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Introduction: Cognitive impairment can occur in the early phase of Parkinson's disease and increases the risk of developing dementia. Cognitive deficits were shown to be associated with functional alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and caudate nucleus. Two previous transcranial magnetic stimulation studies over the left DLPFC showed short-term improvement in cognitive performance and focused on specific task., Methods: 28 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and mild cognitive impairment received intermittent "theta burst" stimulation (iTBS) (active, N = 14; or sham, N = 14) over the left DLPFC, twice a day for three days with 1-2 days in between. Detailed neuropsychological assessment of five cognitive domains was performed before iTBS and on days 1, 10, and 30 after the last iTBS session. Composite Z-scores were calculated for each domain and for overall cognition., Results: Our results showed an increase in overall cognition up to one month in both groups but this effect was only significant in the active group. Improvements were seen in the attention domain for both groups and in the visuospatial domain in the active group only. No significant differences were found between the groups., Conclusion: These preliminary findings suggest that active iTBS might improve overall cognitive performance in patients with Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment and that this effect can last up to one month. This cognitive improvement, is likely mediated by improvement on visuospatial abilities. Further studies are needed to explore the potential of iTBS as a therapeutical tool to slow cognitive decline in patients with Parkinson's disease., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

It is now clear that cognitive deficits exist even early in Parkinson's disease, having a significant impact on daily activities. However, the nature and the neural origins of cognitive dysfunction in PD are still under debate. Furthermore, a great heterogeneity seems to exist with respect to the cognitive profiles found in patients at the early stages of the disease, and these initial differences are likely predictive of distinct outcomes regarding the later occurrence of dementia. These include the early presence of Mild Cognitive Impairments, the nature and number of domains affected, as well as the occurrence of depression or apathy. Here, we will review studies involving anatomical and functional neuroimaging, and neuropsychological evaluation that have attempted to address these issues. Recommendations for future work will also be discussed., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)