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The hypothesis that reaction times are positively associated with intelligence was tested on 479 9-yr.-old Chinese Hong Kong children. Intelligence was measured by the Standard Progressive Matrices, and 12 reaction time parameters were obtained to give measures of movement times, reaction times proper (decision times), differentiated into simple and complex reaction times, and their variabilities. Factor analysis of the reaction time tasks indicated the presence of a general reaction time factor and three component factors identifiable as movement times, reaction times proper, and variabilities. All three components showed statistically significant associations with intelligence of approximately equal magnitudes.

239 British and 118 Chinese Hong Kong nine-year-old children, each representative for intelligence of Britain and Hong Kong, were tested on the Standard Progressive Matrices and on reaction times. The reaction time apparatus measured simple and complex reaction times proper (i.e., decision times), movement times, and variabilities. The results showed that all the reaction time measures were associated with intelligence and that Hong Kong children had a higher mean IQ and faster reaction times than British children. This suggests that the difference in mean IQ between Hong Kong and British children has a neurological basis. However, the British children showed faster movement times and lower variabilities, contrary to expectation. This suggests independent neurological processes may underlie reaction times, movement times, and variabilities.

Recent work by Grossarth-Maticek and Eysenck has suggested that there are personality traits which in combination can predict cancer in healthy probands with 81% accuracy. Many critics have considered this result “too good to be true” It is shown that earlier studies have given results not very different in accuracy, suggesting that such a criticism is unwarranted.

For 62 students scores on the Barron-Welsh Art Scale, a measure of creativity, were correlated with scores on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. As predicted, psychoticism correlated positively with Art Scale scores, while extraversion and neuroticism did not.

Predictions based on theories of verbal learning proposed by Spence and Eysenck were compared by presenting either a non-competitive or competitive list of paired-associates to groups of sixth form grammar school boys containing 42 and 59 Ss respectively. The only relation found between drive level as measured by either the MAS or A-state scale was that medium-scoring MAS Ss performed significantly worse than high- or low-scoring Ss on the competitive list. Support was obtained for the hypotheses, firstly, that performance would be related to Eysenck's hypothetical dimension of arousal ranging from stable extraversion to neurotic introversion in the manner described by the inverse-U relation, and, secondly, that good performance on the competitive list would be related to extraversion.

This paper reports progress in construction of a new test of visual aesthetic sensitivity, differing from previous tests in that the items were drawn by an experienced artist of international reputation. There are 42 sets of 2 non-representational pictures, differing in that one of these has been changed by the incorporation of certain intentional design faults; there is thus a “right” and a “wrong” picture, and it is the task of the subject to discover the right answer. Eight practising artists validated the construction by agreeing 100% in their answers with the key. The test was administered to 111 male and female students, and 369 male and female children. There were no sex differences, no very significant correlations with intelligence, and very little by way of correlations with personality traits. The mean score of the children was 30, that of the students 35, a very significant difference. Within the group of children, however, there was no correlation with age. The distribution of scores was skewed, with easy items (high scores) predominating. The difficulty levels of the items were similar for adults and children, male and female. The internal reliability of the test was .84 for the adults. The retest reliability of the test was .70 for girls and .32 for boys, but the samples were small.

A group of 5,977 persons was interviewed concerning attitudes towards smoking and smokers. Prejudice against smoking was significantly related to prejudice against various racial, religious and political groups and was noted in personality types previously found to be characteristically prejudiced. Mortality was much greater in prejudiced nonsmokers than in nonprejudiced smokers.

A group of 187 apprentices were given two sessions on a 1-min. finger-tapping task in which output was taken as the criterion measure. Various individual difference variables changed in the degree and direction of their association with tapping performance as a function of time through the session, presumably reflecting a motivational variable such as persistence. Positive correlations between intelligence and tapping performance became progressively greater toward the end of each 1-min. period, and while high n Ach Ss and extraverts began tapping at a faster rate than low n Ach Ss and introverts, this pattern had reversed by the end of the 1-min. practice periods. It is concluded that studies of the relationship between individual difference variables and task performance must take account of changes which occur as a result of “time into the task.”

8 sex-attitude items were found to have appreciable loadings on a psychoticism factor and a lie factor for random population samples of 228 men and 263 women. These factors were independent of each other, and of extraversion and neuroticism. The bearing of these results on the problem of dissimulation (“faking good”) on the sex attitude items is discussed.

Post-rest upswing in motor learning is traditionally explained in psychological terms, i.e., either as a regaining of “set” or as extinction of SIR. It is suggested that physiological evidence points to an alternative, namely a true “warming-up” of the muscles involved in the work under consideration. The hypothesis is shown to explain certain otherwise puzzling features of “warm-up” in pursuit rotor performance.

484 Ss were administered 10 pairs of polygons, 10 pairs of designs, and 10 pairs of drawings from the Maitland-Graves Design Judgment Test, with instructions to indicate which of each pair they preferred. Pairs were constructed in each case by selection from larger numbers of items, in such a way that one was considered aesthetically superior to the other by a majority of judges; in this way a “correct” choice was established. Also administered were personality inventory items purporting to measure extraversion and neuroticism; the age, educational status and salary of each participant were noted. Factor analysis was performed on the intercorrelations between these various items, and relatively independent factors representing E, N, and the different aesthetic tests were found; there was no evidence that the polygon, design, and drawing tests were correlated with each other or associated with personality.

A comparison was made of the scores of 171 Japanese boys and 156 Japanese girls, and of 204 English boys and 165 English girls, on the Visual Aesthetic Sensitivity Test. Also compared were 145 male and 163 female Japanese students, with 38 male and 73 female English students. Japanese children had scores significantly higher than English children, while Japanese students had scores significantly lower than English students. There was little evidence of age increments in score for either group of children. Difficulty levels of the 42 item-pairs were very similar in the two cultures, as were internal (split-half) reliabilities. It is concluded that cultural differences between the two countries, as far as visual aesthetic appreciation is concerned, seem at best minimal.

The Visual Aesthetic Sensitivity Test was applied to 287 male and 252 female Hong Kong children of Chinese extraction, aged from 7 yr. upwards, and to 58 adult males and 144 adult females. Their responses were compared with those of English and Japanese children and adults, and somewhat lower scores recorded for the Hong Kong children and adults. A group of German girls were also tested. Difficulty levels for the items were not dissimilar to those observed in England and Japan.

179 British students rated the aesthetic appeal of 131 designs and 135 polygons on a 5-point scale. Similar judgments were made by 115 Japanese students who did not, however, rate both designs and polygons but rather one or the other set. Correlations between mean ratings for the designs and polygons were uniformly positive and high, suggesting the comparative absence of cultural factors determining aesthetic judgments in this field. The data were interpreted as favouring Eysenck's theory of a general factor of aesthetic judgment in the visual field.

Scores on extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism were correlated with each other, and with scores on the rod-and-frame test and the Stroop test, for 97 male and 97 female Ss, and the resulting tables of correlations factor-analyzed for the sexes separately. Of interest for the study of personality was a factor containing loadings on extraversion, field dependence, speed on the Stroop colour and word naming tasks, and Stroop interference. Loadings were much higher and more clearly marked for men than for women. Women were significantly more field-dependent than men. The results are in line with expectation.

It may be deduced from Eysenck's (1957, 1960a) theory of personality that pain tolerance should be positively related to extraversion (E) and negdtively to neuroticism (N). Extraverted Ss are postulated to develop inhibition/ satiation more quickly, and dissipate it more slowly; prolonged pain sensations should thus be inhibited more quickly and strongly in extraverts, leading to diminished pain sensations. Furthermore, as Beecher (1959) has pointed out, physiological pain sensations are always accompanied by the app7ehe?zsion of fatare pain, which may be conceived as a conditioned fear (anxiety) response which sumrnates with the physiological pain. Extraverts are posited to condition less well, and would therefore not develop this component of the total pain to the same extent as introverts. The prediction relating to N is perhaps less secure; it rests on the assumption that the strength of the autonomic reaction to pain stimulation would be likely to be related directly to N, which is conceived of in terms of autonomic lability (Eysenck, 1960b). This autonomic reaction would be expected to summate with the physiological pain due to the stimulus. Thirry volunteer university students, the experimental group, were given the Maudsley Personality Inventory as a measure of E and N (Eysenck, 1959), as well as the Rotating Spiral After-effect test which is an objective measure of E (Eysenck, 1960a). Ss' foreheads were blackened with India ink, and they were then subjected to heat stimulation by a thermo-stimulator modelled after the description given by Hardy, Wolff, and Goodell ( 1952 ). The radiation intensity was set at 166 w, and Ss were instructed to report the onset of pain, which is usually characterized by a sharp prick following a sensation of warmth. They were then to try to tolerate the pain for as long as they could. Pain tolerance was the number of seconds from the first report of pain to the final withdrawal. All Ss reported pain within 3 to 5 sec. after exposure. There appears to be a habituation effect after about 12 sec. of pain, such that, if pain could be tolerated for this long, Ss reported that they felt it could be endured indefinitely. Five Ss tolerated the pain for 60 sec., after which the trial was terminated. A time limit of 20 sec. was finally set because of blisters which began to develop after about 8 sec. exposure. When Ss are divided into three groups of 10 according to their E scores, their pain tolerance decreases from 17.2 (high E) through 9.3 to 5.6 (low E); 'We are indebted to the Society for Research in Human Ecology for a grant which made this study possible.

A theory was tested according to which rounded figures (female symbols) would be preferred by males, elongated figures (male symbols) by females. Preference judgments obtained from 451 male and 445 female students failed to bear out this prediction.

Drawings of a person made by 50 girls and 54 boys were rated on the Harris Qualitative Scale by four independent raters; reliabilities were in the neighbourhood of .8. Ratings were correlated with the Extraversion scores on the Junior E.P.I.; extraverted children produced better drawings. Intelligence was correlated both with quality of drawing and with E, but even with intelligence partialled out positive but insignificant correlations between E and quality of drawing remained. The results tentatively support the hypothesis that in young children extraversion is related to drawing ability.

It is suggested that there are two types of consolidation. Primary consolidation is concerned with a process of making available to the learner for use neural traces acquired during massed practice; secondary consolidation is concerned with the protection of these learned effector patterns against traumatic events affecting the brain.

In studies of the effects of rest pauses after massed practice, the measurement of reminiscence has often been complicated by a rapid upswing in performance during the first minute or so of post-rest practice. This has been called "warm-up decrement" by Ammons (1946), on the hypothesis that the phenomenon in question is caused by recovery of "set" lost during rest. The writer has provided some evidence in favow of an alternative theory, according to which the explanation lies rather in the extinction of conditioned inhibition due to the absence of the reinforcement normally provided by the involuntary rest pauses consequent upon the accumulation of reactive inhibition to the point where IR = D. IR having been dissipated during the rest pause, time is required for it to build up to this poinc again, and during this tlme e~tinction of SIR cakes place. The experiments carried out to test this hypothesis suggested that on the pursuit rotor this time was approximately 90ff; this is of course only a rough estimate, and there ace likely to be considerable individual differences (Eysenck, 1956). In the previous experiment, very marked post-rest increments in performance were observed when 11 2-min. practice periods were separated by 5-min. rests; such an increment may be defined as a rapid rise in performance continued for 45" or more, following a rest period, and having a slope greatly in excess of that of the preceding 45" pre-rest period. It would seem to follow from this theory that, if practice periods were reduced from 2 min. to 1 min., thus stopping short of the poinc where involuntary rest pauses occur, no (or little) should be generated; consequently no extinction of this (non-existing) SIR should take place during the after-rest practice period, and no postrest increment should be found. Forty-five male engineering apprentices, approximately 18 yr. of age, were therefore tested on the pursuit rotor in an experiment duplicating the'previous one, except for the substitution of 1-min. work periods for 2-min. work periods. The results are shown in Fig. 1; it will be seen that as predicted all post-rest increments as defined above have been eliminated. This result strongly supports the theory under investigation, as Ammons' warm-up hypothesis would not seem to lead to a prediction of this type. The reminiscence phenomenon, unobscured by post-rest extinction, The writer is indebted to the U.S. Army, under whose grant Nr. DA-91-508-EUC-311 this investigation was carried out, and to S. Kurlander who did che testing.

The hypothesis was tested that involuntary rest pauses occurring during massed practice on a tapping task would be more numerous for extraverted Ss; significant correlations in the predicted direction were obtained. It was also predicted that involuntary rests would be less numerous under conditions of high drive than under conditions of low drive; support for this hypothesis was suggested by the results of an analysis of covariance, but not at a statistically significant level. As anticipated, high-drive Ss produced a greater number of taps than did low-drive Ss.

Questionnaire scales for the measurement of psychoticism, neuroticism, extraversion and dissimulation (“Lie scale”) were administered to 216 boys and 224 girls 11 and 12 yr. old; all 111 items of the questionnaire were intercorrelated and factor analyzed separately for the two sexes. Four main factors emerged, as expected, with the 3 personality factors (P, E, and N) almost entirely independent of each other. Scales of 20 items were made up to measure each of these factors, as well as L, and the scores on these scales were again largely independent of each other, with the exception of the L scale. The interpretation of these results is discussed.

398 trainee male nurses were administered two intelligence tests and a personality inventory. Nurses were found more extraverted and less neurotic than the general population. Intelligence was independent of extra-version and neuroticism but correlated negatively with the Lie scale.

A factor-analysis was carried out of the 90 items of the Maitland Graves Design Judgment Test based on responses from 172 young males. Five factors were found, of which only four could be interpreted.