1. Renal bicarbonate excretion in extremely low birth weight infants
- Author
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Ramiro-Tolentino, Susan B., Markarian, Katherine, and Kleinman, Leonard I.
- Subjects
Infants (Premature) -- Physiological aspects ,Kidneys -- Physiological aspects ,Bicarbonates -- Physiological aspects - Abstract
Despite having incompletely developed kidneys very-low-birth-weight infants appear to eliminate balanced amounts of bicarbonate in their urine. Researchers chemically analyzed blood and urine samples taken during the first four days of life from 22 very-low-birth-weight infants. Urinary bicarbonate levels increased and then decreased following the three stages of the fluid balance cycle as documented for pre-term infants. The infants retained more bicarbonate than they eliminated during the study period. Most (88%) of the sodium eliminated during the middle stage was accompanied by chloride and not bicarbonate., Objective. To test the hypothesis that due to the immaturity of their kidneys extremely low birth weight infants lose large amounts of bicarbonate in their urine. Methods. Urine and blood samples collected every 8 to 12 hours for the first 4 days of life from 22 preterm infants 23 to 29 weeks' gestation weighing 540 to 982 g at birth were prospectively studied. Results. As described previously, three phases of fluid homeostasis were identified. The first phase (prediuresis) was a period of low urine output followed by a period of spontaneous diuresis/natriuresis (diuretic phase) and then by a phase when urine output varied according to fluid intake (postdiuresis). Sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate excretion rates and bicarbonate balance (bicarbonate or acetate infused minus bicarbonate excreted) were calculated for each of the three phases. Urinary excretion of sodium, potassium chloride, and bicarbonate increased from the prediuretic to the diuretic phase and decreased from the diuretic to the postdiuretic phase. During the diuretic phase 88% of renal sodium excretion was accompanied by excretion of chloride. Bicarbonate balance was positive in all three fluid phases. Cumulative renal bicarbonate loss over the first 4 days of life was 1.9 [+ or -] 0.5 meq/kg (SD) and the cumulative bicarbonate balance was [+ or -]4.4 [+ or -] 4.1 meq/kg (SD). The glomerula' filtration rate, filtered load of bicarbonate, and absolute tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate significantly increased from the prediuretic to the diuretic phase, while fractional reabsorption of sodium and chlor de decreased between these two phases. The fractional reabsorption of bicarbonate did not change from prediuresis to diuresis, but increased from diuresis to postdiuresis and consequently from prediuresis to postdiuresis. Conclusions. Contrary to our original hypothesis, the total renal bicarbonate excretion of extremely low birth weight infants in the first 4 days of life is low and the net bicarbonate balance is positive. The anion predominantly accompanying the excretion of sodium in all three phases is chloride and not bicarbonate. Bicarbonate excretion appears to be independent of sodium excretion during these phases. The increase in renal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption during the first week of life may be associated with extracellular volume contraction. Pediatrics 1996;98:256-261; renal bicarbonate excretion, renal sodium excretion, renal chloride excretion, extremely low birth weight infants, renal function., ABBREVIATIONS. [Mathematical Expression Omitted], bicarbonate; ECV, extracellular volume; [Mathematical Expression Omitted], plasma bicarbonate; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; FENa, fractional excretion of sodium; ELBW, extremely low birth weight; NICU, neonatal intensive [...]
- Published
- 1996