1. Prenatal tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents: effects on offspring gestational age, growth, and morphology
- Author
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Cornelius, Marie D., Taylor, Paul M., Geva, Diklah, and Day, Nancy L.
- Subjects
Infants (Newborn) -- Weight ,Smoking and youth -- Health aspects ,Pregnant girls -- Drug use ,Marijuana -- Usage - Abstract
Tobacco and marijuana use during pregnancy by teenagers may affect newborns. Researchers examined the newborns of 310 adolescent mothers aged 12 to 18 years old. Of 70% African Americans and 30% white adolescents, half of all young mothers smoked tobacco before and during pregnancy. About one third of adolescents used marijuana before pregnancy but only 2.9% still did so by the last trimester. Adolescents who smoked tobacco during pregnancy gave birth to smaller babies. Specifically, smoking during the first trimester was associated with a lower birth weight of 202 g per daily cigarette pack. Body length, head circumference, and chest size were similarly diminished. Mothers who used marijuana early in the pregnancy gave birth to infants with slight physical handicaps. Marijuana was also associated with a slight reduction of gestational age at birth. Marijuana habits apparently did not affect infant weight or size., Objective. This longitudinal study examined the effects of tobacco and marijuana use during pregnancy on the gestational age, growth, and morphology of 310 offspring of adolescents. Data were collected during 1990 through 1993. Methodology. The adolescents were drawn from a prenatal clinic in Pittsburgh, PA. They were interviewed at mid-pregnancy and at delivery to obtain information on tobacco, marijuana, and other substance use before and during pregnancy. Infants were examined 24 to 36 hours after birth. Results. The average maternal age was 16.1 (range 12 to 18 years); 70% were African-American. Prenatal tobacco use was associated with reduced birth weight, length, head and chest circumferences, and ponderal index, but not gestational age or the number of morphological abnormalities. Prenatal marijuana exposure was associated with reduced gestational age. Among whites, first trimester marijuana exposure was associated with an increased rate of minor physical anomalies. Prenatal marijuana exposure was not associated with any growth outcomes. Conclusions. These effects of prenatal tobacco and marijuana use were prominent despite lower levels of prenatal exposure in the offspring of adolescent mothers as compared with the offspring of adult mothers from the same clinic. Young maternal age may increase the offspring's risk of negative effects from prenatal tobacco and marijuana exposure. Pediatrics 1995,95:738-743; tobacco, marijuana, pregnancy, adolescent, growth, morphology, gestational age., Twenty-eight percent of high school seniors in the United States used tobacco and 22% used marijuana in 1992.1 Prevalence rates for both substances were higher than in 1991.[1] Teenage pregnancy [...]
- Published
- 1995