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With the objective of knowing the preference of young cattle for twelve forage species of the Trujillo State, Venezuela (Chlorophora tinctoria, Morus alba, Pithecellobium pedicellare, Gliricidia sepium, Guazuma ulmifolia, Cordia alba, Trichantera gigantea, Tithonia diversifolia, Leucaena leucocephala, Moringa oleifera, Azadirachta indica and Samanea saman) a cafeteria test was performed through foliage intake measurements, by means of a Latin square design with a 12-day evaluation period. The chemical composition (CP, CE, NDF, phenols, condensed tannins, protein precipitable tannins and total sterols) and the in situ ruminal degradability (DMD and OMD) of the forages were determined. The most preferred species were: P. pedicellare (327,98 g DM), L. leucocephala (325,63 g DM), M. alba (293,37 g DM), G. ulmifolia (292,48 g DM), C. tinctoria (277,18 g DM) and C. alba (274, 49 g DM). The foliages of G. sepium (108,05 g DM), T. diversifolia (106,09 g DM), M. oleifera (76,28 g DM), A. indica (76,19 g DM) and S. saman (58,72 g DM) were moderately consumed. However, the biomass of T. gigantea (1,39 g DM) was practically rejected. During the experimental period different trends were observed in the intake of each species. Nevertheless, no significant relationship was observed among the intake and chemical composition, the concentration of secondary metabolites and ruminal degradability. It is concluded that to carry out preference trials with animals for the selection of species with potential for silvopastoral systems is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the objective of knowing the preference of young cattle for twelve forage species of the Trujillo State, Venezuela (Chlorophom tinctoria, Morus alba, Pithecellobium pedicellare, Gliricidia sepium, Guazuma ulmifolia, Cordia alba, Trichantera gigantea, Tithonia diversifolia, Leucaena leucocephala, Moringa oleífera, Azadirachta indica and Samanea saman) a cafeteria test was performed through foliage intake measurements, by means of a Latin square design with a 12-day evaluation period. The chemical composition (CP, CE, NDF, Panicum maximum phenols, condensed tannins, protein precipitable tannins and total sterols) and the in situ ruminai degradability (DMD and OMD) of the forages were determined. The most preferred species were: P. pedicellare (327,98 g DM), L. leucocephala (325,63 g DM), M. alba (293,37 g DM), G ulmifolia (292,48 g DM), C. tinctoria (277,18 g DM) and C. alba (274,49 g DM). The foliages of G sepium (108,05 gDM), T. diversifolia (106,09 g DM), Ai oleífera (76,28 g DM), A indica (76,19 g DM) and S. saman (58,72 g DM) were moderately consumed. However, the biomass of T. gigantea (1,39 g DM) was practically rejected. During the experimental period different trends were observed in the intake of each species. Nevertheless, no significant relationship was observed among the intake and chemical composition, the concentration of secondary metabolites and ruminai degradability. It is concluded that to carry out preference trials with animals for the selection of species with potential for silvopastoral systems is important.

Before the need to improve the competitiveness of the product meat and double-purpose cattle systems in the State of Michoacán (Mexico), the technology of innovation networks for the socioeconomic analysis and technology transference of this system is proposed. Through it all the important actors and the interdependences among them are identified and integrated, with the objective of enhancing their competitiveness, by expediting the process of technology transference. For that surveys were applied to 490 producers integrating 46 groups, distributed in 13 municipalities of the dry Tropic region of the State, and its later validation with producers and technicians was made. The education level of the producers was very low (third grade of elementary school) and the problem detected was distributed in the health, reproductive, nutritional, market and infrastructure aspects. Likewise, the production units we observed to be highly heterogeneous, which impedes the application of an innovation in a general way, and a low adoption rate of innovations (<40%) was observed. Through the diagnosis of the dynamics of the activity the (technical, social and commercial) network mapping was elaborated. The main strategies for expediting the process of innovation transference and adoption were the development of human capital and the exchange of experiences among producers. In addition the producer was observed to adopt those innovations that represented a lower cost and which were simpler to implement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Central America there is growing interest in the design and management of the systems from a holistic point of view, with the objective of improving and diversifying farm productivity. In this sense, silvopastoral systems constitute a choice in the systems of ruminant exploitation, because they diversify the products (milk, meat, timber, poles and firewood), provide shade, improve the diet of the animals and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and concentrates, which is translated into a lower use of external inputs. Besides, they allow the generation of environmental services, such as carbon capture, conservation of biodiversity, protection of hydrographical basins and landscape beauty. The objective of this work is to show the state of the tree resource in pasturelands, as well as the impact of silvopastoral systems on the productivity and generation of environmental services in livestock farms. In addition, it shows how the payment of environmental services may become a tool for promoting the adoption of these systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Con el objetivo de conocer la preferencia de bovinos jóvenes por doce especies forrajeras en el Estado Trujillo, Venezuela (Chlorophora tinctoria, Morus alba, Pithecellobium pedicellare, Gliricidia sepium, Guazuma ulmifolia, Cordia alba, Trichantera gigantea, Tithonia diversifolia, Leucaena leucocephala, Moringa oleifera, Azadirachta indica y Samanea saman) se efectuó una prueba de cafetería a través de mediciones del consumo de follaje, mediante un diseño cuadrado latino con período de evaluación de 12 días. A los forrajes se les determinó la composición fitoquímica (PB, EB, FDN, fenoles, taninos condensados, taninos que precipitan proteínas y esteroles totales) y la degradabilidad ruminal in situ (DMS y DMO). Las especies más preferidas fueron: P. pedicellare (327,98 g MS), L. leucocephala (325,63 g MS), M. alba (293,37 g MS), G. ulmifolia (292,48 g MS), C. tinctoria (277,18 g MS) y C. alba (274,49 g MS). Los follajes de G. sepium (108,05 g MS), T. diversifolia (106,09 g MS), M. oleifera (76,28 g MS), A. indica (76,19 g MS) y S. saman (58,72 g MS) fueron medianamente consumidos. Sin embargo, la biomasa de T. gigantea (1,39 g MS) fue prácticamente rechazada. Durante el período experimental se observaron diferentes tendencias en el consumo de cada espe­cie. No obstante, no se observó una relación significativa entre el consumo y la composición química, la concentración de metabolitos secundarios y la degradabilidad ruminal. Se concluye que es importante realizar ensayos de preferencia con animales para la selección de especies con potencial para sistemas silvopastoriles.With the objective of knowing the preference of young cattle for twelve forage species of the Trujillo State, Venezuela (Chlorophora tinctoria, Morus alba, Pithecellobium pedicellare, Gliricidia sepium, Guazuma ulmifolia, Cordia alba, Trichantera gigantea, Tithonia diversifolia, Leucaena leucocephala, Moringa oleifera, Azadirachta indica and Samanea saman) a cafeteria test was performed through foliage intake measurements, by means of a Latin square design with a 12-day evaluation period. The chemical composition (CP, CE, NDF, phenols, condensed tannins, protein precipitable tannins and total sterols) and the in situ ruminal degradability (DMD and OMD) of the forages were determined. The most preferred species were: P. pedicellare (327,98 g DM), L. leucocephala (325,63 g DM), M. alba (293,37 g DM), G. ulmifolia (292,48 g DM), C. tinctoria (277,18 g DM) and C. alba (274, 49 g DM). The foliages of G. sepium (108,05 g DM), T. diversifolia (106,09 g DM), M. oleifera (76,28 g DM), A. indica (76,19 g DM) and S. saman (58,72 g DM) were moderately consumed. However, the biomass of T. gigantea (1,39 g DM) was practically rejected. During the experimental period different trends were observed in the intake of each species. Nevertheless, no significant relationship was observed among the intake and chemical composition, the concentration of secondary metabolites and ruminal degradability. It is concluded that to carry out preference trials with animals for the selection of species with potential for silvopastoral systems is important.

Ante la necesidad de mejorar la competitividad del sistema producto bovinos de carne y doble propósito en el Estado de Michoacán (México), se propone la metodología de redes de innovación para el análisis socioeconómico y la transferencia de tecnologías de este sistema; a través de esta, se identifica e integra a todos los actores importantes y las interdependencias entre ellos, con el fin de fortalecer su competitividad, al dinamizar el proceso de transferencia de tecnologías. Para ello se aplicaron encuestas a 490 productores integrantes de 46 grupos, distribuidos en 13 municipios de la región de Trópico seco del Estado, y se realizó su posterior validación con productores y técnicos. El nivel de escolaridad de los productores fue muy bajo (tercer grado de primaria) y la problemática detectada se distribuyó en los aspectos sanitarios, reproductivos, nutricionales, mercado e infraestructura. Asimismo, se observó que las unidades de producción eran altamente heterogéneas, lo que dificulta la aplicación de una innovación de manera general, y se evidenció un bajo índice de adopción de innovaciones (Before the need to improve the competitiveness of the product meat and double-purpose cattle systems in the State of Michoacán (Mexico), the technology of innovation networks for the socioeconomic analysis and technology transference of this system is proposed. Through it all the important actors and the interdependences among them are identified and integrated, with the objective of enhancing their competitiveness, by expediting the process of technology transference. For that surveys were applied to 490 producers integrating 46 groups, distributed in 13 municipalities of the dry Tropic region of the State, and its later validation with producers and technicians was made. The education level of the producers was very low (third grade of elementary school) and the problem detected was distributed in the health, reproductive, nutritional, market and infrastructure aspects. Likewise, the production units we observed to be highly heterogeneous, which impedes the application of an innovation in a general way, and a low adoption rate of innovations (