1. Dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in human septic shock.
- Author
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Schaich, Christopher L., Leisman, Daniel E., Goldberg, Marcia B., Filbin, Micheal R., Khanna, Ashish K., and Chappell, Mark C.
- Subjects
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SEPTIC shock , *RENIN-angiotensin system , *INTENSIVE care units , *MONOCARBOXYLATE transporters , *ANGIOTENSIN II , *DISEASE management , *BLOOD pressure - Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock are global healthcare problems associated with mortality rates of up to 40% despite optimal standard-of-care therapy and constitute the primary cause of death in intensive care units worldwide. Circulating biomarkers of septic shock severity may represent a clinically relevant approach to individualize those patients at risk for worse outcomes early in the course of the disease, which may facilitate early and more precise interventions to improve the clinical course. However, currently used septic shock biomarkers, including lactate, may be non-specific and have variable impact on prognosis and/or disease management. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is likely an early event in septic shock, and studies suggest that an elevated level of renin, the early and committed step in the RAAS cascade, is a better predictor of worse outcomes in septic shock, including mortality, than the current standard-of-care measure of lactate. Despite a robust increase in renin, other elements of the RAAS, including endogenous levels of Ang II, may fail to sufficiently increase to maintain blood pressure, tissue perfusion, and protective immune responses in septic shock patients. We review the current clinical literature regarding the dysfunction of the RAAS in septic shock and potential therapeutic approaches to improve clinical outcomes. • We summarize clinical and experimental data on the possible dysfunction of the RAAS in septic shock. • RAAS dysfunction may reflect reduced ACE and Angiotensinogen but increased ACE2 and DPP3. • Septic shock may induce an imbalance in the RAAS with reduced Ang II but higher Ang-(1-7). • High circulating levels of active renin may be a predictor of disease severity in septic shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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