge, de 1979 à 1993. In: Aséanie 12, 2003. pp. 17-27.

Beginning with early evidence of crossover in the music of Zanzibar, the paper considers reflections of Middle Eastern and Arab culture contact in the music of this Indian Ocean island. The paper describes rhythms closely associated with the Hadramawt and usage of instruments more or less generic to the so-called dhow countries. It explores too the connections between the Arabic mawwal (referring broadly to a poem in colloquial Arabic with instrumental accompaniment) and the Zanzibari concept of kumawili (a vocal improvisation sung on the syllables "ah" or "ya leil"). Finally the paper describes at least two performance genres, the maulidi (the reading of the life story of the Prophet Mohammed) and taarab (entertainment music prevalent throughout the Swahili Coast) exemplifying this enduring cultural contact., Après avoir présenté les premiers témoignages de métissage dans la musique de Zanzibar, l'article montre comment les contacts avec les cultures du Moyen-Orient et de l'Arabie se reflètent dans la musique de cette île de l'océan Indien. On y trouvera une description des rythmes étroitement liés au Hadramaout ainsi que de l'utilisation d'instruments plus ou moins génériques de ces régions appelées pays des dhow. Y sont également montrés les liens existant entre le mawwal arabe (au sens large du terme, poème en arabe parlé, avec accompagnement musical) et le kumawili (improvisation vocale chantée sur les syllabes «ah » ou «ya leil ». Enfin, à titre d'exemple de la pérennité de ces contacts culturels, l'auteur présente deux genres de spectacle, le maulidi (lecture de la vie du prophète Mahomet) et le taarab (spectacle musical très répandu sur la côte swahili)., Topp Fargion Janet, Le Guennec-Coppens Françoise, Mery Sophie. The Music of Zenj: Arab-African crossovers in the music of Zanzibar. In: Journal des africanistes, 2002, tome 72, fascicule 2. pp. 203-212.

Два свидетеля своего времени : Шатобриан и Карамзин В статье сопоставляются Письма русского путешественника (1801) Н. М. Карамзина (1766-1826) и Опыт о революциях (1797) [Essai historique, politique et moral sur les révolutions anciennes et modernes, considérées dans leurs rapports avec la révolution française de nos jours] Ф.-Р. Шатобриана (1768-1848). Оба произведения писались в те же годы. Они тут рассматриваются с разных точек зрения - политической, исторической, литературной. Между этими «итоговыми» произведениями неожиданно выявляется целый ряд пересечений : постоянные ссылки на древнюю историю (греческую и римскую) для оценки современных событий ; доминирующее место, занимаемое в обоих произведениях французской революцией и Англией; довольно положительная оценка лидеров революций (Кромвель, Робеспьер, Марат); признание неизбежности и необратимости французской революции; отказ от всяких утопий; непринятие идеи о принципиальном различии между веком Просвещения и предшествующими ему эпохами; осознание решительной роли времени; путешественник Карамзин понял, что Европа образовалась не сразу, а в результате мновековых усилий и страданий; свобода всегда дается борьбой и требует жертв; ею определяются разные «ступени» цивилизации. В статье намечаются и расхождения между обоими писателями : различная оценка Англии, различное отношение к христианству. В своих дальнейших капитальных произведениях, отражающих пережитый ими опыт 1790 года и вынесенные из него разные представления об истории История государства Российского Карамзина и Гений христианства [Génie du christianisme] Шатобриана) оба писателя еще более расходятся. Шатобриан нашел в религии единственную опору против царства чистогана и расчета; Карамзин остался верен умеренному деизму, а эстетическую апологию христианской религии он отверг категорически., Chateaubriand and Karamzin as Witnesses of Their Time The paper compares N. M. Karamzin' s Russian Traveller's Letters (1801) with An Essay on Revolutions (London, 1797) [Essai historique, politique et moral sur les révolutions anciennes et modernes, considérées dans leurs rapports avec la révolution française de nos jours] by F. R. de Chateaubriand (London, 1797). Both works were written by the same period and are now examined from different points of view: politics, history, literature. Rather surprisingly, they have much in common: both refer to ancient Greek and Roman history in order to assess present-day events; they share the idea that the French Revolution was inescapable and remains irreversible; they reckon the French Revolution and contemporary England played a leading role; strangely enough revolutionary leaders (Cromwell, Robespierre, Marat) are highly regarded; utopian views in political matters are strictly rejected; any existing gap between the age of Enlightenment and previous periods is denied; both writers show a similar awareness of the importance of time-lag and that it had taken several century-old efforts and sufferings to build Europe as it was. While traveling around Europe (1789-1790) Karamzin discovered that freedom needed to be fought - and sacrificed for, by nations and such a painstakingly acquired freedom determines each people's achievement in civilization and its economic prosperity. As for Chateaubriand he searched a key for European history through going back to the time when the Christian religion was being spread. The paper points out at how much both pieces of literature express a common typology. It also underlines dissimilarities between both writers (in their appraisal of contemporary England and of the role played by Christianity in European history, etc.). Later on, each author's major work (Karamzin's A History of the Russian State and Chateaubriand' s The Genius of Christianity) which young writers and poets from the two countries will abundantly feed from, emphasized divergence in ideology and arts. Whereas Chateaubriand epitomized religion as the only bastion against the reign of money-based profit, Karamzin kept confident in moderate deism and definitively rejected aesthetic apologia of Christianity., Serman Il´ja Z., Breuillard Jean. Chateaubriand et Karamzin, témoins de leur temps. In: Revue des études slaves, tome 74, fascicule 4, 2002. pp. 701-718.

This paper deals with one aspect of the complex relationship between Chomsky and French linguistics (specifically the French school of functional linguistics of André Martinet). The starting point is a well-known book published by Mounin on the history of linguistics in the twentieth century (La linguistique du XXe siècle, 1912), a book which still figures prominently in standard references on the evolution of the field. Retrospectively, when one examines Chomsky’s scientific production since the fifties, the condemnation of Chomsky’s work as thin on the ground or simply fashionable looks somewhat odd. Worse than that, a demonstration is offered that this book gave an inaccurate and distorted picture of Chomsky and his work at the time. Whenever facts can be checked, Mounin, a staunch disciple of André Martinet, can be shown to be misleading or plainly wrong. Sadly, an examination of the 1993 autobiography of André Martinet demonstrates that this anti-Chomskyan bias is hardly a new phenomenon and has continued throughout the twentieth century. To counterbalance the distorted views that I criticise, a reasonably comprehensive bibliography of Chomsky’s work is included in the paper as well as a synoptic view of Chomsky’s scientific career. 1 also take advantage of this paper to illustrate one of the insights of generative grammar (i.e. the need to formalise the open-endedness of language) with respect to English nominal compounds., Durand Jacques. Chomsky et la linguistique fonctionnelle française : Relecture de Georges Mounin sur l’histoire de la linguistique au XXe siècle. In: Anglophonia/Caliban, n°9, 2001. Langues et littératures. Linguistique, stylistique, traduction. pp. 85-111.

Jean-René Ladmiral : « Le traducteur et l'ordinateur » In a first part, this paper presents the other papers published in this issue, within a wider, linguistic and historical framework. In a second part, the author explains how the use of a personal computer with text-processing software can help the translator resolving psycho-linguistic difficulties in rewording, i.e. producing a target language text., Ladmiral Jean-René. « Le traducteur et l'ordinateur ». In: Langages, 28ᵉ année, n°116, 1994. Le traducteur et l'ordinateur, sous la direction de Jean-René Ladmiral. pp. 5-19.

Tennessee Williams disliked all the film adaptations of his plays even though they were all made by the most prestigious directors and produced by the major companies. The paper examines the various ways in which scriptwriters and directors transformed Williams's Broadway plays into movies aimed at the general public — from the rather faithful rendition of the theatre play to the more cinematic « opened up » version. Comparing and contrasting the plays and the films, the paper analyzes the consequences of the deletion or addition of scenes, characters and dialogues, and of censorship or self-censorship., Sarotte Georges-Michel. Le théâtre de Tennessee Williams à l’écran : tactiques et stratégies. In: Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines, N°56, mai 1993. Images de l'Amérique dans le cinéma américain. pp. 175-184.

Focussing on the works of two major Chicano poets, Alurista and Gary Soto, this paper assesses the function, in Chicano poetry, of the two key motifs of the earth and the dust. The latter are approached as metaphors through which Chicano poetry reveals a basic ambiguity in its quest for a Chicano identity. The recurrent symbol of the earth designates Chicano poetry as geared to the search for a private, self-centered and self-contained sense of belonging. The presence of dust and its drifts, in contrast, suggests that group identity is an open-ended process ruled by constant metamorphosis. This paper sees this ambivalence as a response to the ideological contradictions of the Chicano movement. Mostly, it examines how the two motifs actually interact to produce a paradoxical writing whose center is only to be found off-center, and where the One always holds room for the Other., Grandjeat Yves-Charles. La poésie chicano : entre terre et poussière. In: Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines, N°48-49, Avril-juillet 1991. La terre américaine. pp. 271-280.

The nineteenth century Romanian society was going through a vast modernization process. Political life was no exception. It was in this context that numerous political parties made their appearance on the public stage, although the majority had only a temporary existence. The political party named “ The free and independent faction” is an interesting addition on the public stage. Antidynastic, had it been in their powers, they would have banished Prince Carol I of Romania. Their dream was to see a “ Romanian ruler on a Romanian throne”. Their importance lies in the overwhelming influence they had in Moldova, a Romanian province. They played a decisive role in Parliament, because their votes brought the power in the hands of the Liberals or the Conservatives. This paper aims to present a main aspect of this group’s ideology, to analyze the impact of their anti-Dynastic ideas and relate them to the person of Charles I and the foreign policy promoted by him. The study will also analyze the route of this party ideological ideas, in this case the anti-Dynastic ones, since its appearance on the public stage, to the point where they disappear as a political group, from public discontent to acceptance and even appreciation. Their beliefs are, as the study will point out, in close relation with the influence of Simion Barnutiu, the individual believed to be the group’s mentor., Gafiţa Irina. L’idiologie fractionniste. L’anti-dynasticisme. In: Hiperboreea. Journal of History, vol. 2, N°1, 2015. pp. 133-151.

Price policies of the multiproduct plant The economie literature does not give the multiproduction problem all the importance it requires. Although most firms are in fact multiproductive, the academie analysis still proceeds in this case with one of those two ways : either it settles the problem by inbedding it in the mysteries of the " black box "', either it simplifies it abusively ai the expense of a lot of unrealistic assumptions. This paper deals with the price polie y of a multiproduct plant. It shows the specificity of the multiproduct situation, and more specifically that the optimal pricing policy of a two-products plant differs from that of two independant firms, each producing one of these products. Moreover, the usual managerial practices of the multiproduct plant are clearly formalized., Profit rates and structural variables in French manufacturing industries This paper applies the limit price mode, and the standard theory of industriel organization to the French industrial sector. Multiple regression analysis is used to assess the influence of concentration, economics of scale, absolute capital cost requirements, product differentiation on profit rates of industries and firms. The results suggest that further concentrating industries, a policy favored by both business leaders and the administration, may lead to misallocation of resources and that a strong antitrust legislation is required in France., du Montcel Henri Tézenas, Soulié Daniel. La politique des prix de l'établissement multiproducteur. In: Revue économique, volume 25, n°6, 1974. pp. 905-923.

This paper gives some solutions concerning the maximum available electrical power by a passive network from an active one, where the optimality conditions given by C. A. Desoer cannot be realized, for physical reasons. The theory given in this paper mainly concerns the distribution and subtransmission power systems., Calvaer André J. On the maximum power available from electric multi-ports. In: Bulletin de la Classe des sciences, tome 68, 1982. pp. 843-850.

This paper deals with an issue that has rarely been addressed for the Neolithic period : the degree of functional specialization of ceramic productions. The question was applied to the earliest pottery from Bulgaria (6100-5500 BC). Results obtained on the pottery function from Kovačevo suggested in fact that some vessels were manufactured for a specific use. From the ceramic assemblage of this site, a new analytical method was developed to assess the degree of functional specialization. This method involves comparing the variability of pottery from a same functional range with those of the whole ceramic assemblage. The attributes that distinguish them could thus be identified. Next, their impact on the properties required by the different use of vessels (resistance to thermal and mechanical shock, waterproofing or heating efficiency) was measured using experimental and ethnographic data. However, some characteristics significantly change the performance of vessels. It was thus deduced that a part of the ceramic production from the site was already devoted to a particular purpose during the manufacturing process. At Kovačevo, two categories of ceramic vessels were undoubtedly produced for a specific function : storage vessels and cooking pots. Indeed, these two categories show a whole range of specific features which were particularly suited for their actual use. Thus, storage vessels often present a very thick slip on their inner surfaces which has not been identified in other functional classes of pottery. However, this type of slip gave them the high waterproofing required for storing substances. Cooking pots always have a narrow opening and a flat base. Their walls are relatively thick and their outer surfaces are often slip trailed. The combination of these different attributes provided them with the excellent thermal shock resistance required for cooking. Other functional classes of ceramic vessels were not necessarily made for the use to which they were put. This is the case of pottery used for grinding products. Indeed, they do not seem very suitable for this specific function. The study carried out on the ceramic assemblage from Kovačevo has allowed different degrees of functional specialization to be identified within the same pottery range : loww and high. These different degrees of specialization may be explained by more or less important use constraints depending on the function of the ceramic vessels. The preliminary work carried out the functional specialization of ceramic productions has finally provided a new picture about the first Neolithic potters from Bulgaria. The choices made during the manufacturing process of storage and cooking vessels confirm that their know-how was high. Indeed, these potters knew the technical solutions required to meet the different use constraints of ceramic vessels. Moreover, the choices made to optimize the pottery efficiency show that not only environmental, technical and cultural factors determined the potters’ behaviour. The function of ceramic vessels could also influence it., Vieugué Julien. Spécialisation fonctionnelle des premières productions céramiques dans les Balkans (6100-5500 av. J.-C.) . In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, tome 109, n°2, 2012. pp. 251-265.

Смерть Толстого-«еретика» в церковной прессе Рассматриваются отклики на смерть Толстого в пяти церковных периодических изданиях за 1910-1912 гг.: - Церковные ведомости, – официальный еженедельник Св. Синода, который вообще хранил молчание. - Церковный вестник, – еженедельник Петербургской Духовной академии, признающий ответственность Церкви за «духовные блуждaния» Толстого. - газета Колокол и журнал Миссионерское обозрение (под ред. В. М. Скворцова, чиновника особых поручений по сектантским делам при обер-прокурора Св. Синода), для которых «великий писатель» – «пророк жидо-масонской церкви». - журнал Миссионерский сборник (Рязань), с антитолстовскими виршами, но и с серьезным исследованием А. Никольского (на протяжении 11 номеров) «Л. Толстой и русская интеллигенция в ее погоне за кумирами». Отклики на смерть Толстого отражают широкий диапазон церковной прессы, от крайне реакционной до умеренно реформистской., The Death of Tolstoj ‘the Heretic’ in the Russian Church Press Review of the echoes of Tolstoj’s death in five religious magazines during the 1910-1912 period: - Cerkovnye vedomosti, the official weekly magazine of the Holy synod, which does not mention Tolstoj’s death at all. - Cerkovnyj vestnik, the weekly magazine of the Ecclesiastical Academy of St Petersburg, which recognizes the responsability of the Church in Tolstoj’s spiritual ‘erring’. - Kolokol and Missionerskoe obozrenie (a daily paper and monthly magazine managed by V. M. Skorcov, the responsible with missions concerning sects to the General Prosecutor of the Holy Synod) for whom the ‘great writer’ is the ‘prophet of the Judeomasonic church’. - Missionerskij sbornik (a magazine from Riazan), with doggerels, but also serious studies (11 issues of the magazine) of «L. Tolstoj and the Russian Intelligentsia in its Pursuit of Idols». The echoes of Tolstoj’s death reflect the wide range of church magazines: from extremely reactionary to moderately reformist., Niqueux Michel. La mort de Tolstoj « l’hérétique » dans la presse ecclésiastique russe. In: Revue des études slaves, tome 81, fascicule 1, 2010. Tolstoï 1910. Échos, résonances, interprétations, sous la direction de Catherine Depretto et Michel Aucouturier. pp. 23-32.

Vision in Gogol's works :from theme to concept. The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate that the complete writings of Gogol are closely related to the theme of vision and glance : not merely his literary fiction, as has been noted by literary critics (distant vision vs. close vision, which focuses on details, a lack in depth perception, the myth of all-seeing eyes, changing points-of-view in order to approach reality, etc., but equally all other forms of writing (letters, historical and philosophical essays and so on). In the latter writings this theme uses exactly the same words, just slightly metaphorized, serving as a heuristic function of concepts and as tools of knowledge. The theme of vision and the glance is likely the « etymon » (Leo Spitzer) of Gogol's complete works., Breuillard Jean. Le regard de Gogol : du thème au concept. In: Revue Russe n°34, 2010. Vues de Gogol, sous la direction de Michel Niqueux. pp. 9-29.

The use of epistolary in-betweenness in Ivan Turgenev' s correspondence Ivan Turgenev 's correspondence was instrumental in defining the writer's position as an artist in 19th-century Russian society. This position lies somewhere in- between the private and public spheres, as epistolarity is both the place to communicate with people from one's close circle and the space where Turgenev tries to adress the reading public, which the author sees as a possible ally against an increasingly hostile press. The paper concentrates on the years 1867-1872, between the publication of Smoke and Torrents of Spring., Marasinova Elena. La correspondance de la noblesse russe dans la deuxième moitié du XVIIIe siècle : typologie et évolution du genre. In: Revue Russe n°32, 2009. L’épistolaire en Russie du XVIIIème siècle à l’URSS post-stalinienne. pp. 19-34.

Centres of Attention of Utterances and Discourse Coherence in Slavic Languages In this paper, we would like to suggest that the Meta-Informative Centering theory (MIC) is relevant for the description of meta-informative markers in the so-called 'free word order' languages such as Slavic languages in contrast to languages with a more rigid word order like French and English. We also briefly sketch out the main properties of the morphemes to and èto in Polish and Russian in the utterances where they are used as meta-informative particles. In the framework of the MIC Theory, the term information refers to the semantic content of linguistic utterances while the term meta-information indicates its sequential ordering. In Associative Semantics (AS), situations are formalised as static or dynamic frames anchored in space and time, i. e. as situations in which participants (animate or non animate entities) fill neutral roles (in states) and active, passive or median roles (in actions). The speaker selects among participants (a) the global primary centre of attention, i.e. the subject of an utterance about which he predicates and possibly (b) one (or even two) local secondary centre(s) of attention, the direct and indirect object(s). Moreover, predication consists in assigning meta-informative status – either new or old – to utterance constituents. In Polish and Russian, the subject of an utterance is mostly expressed by a noun phrase in the nominative case (linked up to the verb by the agreement rule). Participants chosen as subjects of utterances can fill different semantic roles (most frequently active, but possibly also passive or even median as in other accusative languages). Diathesis (which, in our approach, includes active and passive voices as well as impersonal constructions) is used to maintain discourse cohesion when the participant distinguished as the global centre of attention does not fill an active role. Passive constructions are often used without any complement phrase, thus making it possible not to mention at all the active role (either because it is unknown to the speaker or because it is not one of his centres of attention). On the other hand, impersonal constructions make it possible to treat the global centre of attention (i.e. the subject) as (very) partially determined. We proposed to name such a subject anonymous: the only information expressed about it in the utterance is the fact that it belongs either to the class of human or non-human beings. Utterances in which the subject and the predicate have the same meta-informative status (old or new) are said to be basic. In extended utterances the centre of attention is a distinguished noun phrase contrasting with the rest of the utterance: an old topic contrasting with a new comment or a new focus with an old background. In Polish and Russian, word order is used mainly in order to mark the difference between entirely new or entirely old basic utterances but not the difference between Subject and Object as in French and English. In extended utterances, word order combines with intonation and morphological markers (particles, adverbs, clitics, etc. ) in order to point to the topic and/or the focus. However, in Polish and Russian, topicalisation and focalisation can often be marked by word order only. As a matter of fact, in these languages word order is the main device of text cohesion: such a weak topic or weak focus are difficult to identify in original texts (in particular, in the written language) for French or English translators whose translations are often perfect as regards the semantic content but not the text cohesion., Centra uwagi wypowiedzenia a spójność tekstu w językach słowiańskich Artykuł wskazuje na stosowalność pojęć Meta-Informacyjnej Teorii Centrów Uwagi (skrót angielski: MIC) w opisie języków o tak zwanym wolnym szyku tak jak j. słowiańskich w kontfrontacji z językami o tak zwanym ustalonym szyku (jak francuski lub angielski). Dajemy również krótki zarys właściwości morfemów to (i èto) w językach polskim i rosyjskim w wypowiedzeniach, w których występują one jako partykuły meta- informacyjne. W teorii MIC termin informacja odnosi się do treści semantycznej wypowiedzenia, natomiast termin meta-informacja do jej porządku sekwencyjnego. W Semantyce Asocjacyjnej (skrót angielski: AS) sytuacje są formalizowane jako statyczne lub dynamiczne, zakotwiczone w czasie i przestrzeni; jako sytuacje, w których różni uczestnicy (istoty żywotne lub nieżywotne) pełnią role neutralne (w stanach) oraz aktywne, bierne lub pośrednie (w czynnościach). Spośród tych składników sytuacji osoba mówiąca wyróżnia globalne pierwszorzędne centrum uwagi (podmiot) oraz jedno albo dwa (lub nawet więcej) lokalne (dopełnienia bliższe i dalsze). Ponadto predykacja polega na przypisywaniu określonym składnikom wypo- wiedzenia statutów metainformacyjnych o wartościach danej lub nowej. W j. polskim i rosyjskim podmiot wypowiedzenia wyraża fraza nominalna w mianowniku (związana z czasownikiem związkiem zgody). Uczestnik w pozycji podmiotu może pełnić różne role semantyczne (najczęściej czynną ale także i bierną lub średnią jak i w innych j. akuzatywnych). Diateza (pod którą rozumiem zarówno strony czynną i bierną jak i konstrukcje bezosobowe) jest środkiem spójności tekstu, kiedy uczestnik sytuacji wyróżniony jako globalne centrum uwagi nie występuje w roli czynnej. Konstrukcje bierne bywają często używane bez frazy dopełnieniowej, co pozwala pozostawić rolę czynną jako w ogóle nie wyrażoną (z powodu braku wiedzy na jej temat lub tylko z braku poświęcenia jej uwagi). Z drugiej zaś strony w konstrukcjach bezosobowych globalne centrum uwagi (czyli podmiot) jest traktowane jako nieokreślone, zwane w naszej teorii podmiotem anonimowym: jedyna informacja zawarta w wypowiedzeniu na jego temat dotyczy przynależności do klasy istot ±ludzkich. Wypowiedzenia, w których podmiot i orzeczenie cechuje ten sam statut meta-informacyjny (dany lub nowy), nazywamy podstawowymi. W rozszerzonych wypowiedzeniach zaś centrum uwagi wskazuje na wyróżnioną fraze nominalną kontrastującą z resztą wypowiedzenia: topik o danym statucie kontrastujący z nowym komentarzem lub nowy fokus kontrastujący z danym tłem. W j. polskim i rosyjskim w wypowiedzeniach podstawowych szyk wyrazów służy głównie do wyrażania informacji albo całkiem nowych albo całkiem danych. W j. francuskim i angielskim natomiast szyk w wypowiedzeniu podstawowym w pierwszym rzędzie służy do odróżnienia podmiotu od dopełnienia. W j. słowiańskich (nie tylko w j. polskim i rosyjskim) w wypowiedzeniach rozszerzonych centra uwagi (topik i fokus) są uwydatnione przede wszystkim przez szyk wyrazów w połączeniu z intonacją oraz opcjonalnie przy pomocy wykładników morfologicznych (m. in. partykuł, mocnych lub słabych zaimków osobowych). Jednakże w j. polskim i rosyjskim topiicalizacja lub foka- lizacja bywają często wyrażane jedynie przez szyk wyrazów. W językach tych albowiem szyk wyrazów jest głównym wykładnikiem spójności tekstu: takie słabe topiki czy też takie słabe fokusy sprawiają najwięcej trudności francusko- lub angielsko-języcznym tłumaczom, którzy potrafią oddawać wiernie treść słowiańskiego tekstu w j. francuskim lub angielskim, lecz równocześnie zatracają całkowicie jego spójność., Włodarczyk Hélène. Les centres d'intérêt de l'énoncé et la cohérence textuelle en polonais et russe . In: Revue des études slaves, tome 80, fascicule 1-2, 2009. La cohérence du discours dans les langues slaves, sous la direction de Jean Breuillard, Paul-Louis Thomas et Hélène Włodarczyk. pp. 13-30.

This paper deals with the peculiarities of Zhukovsky's late correspondence with his "German friends". In these letters, Zhukovsky addresses such topics as revolution, monarchy and his own "religious anxiety", as well as reflecting on his translation of Homer. These French- written "German letters", which illustrate Zhukovsky's unprecedented mastering of the multilingual dimensions of Russian epistolary culture, also served as a laboratory for perfecting the poet's style and his "poetry of thought". Finally, the poetics of his epistolary texts reflects Zhukovsky's credo "live the way you write", and helps to shape his Romantic self., Niconova Natalia. La construction du moi romantique dans les lettres de Joukovski des années 1840. In: Revue Russe n°32, 2009. L’épistolaire en Russie du XVIIIème siècle à l’URSS post-stalinienne. pp. 81-90.

Вопрос о Московской школе русского формализма До сих пор символом русского формализма являются петроградское Общество изучения поэтического языка (ОПОЯЗ, 1915-1930) и работы его главных представителей, В. Б. Шкловского, Б. М. Эйхенбаума, Ю. Н. Тынянова, Б. В. Томашевского. Между тем была и другая школа, московская, сначала вокруг Р. Якобсона, а потом Г. О. Винокура и Б. И. Ярхо. Ее деятельность связана с историей Московского лингвистического кружка (МЛК 1915-1924), а также с Государственной академией художественных наук (ГАХН 1921-1929). По мнению некоторых ученых, и в первую очередь ныне покойного М. И. Шапира (1962-2006), вклад москвичей в русскую и даже мировую науку не сравним с каким бы то ни был другим. Цель статьи – дать краткий очерк деятельности московских «формалистов», в том числе мало известных М. М. Кенигсберга, А. И. Ромма, Б. В. Горнунга и показать, в чем они отличаются от петроградкого ОПОЯЗа. В итоге автор пытается ответить на вопрос: в каком смысле можно говорить о московской школе русского формализма?, About the Russian School of Russian Formalism Usually Russian Formalism is symbolized by the so called Opojaz of Petrograd (1915-1930) and by the works of its chief members, Šklovskij, Èjxenbaum, Tynjanov, Tomaševskij. However in Moscow there was also a Formalist group, whose central personalities were at the beginning Roman Jakobson, later G. O. Vinokur and B. I. Jarxo. Their activity is linked with the Moscow Linguistic Circle (1915-1924) and with the GAXN (1921-1929). According to some scholars, mainly M. I. Šapir (1962-2006), the legacy of the Moscow group is much more signifîcant that the Petrograd' s one. The paper gives an account of the activity of the Moscow formaliste, of its less known members such as M. M. Kenigsberg, A. I. Romm and B. V. Gornung, and underlines the main points of differences between Moscow and Petrograd. Finally the author tries to answer the question: is it relevant to speak of a Moscow school of Russian Formalism?, Catherine Depretto. La question du formalisme moscovite. In: Revue des études slaves, tome 79, fascicule 1-2, 2008. pp. 87-101.

The Second Commercial Revolution is characterized by the location of large distribution networks, for wide selling areas (super and hypermarkets, hard discounters or specialized supermarkets) or small consumer markets (networks of branches, franchising, voluntary chains). These networks, controlled by national or international firms, born in large cities, have spread towards lower- ranked towns. In small-sized cities, they modified traditional distribution systems. This paper aims to understand how these networks settled in small-sized cities and how they strengthened their retailing supply, while reinforcing the small urban centres dependence on metropolitan centres., La Seconde Révolution commerciale se caractérise, entre autre, par la mise en place de réseaux de grande distribution, qu 'ils soient en grande surface (chaînes de super et d'hypermarchés, hard discounts ou grandes surfaces spécialisées) ou en petite surface (réseaux de succursales, franchises, chaînes). Ces réseaux, contrôlés par des firmes d'audience nationale, voire internationale, ont pris naissance dans les grandes agglomérations et se sont progressivement étendus aux organismes urbains de niveau inférieur. Dans les petites villes, ils ont bouleversé les systèmes de distribution traditionnels. Cette étude essaie de comprendre comment ces réseaux se sont implantés dans les petites villes et de voir comment ils ont permis de renforcer leur offre commerciale, par ailleurs de plus en plus uniforme, tout en rendant les petits centres urbains plus dépendants des centres directionnels., Chaze Milhan. L'insertion des petites villes dans les réseaux nationaux et mondiaux de distribution. L'exemple du Centre-Est français (The inscription of small-sized cities in national and global distribution networks : the example of Centre-Est of France). In: Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français, 85e année, 2008-1 ( mars). Petites villes françaises / Pierre monumentale. pp. 33-42.

The Subversive Usage of History in Ivo Andrić's Works The purpose of this paper is to reveal an aspect of Ivo Andrić's works which has been very little studied so far: the subversive potential of his novelistic philosophy. Having in mind the problematic ideological context people from ex-Yugoslavia have been living in since the latest conflict, it seemed important to me to take Andrić's works out of the different temptations of political instrumentalization and reconsider his aesthetic and ideological contribution in the light of modem literature theory. Although the spatiotemporal framework of his novels has been clearly identified (Bosnia during the Ottoman period), 'historical novel' as a traditional literary category has been proved definitely inappropriate for demonstrating the original feature of his artistic creation. By mixing some elements of factual history with popular legends and mythic tales, Andrić pushes back the frontiers of the novelistic genre and ventures into unexplored regions of the search of identity. Thus, Andrić does not try to restitute Bosnia as it was during the Ottoman period but as it could be perceived and understood by people searching for their own history., Subverzivni pristup istoriji u Andrićevom djelu Polazeći od djela Ive Andrića, naše izlaganje ima za cilj šire razmatranje о ulozi književnosti u stvaranju simboličkih obrazaca na kojima se temelje predstave о kolektivnoj pripadnosti i nacionalnom identitetu. Kompleksna romaneskna filozofija na kojoj počiva Andrićevo djelo prevazilazi okvire isključivo estetičkog i isključivo ideološkog interpretativnog modela. Baš zato što pomijera ustaljene granice izmedju objektivnog i subjektivnog, izmedju realnog i mitskog, Andrićevo djelo uspijeva da na originalan način mobilizira simbolički potencijal sadržan u kolektivnoj prošlosti, iznalazeći potpuno nova ideološka rješenja na planu književnog stvaranja, kao i na planu nacionalnog identiteta., Sarancic Branka. Usage subversif de l'histoire dans l'œuvre d'Ivo Andrić. In: Revue des études slaves, tome 79, fascicule 1-2, 2008. pp. 103-117.

This article is concerned with the conception and the processes of mediation created for film education in school. This paper first explores film mediation as a social object, as well as the public opposition which it provoked during the 20th century. The notion of cinematographic mediation is then situated within its current conceptual field. Finally, the way in which mediation in practice leads to the adoption of certain behavioural codes specific to each group -mediators, teachers and tools, is examined. The mediational system enables the forms of mediation to take on meaning and to relate the different understandings of mediation., Cet article traite des conceptions et de la mise en place de démarches de médiation au cinéma dans le cadre scolaire. La première partie cherche à explorer l’objet social que constitue la médiation du cinéma et, au-delà, les oppositions qu’elle a soulevées tout au long du XXe siècle. La deuxième partie présente le domaine conceptuel dans lequel se déploient de nos jours les projets de médiation au cinéma. La troisième et dernière partie expose la façon dont la médiation, en situation, orchestre l’adoption de certains codes comportementaux propres à chacun des groupes : médiateurs, enseignants et objets. Le dispositif médiationnel est alors la toile qui autorise les formes de médiation à prendre sens et à lier les différentes acceptions de cette médiation., Boutin Perrine. L’éducation au cinéma : un état des lieux. In: Spirale. Revue de recherches en éducation, n°40, 2007. Images pour apprendre, sous la direction de Annette Béguin-Verbrugge. pp. 95-104.

The learner follow-up in problem solving is a hard issue. It is more difficult when there are a lot of learners or when those learners use distance learning. We propose in this paper a two-dimensional graphic representation of student’s traces. To achieve this goal, we use and modify numerical analysis algorithms (automatic dimensionality reduction algorithms like Self Organizing Map and Stochastic Neighbour Embedding). We also propose a new distance between sets whose elements have semantic similarity. Finally, we validate and improve our algorithm with simulated data and experimental data., Le suivi d’apprenants lors de la résolution de problèmes est difficile, surtout lorsque le nombre d’apprenants est important ou lorsque la résolution de problèmes se fait à distance. Nous proposons ici une représentation graphique en deux dimensions des traces de ces apprenants qui pourrait être utilisée dans un logiciel de «monitoring » . Pour arriver à ce résultat nous avons adapté et combiné des algorithmes d’analyse numérique (principalement des algorithmes de réduction de dimensions : carte de Kohonen et SNE). Nous avons aussi abordé la problématique de distance entre ensembles en proposant une nouvelle mesure de similarité lorsque leurs éléments sont sémantiquement proches. Enfin nous avons validé et amélioré notre approche à l’aide tout d’abord de données simulées, puis de données réelles issues d’une expérimentation., Delestre Nicolas, Malandain Nicolas. Analyse et représentation en deux dimensions de traces pour le suivi de l’apprenant. In: Sciences et Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication pour l'Éducation et la Formation, volume 14, 2007. Les Dimensions émotionnelles de l'interaction dans un EIAH/Analyses des traces d'utilisation dans les EIAH. pp. 531-562.

The potential existence of clinically silent cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) among cattle, and of humans incubating the new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD) is still a major public health concern. Therefore, the development of screening tests for transmissible subacute spongiform encephalopathies (TSSE) in man and animals remains a priority. In the first part of this paper, we review the main methods used to diagnose generally clinical TSSE, such as brain imaging, electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. In the second part, we present the post-mortem tests used to confirm a TSSE diagnosis, such as inoculation to laboratory animals, histological examination, and identification of abnormal prion protein (PrPres) using biochemical methods. Finally, the third part presents so-called rapid tests (Prionics, Bio-rad, Enfer), validated by the European Commission (EC) for post-slaughter BSE diagnosis in cattle. Now used on a large scale in Europe, these tests have helped assess the extent of the epizooty and eliminate from the food chain animals presenting a risk for human consumption. Since 2002, they have been used for the post-slaughter diagnosis of scrapie in small ruminants. New tests have recently been evaluated by the EC, but it is too soon to predict their role in the field., L’existence potentielle de bovins en phase de latence cliniquement silencieuse d’encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine (ESB) et d’individus en période d’incubation de la nouvelle variante de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob représente constamment un grand risque pour la santé publique. Par conséquent, le développement de tests de dépistage des encéphalopathies spongiformes subaiguës transmissibles (ESST) humaines et animales constitue toujours une priorité. Dans la première partie de cet article, sont décrites les principales méthodes d’orientation permettant d’aider au diagnostic d’une ESST le plus souvent clinique, comme l’imagerie médicale cérébrale, l’analyse de l’électroencéphalogramme (EEG) et l’examen du liquide céphalo-rachidien. Dans la deuxième partie, sont présentés les tests de confirmation post mortem du diagnostic des ESST, comme l’inoculation à l’animal de laboratoire, l’examen histologique et la recherche de la PrPres par des méthodes biochimiques. La troisième partie est consacrée aux tests dits «rapides» (Prionics, Bio-rad, Enfer), validés en 1999 par la Commission Européenne (CE), pour le diagnostic post mortem de l’ESB à l’abattoir chez les bovins. Utilisés à grande échelle en Europe, ils ont permis de préciser l’étendue réelle de l’épizootie et d’éliminer efficacement de la chaîne alimentaire les animaux présentant un risque pour l’homme. Depuis 2002, ils sont également utilisés pour le diagnostic post mortem des petits ruminants. De nouveaux tests ont été récemment évalués par la CE, mais il est trop tôt pour évaluer la place qu’ils tiendront sur le terrain., Adjou Karim Tarik, Comoy Emmanuel, Deslys Jean-Philippe, Grassi Jacques, Ouidja Mohand Ouidir, Brugère Henri, Brugère-Picoux Jeanne. Méthodes de diagnostic des « maladies à prions » chez l'homme et chez l'animal. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 158 n°4, 2005. pp. 429-437.

Simon Tillier : Terminologie et nomenclatures scientifiques : l'exemple de la taxonomie zoologique. What is at stake in this paper is the implication of terminology in the field of taxonomy. The taxonomist has to identify, describe and designate the objects coming under his observation. Thus, he has to observe the way nouns correspond to objects in the world. Taxonomists have different ways to classify those objects, as regarding their evolution and historical development. The investigation is here pinpointed in the domain of zoology., Tillier Simon. Terminologie et nomenclatures scientifiques : l'exemple de la taxonomie zoologique. In: Langages, 39ᵉ année, n°157, 2005. La terminologie : nature et enjeux, sous la direction de Loïc Depecker. pp. 103-116.

From pen to computer: writing medicine as a sociotechnical practice This paper is devoted to the analysis of what may appear at first glance as a micro-innovation in the field of medical information technology, i.e. the implementation of an electronic medication module in a Danish hospital. Drawing upon a careful semiotic analysis of the module and its use, we show that, even in this case, in order to get the module functionning correctly and to perform the simplification work it has been designed for, it implies a whole set of local transformations, ranging from transformations in the knowledge and practices of the various actors implied in the tasks it is supposed to coordinate, to transformations in the relationships between these actors and even to transformations into patients' life., Résumé. Cet article est consacré à l'analyse de ce qui pourrait apparaître à première vue comme une micro-innovation dans le domaine de l'informatique médicale, à savoir l'introduction, dans un hôpital danois, d'un module électronique destiné à la prescription médicamenteuse. En nous appuyant sur une analyse sémiotique fouillée du module et de ses usages, nous montrons que, même dans ce cas, pour que le module puisse fonctionner correctement et remplir son objectif de simplification, il est nécessaire que soient accomplies toute une série de transformations locales : ces transformations concernent aussi bien les savoirs et les pratiques mis en œuvre par l'ensemble des professionnels impliqués dans les tâches coordonnées par le module que les relations entre ces professionnels jusqu'à la vie même des patients., De la lapicera a la computadora : la medicación como práctica socio-técnica Este artículo está consagrado al análisis de lo podría parecer a primera vista una micro-innovación en el terreno de la informática médica, es decir, la introducción, en un hospital dinamarqués, de un módulo electrónico destinado a la prescripción de medicamentos. Apoyándonos en un análisis semiótico minucioso del módulo y de sus utilizaciones, mostramos que aún en este caso, para que el módulo pueda funcionar correctamente y cumplir con su objetivo de simplificactóon, es necesario que se realicen toda una série de transformaciones locales : estas transformaciones conciernen los conocimientos y las prácticas empleadas por el conjunto de los profesionales implicados en las tareas coordinadas por el módulo, las relaciones entre los profesionales y aún la vida misma de los pacientes., Olesen Finn, Markussen Randi. Du stylo à l'ordinateur : la médication comme pratique sociotechnique. In: Sciences sociales et santé. Volume 22, n°1, 2004. Les technologies de l'information à l'épreuve des pratiques, sous la direction de Madeleine Akrich, Cécile Méadel, Janine Pierret et Vololona Rabeharisoa. pp. 69-94.

The paper deals with the musical works that have been influenced by the Homeric poems. The war of Troy has not inspired a big number of works : apart from the comic version of Jacques Offenbach (La BeUe Hélène, 1864) and the monumental transcription of Virgil's Aeneis composed by Hector Berlioz (Les Troyens, 1856-8, first performed in 1890), one can just quote the King Priam (1962) by the English musician Michael Tippett. On the other hand, the journey of Ulysses has given rise to an incredible amount of operatic versions : this survey starts from Claudio Monteverdi (// ritorno di Ulisse in patria, 1641) and ends with Luciano Berio (Outis, 1995), touching famous composers such as Domenico Cimarosa (Penelope, 1794), Charles Gounod (the incidental music for the Ulysse of Ponsard, 1852), Gabriel Fauré (Pénélope, 1913), Rolf Liebermann (Penelope, 1954) and Luigi Dallapiccola (Ulisse, 1968)., L'argomento di questa relazione sono i lavori musicali derivati dai poemi omerici. La guerra di Troia non ha influenzato un numéro eccessivo di opère : se si eccettuano la versione comica di Jacques Offenbach (La belle Hélène, 1864) e la monumentale trascrizione dell'Eneide virgiliana composta da Hector Berlioz negli anni 1856-8 (Les Troyens, 1856-8, rappresentati per la prima volta soltanto nel 1890), si puô giusto citare il King Priam (1962) del compositore inglese Michael Tippett. Dall'altra parte, il viaggio di Ulisse ha invece dato origine a un'incredibile quantità di versioni operistiche : si va da Claudio Monteverdi (II ritorno di Ulisse in patria, 1641) a Luciano Berio (Outis, 1995), attraverso musicisti come Domenico Cimarosa (Penelope, 1794), Charles Gounod (autore delle musiche di scena dell'Ulysse di Ponsard, 1852), Gabriel Fauré (Pénélope, 1913), Rolf Liebermann (Penelope, 1954) e Luigi Dallapiccola (Ulisse, 1968)., Beta Simone. Homère et le mélodrame. In: Gaia : revue interdisciplinaire sur la Grèce Archaïque, numéro 7, 2003. pp. 513-520.

This paper aims to situate the debate about multifunctionality within the more general context of non-trade concerns raised in the WTO Doha Round negotiations on agricultural trade. It considers whether the concept has led to any new policy options that might be useful in the negotiations. The non-trade concerns of developed and developing countries are contrasted. Although similar terminology is used by many countries, interpretations and possible solutions differ widely.

This paper explores the many references to classical mythology in Antony and Cleopatra as a consistent language, whose syntax is based on a process of accumulation and amplification. As wielded by the hero and heroine, myths bring about other myths, in a ceaseless engendering of visions which tend to obscure their perception of reality. The often-commented contrast between Antony and Cleopatra’s understanding of their situations and the apparent reality of the play is thus connected with the mythological production of fantasies, which invade the stage in the last two acts in a desperate attempt to ward off the inevitable catastrophe, and also to fight the humiliating counter-vision of a Roman triumph., Coffin Charlotte. Le langage fantasmatique du mythe dans Antony and Cleopatra. In: Anglophonia/Caliban, n°13, 2003. Mythe et Littérature. Shakespeare et ses contemporains. pp. 155-167.

Martine Furno, « Qui and Que in Robert Estienne's Dictionnaire françois- latin ». This paper intends to show the difficulties (and the ways of resolving them) that Robert Estienne, a lexicographer in the 16th century, encountered in writing his dictionary. Estienne, in the Dictionnaire François-latin published in 1549, uses examples found in his earlier Latin and Latin-French dictionaries to describe and translate the French relatives qui and que as well as the conjunction que. This method, based on Latin texts, leads to some tensions and distortions in the meanings and translations from French to Latin. But these errors can be explained by the intellectual context in which the dictionary was written: the influence of the vernacular language on the practice and comprehension of Latin and the lack of theoretical instruments to describe the vernacular. The Dictionnaire François-latin remains an effective dictionary for writing in Latin; and we must never forget what the qui and que articles show: that this dictionary is the last opus in the Latin tradition, rather than the first work in the French tradition., Furno Martine. Qui et Que dans le Dictionnaire françois-latin de Robert Estienne. In: Langue française, n°139, 2003. La grammatisation du français : qui que quoi vs qui(s) quod entre XVIe et XVIIIe siècles, sous la direction de Bernard Colombat. pp. 28-46.

This paper presents an analysis of one of the numerous translations from Greek into Latin produced in the Late Antiquity : the latin translation of the treatise known as Asclepius and integrated in the Corpus Hermeticum. The greek original is lost. We know it only partly from quotations by the Fathers of the Church and, for the final prayer, from a magical papyrus. A systematic collation, where it is possible, between the translation and the source-text shows that the translation is more than a translation ad uerbum. Specific attention will be paid to features as words or sentences added or deleted. As far as we can judge, the original has been revised and reorganised with a new purpose adapted to a new audience, probably an African one, in the last years of the fourth or in the beginning of the fifth century AD. Broadly speaking, the translation gives a more personal character to the hermetic thought., Rochette Bruno. Un cas peu connu de traduction du grec en latin : l'« Asclepius » du Corpus Hermeticum. In: Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 14, 2003. pp. 67-96.

To study the arras in both an architectural and a textual perspective is to highlight the tight links between weaving a tapestry and weaving a text Through a textual and dramatic analysis of poetic writings (Hero and Leander) and plays with comic and tragic insights (Love’s Labours Lost, Henry IV Parts 1 and 2), this paper attempts to underline the integration of the arras in Renaissance drama. Thus, tapestries are considered first as essential features of dramatic technicalities and second as fictional elements supporting a heterogeneous textual composition. The arras on stage exemplifies a double mode of writing, where characters are mirrored by real and/or verbal tapestries. Moreover, the arras proves to be a laminar space from where a whole range of meanings can emerge and touch the Elizabethan audience. The relation between Minerva and Thespis allows us to witness the complexity of a creative area and the significant metamorphosis of a theatrical and pictorial heritage., Rivère de Carles Nathalie. Tenture et théâtre : de Minerve à Thespis. In: Anglophonia/Caliban, n°13, 2003. Mythe et Littérature. Shakespeare et ses contemporains. pp. 83-96.

Amazonian figures appear in a variety of English Renaissance plays, ranging from comedies and masques to tragicomedies and tragedies. Yet they all seem to share a common characteristic, insofar as they are all absent from the play-endings. On the English stage, Amazons die, disappear from the action, prove to be a disguise for male figures or renounce their Amazonian status to become obedient wives. This paper purports to show that although Amazons are presented as both admirable and fearful embodiments of female potency on the English stage, they nonetheless remain a mere reminiscence, a fantasy or an alternative to be silenced by the final triumph of the patriarchal order., Niayesh Ladan. L’Amazone silencieuse sur la scène anglaise à la Renaissance. In: Anglophonia/Caliban, n°13, 2003. Mythe et Littérature. Shakespeare et ses contemporains. pp. 169-184.

The aim of this paper is, from a comparative analysis of William Shakespeare ’s play and Henry James ’s novella, to study how Benjamin Britten and his librettists have emphasized certain interpretations of the two writers’ works. In order to demonstrate this, we will begin with a comparative analysis of the structures of the operas and the literary works they were inspired by ; then we will analyse the musical and dramatic techniques at work in Britten ’s two operas, including the symbolism of the singers ’ tessituras., Heberlé Jean-Philippe. Les transpositions opératiques de A Midsummer Night ’s Dream et de The Turn of the Screw par Benjamin Britten et ses librettistes. In: Anglophonia/Caliban, n°11, 2002. Musique et littératures : Intertextualités. pp. 157-162.

Jérôme Samuel This paper deals with Indonesian radio broadcasting, especially during the last thirty-five years. It examines the changes brought by the New Order and the era of Reformasi, and shows that the main transformations experienced by this industry were introduced about fifteen years ago. The New Order had established a radio boadcasting system based on independent local radio stations as small businesses supported by advertising. During the 1980s, the system changed significantly because of the increasing segmentation of the radio stations and the development of networks. Besides, two important new phenomena arose, namely the explosion of interactive programs, revealing civil society's need for speech, and the increasing demand for information. Reformasi provided the main actors of radio broadcasting with the opportunity to extend those changes, but did not overhaul the existing system. Nevertheless, it opened the way for two new kinds of participants, community radio stations and foreign operators. Finally, from the legal point of view, very little has been achieved so far and broadcasters are still waiting for a new legal framework, something which has been under discussion for two years., Samuel Jérôme. Radios indonésiennes : comment survivre à l'Ordre Nouveau ?. In: Archipel, volume 64, 2002. Indonésie, retour sur la crise. pp. 289-321.

Critics have paradoxically paid only scant attention to Laurence Sterne 's frequent use of music in his literary works. However, William Freedman ’s book, Laurence Sterne and the Origins of the Musical Novel (1978), considers Tristram Shandy as a ‘musical novel, ' borrowing its forms from music. Whereas Freedman stresses the importance of the compositional models used by Sterne, this paper endeavours to study the meaning of the explicit mentions of music in Tristram Shandy and A Sentimental Journey. It will be argued that the allusions to music contribute to establishing elements of uncertainty within the text. Music comes in when words reveal themselves unequal to their task of expressing ideas or feelings. It is the ultimate form of the untranslatable and, as such, it partakes of Sterne ’s intended deconstruction of language. Music is used as an element of transgression of the rules of the literary text and testifies therefore to a deep crisis in the literary process. At the same time, Sterne uses it dialectically to open up new vistas. Besides, the way Sterne used music implied that music should have become autonomous from the semantic. The evolution of musical theory in England in the second half of the 18th century enabled such an autonomization of music. Thus, instead of music taking poetry as its avowed model, as was the case with the theory of the ‘Sister Arts, ’ Sterne operated a kind of reversal of rôles, as music now imposed its expressive mode to the literary text. Music ’s essential mystery and its natural ability to stick closely to the unfolding of time, rendered it the ultimate metaphor of the elusive which was precisely what Sterne endeavoured to transcribe., Dubois Pierre. Sterne et la musique, ou l’harmonie impossible. In: Anglophonia/Caliban, n°11, 2002. Musique et littératures : Intertextualités. pp. 263-275.

Die Politik der Stadt und die Jugend Dieser Artikel beschreibt die drei Auffassungen der Jugend in der Politik der Stadt, er stellt Fragen über die Fragmentierung der Register im Verhältnis Jugend und öffentlicher Aktion und stellt den agierenden republikanischen Pragmatismus im Vordergrund., Town policy and youth This paper deals with three concepts of youth in the town policy, questions the breaking up of points of reference in the relationship between youth and public action and throws light on the republican pragmatism at work., Stakes of a youth housing policy Intermittence and temporary situations, ambivalence of behaviours, cohabitation, training, labour and couples on the try : the young people’s demands in matter of housing are variable and flexible. Although the private rental market accomodates the majority of young people, it does not however allow all of them to have access to independence and then to autonomy. How to think about a youth housing policy in the plurality of situations ?, La política de la ciudad y la juventud. Este artículo plantea los tres conceptos de la juventud en la política de la ciudad, se interroga acerca de la fragmentación de los registros en la relación entre la juventud y la acción pública, y pone de relieve el pragmatismo republicano en proceso., Estèbe Philippe. La politique de la ville et la jeunesse. In: Agora débats/jeunesses, 25, 2001. Vers un nouveau pacte intergénérationnel ? pp. 31-38.

In many sub-saharan african countries, agricultural sector adjustment programs failed to succeed because of a severe budgetary constraint which prevent actual reform of the incentive scheme and lead to maintain a high degree of taxation on agricultural exports. On the basis of theoretical litterature and african agricultural sector specificities, the aim of this paper is to draw the main caracteristics of a tax policy for the agricultural sector which would enhance agricultural growth. It is suggested to replace export tarifs by a tax on agricultural income collected at the border, to introduce a land tax in the most favorable areas, and to keep agricultural inputs free from any taxation(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

Financial markets and bank risk assessment do rating agencies contribute to increase market discipline? This paper examines the role played by rating agencies in increasing market discipline for banks and other financial intermediaries. Using a standard event study methodology applied on a sample of European banks we first analyse the impact of rating changes on bank stock prices. Tests for the presence of abnormal returns do not always confirm that rating agencies convey unexpected information to the market. The estimation of a Logit model on individual bank data shows however that the market does react in the expected direction to increase discipline in the case of institutions for which modern intermediation theory outlines the sharpest asymmetric information problems., L'objet de cet article est d'apporter quelques éléments de réponse empiriques sur le rôle joué par les agences de notation dans l'exercice d'une discipline de marché accrue des banques et autres intermédiaires financiers. L'approche de l'économétrie événementielle est adoptée pour analyser l'impact de la notation sur les cours boursiers d'un échantillon de banques européennes. Au total, il paraît difficile de dégager des résultats concluants qui tendraient à confirmer la fonction de transmission de l'information des agences de notation. Cependant, l'estimation de modèles Logit montre que c'est malgré tout pour les catégories d'institutions bancaires les plus marquées, en théorie, par l'asymétrie d'information que le marché réagit le plus fortement et ce dans un sens souhaitable pour discipliner les banques., Goyeau Daniel,Sauviat Alain,Tarazi Amine. Marché financier et évaluation du risque bancaire. Les agences de notation contribuent-elles à améliorer la discipline de marché ?. In: Revue économique, volume 52, n°2, 2001. pp. 265-283.

Summary : Is there an oblique effect in the tactual perception of orientation ? This paper surveys studies on the anisotropic perception of orientation in the tactual (cutaneous/'passive touch or haptic/active touch) system. In the visual system, the vertical and horizontal orientations are known to be perceived more accurately than oblique orientations. This anisotropy is called the oblique effect. The interest ofexamining the oblique effect in the tactual system stems, in part, from the fact that even its existence is debated in the literature. The aim of the present work was to show that : 1/ the study of factors that induce a tactual (cutaneous or haptic) oblique effect makes it possible to understand more easily the nature of the tactual underlying processes ; 2/ the study of the cutaneous, haptic and visual oblique effects allows comparisons in the three perceptual systems of the nature of the respective processes that underlie the processing of orientation. The first part of this article presents the data on the oblique effect in the cutaneous system. The second part concerns the data on the oblique effect in the haptic system. We examine the hypothesis that the nature of task would influence the oblique effect in the different perceptual systems. When the task induces low-level processing, the presence of an anisotropy and its forms seems to depend on the properties of orientation-selective neurons existing at an early stage in the perceptual hierarchy. Thus, an oblique effect is present in the visual system, an effect of proximo-distal orientation (i.e. along the length ofthefinger) is present in the cutaneous system and no oblique effect is observed in the haptic system. In contrast, when the task induces high-level processing, an oblique effect seems to be present in the cutaneous, haptic and visual systems. Keys words : orientation, oblique effect, tactual, haptic and cutaneous perception, gravity, perceptual development., Résumé Ce travail présente une synthèse des principaux résultats sur la perception tactile (passive ou active) des orientations. Dans le système visuel, il est établi que nous percevons systématiquement avec une plus grande précision les stimulus dont l'orientation est verticale ou horizontale que ceux dont l'orientation est oblique. Ce phénomène est appelé l' « effet de l'oblique ». L'intérêt d'examiner cet effet de l'oblique dans le système tactile (cutané ou haptique) réside dans le fait que son existence même est débattue dans la littérature. L'objectif de cette revue est de montrer que : 1/ l'étude des facteurs qui participent à la manifestation de l'effet de l'oblique tactile est un moyen de mieux connaître la nature des processus tactiles responsables de cet effet ; 2/ l'étude des effets de l'oblique cutané, haptique et visuel permet de comparer dans ces systèmes perceptifs la nature des processus respectifs qui sous-tendent le traitement des orientations. Mots-clés : orientation, effet de l'oblique, perception tactile, cutanée et haptique, gravité, aveugle, développement perceptif., Guentaz E. Existe-t-il un « effet de l'oblique » dans la perception tactile des orientations ?. In: L'année psychologique. 2000 vol. 100, n°1. pp. 111-140.

Within the context of the high modernist period, this paper proposes an analysis of the makings of an aesthetic in the early poems of Charles Reznikoff. Introductory remarks stress the need to relocate Reznikoff 's poetics outside the confines of an imagist perspective-a major defining moment of modernism— and of the later objectivist perspective of the 1930s. Receptive to reappraisal in recent French criticism of poetry previously labelled impersonal or objective, the author subsequently underscores the contiguity of poetic craft and emotion. The poet is seen to encroah upon the outside world through strategies which paradoxically heighten a semblance of contact. These strategies are construed as intrusions in so far as they bring the poet to breach poetic boundaries. Actively cutting away at the purported limits of his craft, Reznikoff redefines the poet's relationship to his materials. In conclusion, it is examined how by paring down the poetic image, Reznikoff 's intrusions take him a step closer to a world which holds him at bay., McMahon Fiona. Les stratégies négatives ou les intrusions poétiques de Charles Reznikoff. In: Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines, N°84, mars 2000. Le modernisme américain libres influences. pp. 38-47.

No one has so far studied Fielding's full-scale "imitation of the manner of Cervantes" comprehensively. This paper is an attempt to make good the deficiency in part by showing how intertextuality in Joseph Andrews often boils down to indiscriminate or purposeless borrowing of characters and episodes, and reveals ultimately Fielding's superficial, stunted reading of Don Quixote. By zealously undertaking an imitation of the Cervantine mock-epic vein, for instance, Fielding only takes into account Cervantes's expressed purpose, which is to debunk the novels of chivalry. Nor is he alive to the intricacies of Cervantes's novelistic theory, thus failing to make the same ingenious use of metafiction and figura- tiveness. Eventually one is also tempted to argue that Fielding's fundamentally optimistic view of man blinds him to the startingly ironic implications of the Knight's quest and prevents him from imitating Cervantes's manner consistently and appropriately., Huguet Christine. Joseph Andrews: à la manière de Cervantès?. In: XVII-XVIII. Bulletin de la société d'études anglo-américaines des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. N°51, 2000. pp. 59-76.

This paper examines the changes that have affected the economic relations between the United States and Canada over two centuries. Their evolution has ranged from protectionist policies to bilateral free trade agreements, however temporary and limited the latter may have been in the past. Today both countries have heavily invested in each other's national economy and have entered the North American Free Trade Agreement (which also includes Mexico). This accord establishes the highest degree of economic integration ever reached between them. Throughout these stages of economic integration Canada has successfully maintained its national identity in spite of the dissymetry beween the two economies., Heffer Jean. Genèse de l'espace économique nord-américain. In: Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines, N°79, janvier 1999. L'Amérique du Nord existe-t-elle ? pp. 59-86.

E. E. Cummings defines poetry as "whatever cannot be translated". And, indeed, E. E. Cummings 's poetic idiom is complex and reluctant to all forms of mediations. The poem seems to be written in a foreign language that needs to be deciphered. Some particular poems even mix English with foreign syntagms and syntax. As a consequence, a question arises : how do foreign readers, and more specifically French readers, comprehend a highly transgressive poem, both spatially and linguistically ? This paper examines how singular our reading is., Alfandary Isabelle. La différence des langues : une lecture française d’un poème d’E.E.Cummings. In: Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines, N°80, mars 1999. Traduire l'Amérique. pp. 15-22.

This paper is a study of Jacques Roubaud's reading of American free verse practices, as expressed in his theoretical writings, translations, and in the poems Roubaud published in Dors (1981), which he claims are patterned after the «short measures » of William Carlos Williams and Louis Zukofsky. The article attempts to show how Roubaud uses a short line in Dors to develop specific prosodie and semantic effects in French, which paradoxically put into question the principle trait which Roubaud associates with «American free verse», the inseparability of the written and the spoken., Eastman Andrew. La modernité américaine dans la poésie française : Jacques Roubaud et le « vers libre » américain. In: Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines, N°80, mars 1999. Traduire l'Amérique. pp. 23-32.

Taxation and the Mobilization of the Agricultural Surplus during Stalinist era. R.C. Allen. Did the collectivization of agriculture contribute to Soviet capital formation by mobilizing the agricultural surplus? While many historians have supported this view, it has been challenged by revisionists who claim that there was never a net flow of commodities from agriculture to the rest of the economy and that agriculture's terms of trade actually improved during the First Five Year Plan since the inflation of prices on the collective farm market outweighed the effects of the low prices paid for state procurements. This paper proposes new calculations of agriculture's trade balance that show that it was, indeed, a net supplier of resources and that those resources financed the investment drive of the 1930s. A computable general equilibrium model is used to assess intersectoral linkages. These simulations show that rapid industrialisation would have been possible without collectivization, but that collectivization did accelerate industrial growth by depressing peasant incomes and increasing the rate of rural urban migration. The key contribution of collectivization was the mobilization of labour surplus, not surplus grain., Allen Robert C. Imposition et mobilisation du surplus agricole à l'époque stalinienne. In: Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 53ᵉ année, N. 3, 1998. pp. 569-595.

This paper is an introduction and a key on information resources on Internet for geographers., Une introduction aux sources d’informations sur Internet présentant de l’intérêt pour les géographes., Redjimi Mounir. Les géographes et la planète ‘Cyber’. Sources sélectionnées et commentées. In: NETCOM : Réseaux, communication et territoires / Networks and Communication Studies, vol. 12 n°4, décembre 1998. Exploring and navigating electronic space (I) / L'espace des réseaux électroniques: exploration et navigation (I) pp. 403-418.

If logic and mathematics as scientific languages are meant to bring out order in the world, they cause disorder when pervading other languages. This paper examines how DeLillo's End Zone pictures the dysfunctioning of speech and the helpless linguistic fight of those who try to restore order., Pellegrin Jean-Yves. Le désordre du discours dans End Zone de Don DeLillo. In: Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines, N°76, mars 1998. L'Amérique entre science et fiction. pp. 63-72.

The decline of the movie theater is perhaps one of the most significant manifestations of the evolution of the US movie industry. Consequently, the emergence of new technologies (television, cable, home video, to name but a few) has been interpreted as a sign of the potential demise of the Hollywood cinema. Movies are sometimes depicted as little more than commodities peddled to the general public by an entertainment industry obsessed with state-of-the-art technology and profit rather than artistic achievement. By focusing on spectatorship as well as the exhibition end of the film trade, this paper endeavors to show that these new communication technologies cannot really be construed as a threat to the Hollywood cinema, or for that matter to cinema at large., Etcheverry Michel. Morts et renaissances du cinéma hollywoodien. In: Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines, N°76, mars 1998. L'Amérique entre science et fiction. pp. 93-103.