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The present study was designed to evaluate the toxicopathological effects of feeding of ochratoxin contaminated feeds to broiler chicks for 21 and 35 days. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously. In these experiment six groups each having 75 chicks were maintained and offered feeds containing 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg OTA. Half of the birds from each group of both experiments were killed on days 21 and 35, respectively. Remaining birds of all the groups were switched to basal feed and killed on day 42 of the experiment. Birds killed in both experiments showed a significant decrease in the feed intake and body weight in OTA fed groups. OTA associated clinical signs and behavioral alterations included diarrhea, depression, increased water intake and ruffled feathers. The highest mortality was 12 and 20 percent observed in birds fed 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg OTA, respectively. OTA fed birds showed a significant increase in the relative weights of liver and kidneys while decrease in weight of bursa of Fabricius and thymus. Gross lesions in liver and kidneys included enlargement, paler discoloration, friable consistency and hemorrhages. Microscopic changes in the kidneys included congestion and tubular epithelial cell necrosis. Liver showed vacuolar degeneration along with individual cell necrosis in birds fed 0.2-0.8 mg/kg OTA. Birds killed on day 35 of the intoxication showed changes similar to those observed in 21 days old birds with the exception of increased severity of these alterations in 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg OTA groups. In conclusion, present study suggested that OTA induced pathological alterations were dependent upon dose and duration of exposure.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Ochratoxin A (OTA) upon production and breeding parameters in White Leghorn (WL) breeder hens. For this purpose, 84 WL breeder hens were divided into seven groups (A-G). The hens in these groups were maintained on feed contaminated with OTA @ 0.0 (control), 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/Kg, respectively for 21 days. These hens were artificially inseminated with semen obtained from healthy roosters kept on OTA free feed. Egg production and their quality parameters were recorded. Fertile eggs obtained from each group were set for incubation on weekly basis. At the end of the experiment, hens in each group were killed to determined gross and microscopic lesions in different organs. OTA residue concentrations were determined in extracts of liver, kidneys and breast muscles by immunoaffinity column elution and HPLC-Fluorescent detection techniques. Feeing OTA contaminated diet resulted in a significant decrease in egg mass and egg quality parameters. Liver and kidneys showed characteristic lesions of ochratoxicosis. Residue concentration (ng/g) of OTA in the hens fed 10 mg/kg OTA, was the highest in liver (26.336±1.16) followed by kidney (8.223±0.85) and were least in breast muscles (1.235±0.21). Embryonic mortalites were higher, while hatachabilites of the chicks were lower in the groups fed higher doses of OTA. Feeding OTA contaminated diets to breeder hen resulted in residues accumulation in their tissues along with significantly reduced production and breeding performance.

Black Aspergilli are second most important cause of contamination of poultry feed and their by-products with ochratoxin-A after Aspergillus ochraceous in Pakistan. A total of 23 black Aspergilli were isolated from poultry feeds. Of these black Aspergilli samples, 12 (52.17%) were toxigenic (Ochratoxin A). A PCR based molecular method of cloning and sequencing of ITS (internal transcribed spacer) regions of fungal DNA was developed to identify these fungi. A universal pair of primers (ITS1 and ITS4) was used and PCR product (600 bp) for A. niger was amplified. These specific universal primers of ITS region were tested for twelve DNA samples of different isolates of Aspergillus species isolated from poultry feeds. The sequencing of ITS-region provided a powerful and reliable tool for identification of black Aspergilli responsible for the production of ochratoxin-A in poultry feed.

This study was designed to evaluate some pathological responses of male White Leghorn (WL) chicks, kept on low level of ochratoxin A (OTA) contaminated feed. For this purpose, 350 a-day old male WL chicks were divided into five groups (A-E). Group A, was kept as control, while Groups B, C, D, and E were fed OTA-contaminated diet at 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/Kg feed, respectively, for 21 days. Feed intake on daily basis and body weight gain of the chicks was recorded on weekly basis. A subjective scoring of clinical signs and gross pathological lesions on visceral organs was performed. Relative weights of liver, kidneys and gizzard were recorded at the end of experiment. Serum biochemical profile and histological alteration in liver and kidneys of chicks was determined to assess the OTA mediated damage. A significant decrease in the feed intake and body weight gain of the chicks was observed in OTA treated groups. Clinical signs exhibited by the chicks included severe diarrhea, dullness, depression, increase water intake and ruffled feathers. Gross pathological lesions on liver and kidneys included lighter in coloration, friable and hemorrhagic. A significant increase in the weight of liver, kidney and gizzard was observed in OTA fed chicks. Histologically, liver and kidneys of chicks showed degenerative and necrotic changes. Serum biochemical profile indicated a severe damage to liver and kidneys in OTA fed chicks. The finding of this study suggested that there were pathological effects from OTA in male WL chicks kept on low doses of OTA-contaminated diet.

This study was carried out to ascertain the changes in hematology and serum constituents in cross bred cattle affected with bovine theileriosis in semi arid zone of Pakistan. A total of 50 cross bred cows of age 2-5 years were included in the study. Twenty animals of same age were kept as healthy controls. The affected animals showed signs and symptoms of bovine theileriosis i.e., high rise in body temperature, general debility, enlarged prescapular lymph nodes, mucosal hemorrhages, conjunctivitis, etc. These animals were subjected to examination of peripheral blood smears for the presence of Theileria annulata schizonts in infected mononuclear cells and piroplasms in red blood cells. Significant (P≤0.05) decrease was observed in total erythrocyte counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, serum total proteins, albumin, globulins, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations in cattle affected with bovine theileriosis compared with healthy controls, while significant (P≤0.05) increase was observed in serum bilirubin and alanine transaminase of affected cattle compared with healthy controls. Non significant differences were observed in serum magnesium and uric acid concentration in both affected and healthy controls. These observations revealed that bovine theileriosis caused by T. annulata in cross bred cattle in semi arid zone is associated with hemato-biochemical alterations.

White Leghorn layer breeder hens, 30 weeks of age, were divided into 12 groups (A-L). Group A was kept on basal feed and served as control, while group B was offered feed supplemented with vitamin E (100 mg/Kg). Groups C-G were offered feed containing 100, 500, 2,500, 5,000 and 10,000 µg/Kg aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), respectively, whereas groups H-L were offered same dietary levels of AFB1 along with vitamin E (100 mg/Kg). The experimental feeds were offered for three weeks and afterward all the groups were switched over to basal feed for next two weeks. Body weight, absolute and relative weights of liver and kidneys of AF fed birds were significantly higher than control group. Pathological lesions in aflatoxin (AF) fed birds included enlarged, pale and friable liver, swollen kidneys and hemorrhages on different organs. Histopathological lesions in liver included fatty change, congestion and hemorrhages, while in kidneys tubular necrosis, cellular infiltration, congestion and hemorrhages were found in groups fed AFB1 at 500 μg/Kg and higher doses. In AF fed hens, no significant ameliorative effects of vitamin E could be observed upon AF induced decrease in feed intake, gross pathology and histopathological alterations and organ weight except body weights. It was concluded that the vitamin E ameliorated the AFB1 induced toxic effects in some of parameters studied.

Mycotoxins are among the most important environmental contaminants. In the present study, ochratoxin A (OTA) was produced by propagation of Aspergillus ochraceus and fed to breeder hens. For this purpose, 84 breeder hens were divided into seven groups (A-G). Group A served as control, while groups B, C, D, E, F and G were fed OTA at 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/Kg feed, respectively for 3 weeks. Clinical signs, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and egg mass production were recorded on daily basis, while body weight was recorded on weekly basis. Lesions on visceral organs and serum biochemical parameters were determined. Significant decrease in feed intake, body weight and egg mass production was found in the OTA treated groups compared to control (P

The use of synthetic pyrethroids as an insecticide in households has surpassed the other pesticides like organophosphates because of its likely to be safer for humans. This study was designed and executed to find out the toxic effects of allethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid) when they are overused or have an accidental oral exposure in humans or animals. For this purpose, 60 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four equal groups. Group A served as a control group. Groups B, C and D were given allethrin @ 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/kg BW, respectively orally on the 14th day of the experiment. Animals were monitored twice daily for clinical signs and mortalities. Randomly selected five mice from each group were euthanized humanly at 21st and 42nd day of the experiment to collect blood/serum for determination of immunological parameters. Clinical signs such as hair coat roughness, alopecia, conjunctival hyperemia, salivation, frequent defecation and nervous signs like tremors and convulsions were observed. The highest mortality (53.3%) was recorded in group D (1.5 g/kg BW) followed by group C (1 g/kg BW) and group B (0.5 g/kg BW) with 46.6% and 26.7% mortalities, respectively. The absolute weight of the spleen and thymus was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in all treated groups at 21st and 42nd day of the experiment. Total antibody titer against SRBCs at the 14th and 28th day of experiment decreased significantly (P<0.05) in treated groups. At 29th day, the lymphoproliferative response to tetanus toxoid at 24 and 48 h of time was significantly decreased in all the treatment groups as compared to control group. It is concluded that exposure to the allethrin can lead to immunosuppression by inducing pathological alterations in immune organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current study was to find out the toxic effects of sub lethal doses of thiamethoxam on adult poultry birds. For this purpose, a total of 40 cockerels having an age of about 14 weeks were procured from local market and divided into five equal groups. Birds were kept in wire cages under standard management conditions. Birds were given Thaimethoxam @ 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg/kg BW to group A, B, C and D, respectively. Group E served as a control. Blood and serum samples were collected at 15th and 30th day of experiment and analyzed for the various hematological (TEC, TLC, Hb and PCV) and biochemical parameters (total proteins, albumin, globulin, creatinine, blood urea, ALT and AST). The data thus collected were subjected to ANOVA through M-Stat software. Results thus obtained indicated that the sub lethal doses of thiamethoxam reduced significantly (P≤0.05) the hematological values including TEC, Hb, PCV and TLC in a dose dependant manner. The biochemical parameters like total proteins, albumin and globulin were significantly affected by the thiamethoxam. As the dose of the thiamethoxam was increased, these parameters decreased significantly as compared to control group. On the other hand, the values of enzymes ALT and AST were significantly higher in treated groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the present study was to know the current prevalence of brucellosis at different Government and private Livestock Farms in Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, 2275 serum samples were collected and subjected to various diagnostic tests including Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT), i-ELISA and c-ELISA. Data thus collected was interpreted and subjected to Binary Logistic regression analysis to know the difference among different sources. Sensitivity and specificity values of these different tests were also determined. Seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis was significantly (P<0.05) higher in private livestock farms as compared to government farms through all the diagnostic tests applied. Sensitivity of SAT was higher in cattle (73.46%) as compared to the other species. c-ELISA was slightly more sensitive than i-ELISA. However, the specificity of all the tests in all species was 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the present study was to know the prevalence of brucellosis in food animals in relation to various risk factors through different diagnostic tests. For this purpose, 2375 serum samples were collected from December, 2010 to December, 2012. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) were applied for initial screening, positive samples were subjected to enzyme linked immunosorbant assays (i-ELISA and c-ELISA) for confirmation. The data thus collected was interpreted and subjected to Binary Logistic Regression Analysis to know the difference among various groups based on species, sex, age, body weight and parity. Through RBPT and SAT, the higher prevalence of caprine brucellosis was recorded as compared to the buffaloes, camel, cattle and sheep. Prevalence of brucellosis was higher in buffaloes through both types of ELISAs as compared to other food animals. No animal was found positive for brucellosis in camel population. The prevalence of brucellosis was not associated with sex of animals. Sero-prevalence was higher in mature animals as compared to the younger ones in all food animals. The other risk factors like body weight and parity also affected the sero-prevalence of brucellosis in all species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some epidemiological aspects and pathological alterations particularly an uncommon liver (peliosis hepatis) in association with chronic pulmonary tuberculosis in cross bred cows were evaluated. Animals were screened through single comparative cervical intradermal tuberculin (SCCIT) test. The results revealed 7.47% prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB). The frequency analysis revealed that the prevalence of disease was non-significantly different with age, sex and lactating status of animals. Necropsy revealed multiple tubercles of variable size throughout the lungs. Trachea and bronchial tree was extensively plugged with thick yellow ropy purulent exudates. Microscopically lungs exhibited characteristic small and large size nodules with caseated center and lamellar arrangement of granter caseated that was surrounded by multinucleated giant cells, epithelioid macrophages, plasma cells, and lymphocytes and fibrous in Lung tissues stained with Ziehl-Neelsen expressed masses acid-fast bacilli in the necrotic centers. Moreover, in liver sections angiomatoid cysts (peliosis hepatis) lined with hepatocytes were extensively observed. The infectious agent (Mycobacterium bovis) was confirmed using PCR. It was concluded that histopathological observations such as peliosis hepatis are useful information for the differential diagnosis of acute verses chronic process of bovine tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to observe the arsenic (As) toxicity lesions in birds and to know either Vit C ameliorates these toxic effects or not. One-day-old broilers chicks (n=72) procured from a local hatchery were randomly divided into four equal groups. First group was kept as control and second group was given As (50 mg/kg BW) via crop tubing. Third group received in addition to As, Vit C (250 mg/kg BW) whereas fourth group received only Vit C. Killing by neck dislocation of randomly selected six birds from each group was carried out on experimental days 0, 16 and 32 for collection of blood and tissues specimens. Arsenic treated birds showed clinical signs of toxicity throughout the experiment than all other groups. These clinical signs included decreased body weight and feed intake, dullness, open mouth breathing, increased thirst, ruffled feathers, pale comb, skin irritation and watery diarrhea which were not significant in any other group. As treated group showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in hematological parameters. Severe gross and histopathological changes were observed in intestines, spleen and lungs of birds fed with As than all other groups. Decreased height of villi of middle portion of small intestines was also observed in As treated birds. Villi height in Vit C treated group increased as compared to control group. It was concluded that As induces severe toxic effects in broiler birds; however, these toxic effects can be partially ameliorated by Vit C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted on 453 lactating cattle of various breed present at 21 farms. The milk samples from these animals were collected to diagnose mastitis using California Mastitis Test (CMT). The epidemiological data related to animals and management was collected and analyzed to draw conclusions. The results of t-test revealed significant association between body weight, udder depth, and lower teat end to floor distance (P<0.01) with mastitis. The bivariate frequency analysis revealed significant association for lactation stage (P<0.0001), teat end to floor distance, parity, udder shape, teat shape, live body weight, teat and/or udder pathology, use of oxytocin, feeding system and milk leakage with mastitis. The results of logistic regression analysis revealed significant negative association between teat length, frequency of culling and number of attendants, while positive association between mastitis teat involved, teat diameter (apex, mid and base), milk leakage, udder shape, pendulous udder, feeding system, udder depth, teat shape, calf suckling, milk yield, teat and/or udder pathology and live body weight. From the results of present it can be concluded that some risk factors were strongly associated with mastitis in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study describes the multicentric lymphosarcoma associated with lymphoid interstitial pneumonia in indigenous breeds of sheep and goats in Pakistan. Serum samples from sheep (n=93) and goats (n=129) were screened for ovine lentivirus using agar gel immunodiffusion test. Overall, 7.52 and 3.87% seroprevalence was recorded in sheep and goat, respectively. During necropsy of sheep (n=3) and goats (n=4), gross lesions including dark color liver with multifocal whitish areas, unilaterally lungs consolidation with granular appearance of cut surface were observed. Mediastinal lymph nodes were swollen and arranged in chain like fashion. Histopathologically, liver parenchyma exhibited extensive proliferation of neoplastic cells of lymphocytic series. Metastatic cells in the form of follicular pattern in the lungs, spleen and mediastinal lymph nodes were also observed. Brain tissue exhibited degenerative changes in the neuron and perivascular cuffing. The PCR product size approximately 300 bp from lung tissue confirmed viral infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides used against agricultural pests and ecto-parasite infestation in animals may also induce injurious effects in humans, pets and farm animals. The pyrethroid pesticides are rapidly replacing other insecticides due to relatively lower toxicity for mammals. However, they have now become an environmental issue due to excessive use in agriculture, livestock production, leather industry and shampoos etc. In addition to various clinical, hemato-biochemical, immunosuppressive and neuro-toxicological effects of pyrethroids, more danger has been suspected with respect to reproductive toxicity. The fetal resorption and early fetal mortality rate were found to be significantly increased in female animals allowed mating with males exposed to pyrethroids. The testicular and epididymal sperm counts and serum testosterone concentrations in pyrethroid treated animals were decreased. Moreover, abnormal spermatozoa, degenerated spermatozoa, arrested spermatogenesis and connective tissue proliferation in testes, and tailless spermatozoa in epididymis were reported with pyrethroid exposure. A decrease in pregnancy rate, number of implantation sites and total number of recovered fetuses have also been reported in female animals receiving pyrethroid treatment during gestation and allowed mating with untreated male rabbits. The progeny of pyrethroid exposed parents also showed toxic effects. Disruption of certain steroidogenic enzymes and nuclear receptors in has been reported in pyrethroid exposed animals. This review concludes that pyrethroid exposure is responsible for endocrine disruption and decreases fertility in both sexes of various non-target species and produces fetal mortality, which may be prevented by vitamin E supplementation due to its anti-oxidant potential [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to ascertain the changes in hematology and serum constituents in cross bred cattle affected with bovine theileriosis in semi arid zone of Pakistan. A total of 50 cross bred cows of age 2-5 years were included in the study. Twenty animals of same age were kept as healthy controls. The affected animals showed signs and symptoms of bovine theileriosis i.e., high rise in body temperature, general debility, enlarged prescapular lymph nodes, mucosal hemorrhages, conjunctivitis, etc. These animals were subjected to examination of peripheral blood smears for the presence of Theileria annulata schizonts in infected mononuclear cells and piroplasms in red blood cells. Significant (P≤0.05) decrease was observed in total erythrocyte counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, serum total proteins, albumin, globulins, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations in cattle affected with bovine theileriosis compared with healthy controls, while significant (P≤0.05) increase was observed in serum bilirubin and alanine transaminase of affected cattle compared with healthy controls. Non significant differences were observed in serum magnesium and uric acid concentration in both affected and healthy controls. These observations revealed that bovine theileriosis caused by T. annulata in cross bred cattle in semi arid zone is associated with hemato-biochemical alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis (DSLD) is a chronic, debilitating disease occurring primarily in Peruvian Pasos and Peruvian Paso crosses. However, many other breeds are afflicted as well. DSLD is characterized by a slowly progressing bilateral or quadrilateral lameness. Typically, the owner does not recall any trauma or performance related injury. Fetlock effusion, static and dynamic hyperextension and degenerative joint disease are hallmarks on physical examination. Ultrasonography of affected ligaments reveals diffuse loss of echogenicity, and an irregular fiber pattern. Though until recently DSLD was considered a collagen disorder strictly limited to suspensory ligaments (SLs), our data show that it is a systemic disease involving tissues with high content of collagen. We have identified abnormal accumulations of proteoglycans not only in the SLs, but also in the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, patellar and nuchal ligaments, aorta, coronary arteries and sclerae of DSLD-affected horses. Our most recent data point to the presence of an abnormal form of decorin in these proteoglycan deposits. This decorin also exhibited altered biological activity. Treatment for DSLD-affected horses is empirical and directed at minimizing musculoskeletal pain and providing support for the suspensory apparatus. Restricted exercise, supportive bandages and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs provide some, but usually only temporary relief. Unfortunately, unrelenting pain, severe lameness and suffering require all too often humane euthanasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to assess the role of glucose, bilirubin, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase as aetiological factors in parturient haemoglobinuria (PHU) in buffaloes and gross and histopathological changes taking place in this disease. For this purpose, 120 buffaloes, including 60 PHU affected and 60 apparently healthy buffaloes were used. These animals were subjected to collection of blood, urine and tissue samples. Blood glucose, serum total bilirubin and serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations in PHU affected buffaloes were significantly higher (P<0.05) than in healthy buffaloes. The colour of urine in PHU affected buffaloes ranged from red, dark red to coffee coloured and its pH was strongly alkaline. Urine of affected buffaloes was positive for haemoglobin (100%) and albumin (95%) but negative for sugar and ketone bodies. Microscopic examination of urine of affected buffaloes revealed no intact erythrocytes. Grossly, carcasses of buffaloes died of PHU were anaemic and jaundiced. Kidneys, liver and spleen were pale, enlarged and congested. Liver was friable and swollen. Epicardium and endocardium showed ecchymotic haemorrhages. Lungs were emphysemated and oedematous. Histopathologically, kidneys showed necrosis of tubular epithelium and deposition of casts alongwith atrophy of glomeruli. Liver exhibited centrilobular necrosis, haemorrhages and congestion. There was haemosiderin deposition in kidneys, liver and spleen. Heart muscles showed degenerative changes, whereas lungs were haemorrhagic, congested and emphysemated. It was concluded that significantly high blood glucose, serum total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase were found in PHU affected buffaloes. Histopathologically, necrosis of tubular epithelium, deposition of casts along with atrophy of glomeruli, centrilobular necrosis and haemosiderin deposition were the main findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semen of all bulls is not suitable for freezing; similarly, all ejaculates with excellent sperm vitality are not suitable for freezing. Based on sperm survival at post-thawing, bull ejaculates are categorized as good freezability ejaculates (GFE) and poor freezability ejaculates (PFE). In this study, sperm quality parameters of GFE and PFE, with the localization of aquaporin-3 (AQP-3) and aquaporin-7 (AQP-7) were investigated. Moreover, the relationship of AQP-3 and AQP-7 with cryotolerance of bull sperms was recorded. After fresh semen evaluation, 24 ejaculates from four Angus bulls were cryopreserved and their sperm quality parameters were analyzed by AndroVision before and after frozen-thawed. Expression of AQP-3 and AQP-7 was determined through Western blot, while their localization was detected by immunocytochemistry. The GFE and the PFE were well differentiated by sperm motility, progressive motility, viability, acrosome integrity, and mitochondrial activity, except for DNA integrity. AQP-3 was significantly higher in GFE than PFE in frozen-thawed sperm, while the AQP-7 in fresh sperm of GFE was significantly higher than that in fresh sperm of PFE and in frozen-thawed sperm of GFE (P<0.05). The location of AQP-3 was seen in the sperm mid-piece, while that of AQP-7 was recorded in the post-acrosome region, the mid and prime tailpiece. In conclusion, GFE and PGE can be well distinguished by the expression of AQP-7 in fresh semen, while AQP-7 could be a biomarker of sperm cryotolerance in bull sperm. This study is hoped to improve the efficiency of frozen sperm production and provide a reference for the improvement of frozen semen production technology in other male animals, as well as humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis is an important zoonotic disease in the world. Brucella melitensis is the causative organism of caprine and ovine brucellosis characterized by abortion, retained placenta, orchitis which may induce infertility, epididymitis and rarely, arthritis in small ruminants. However, these lesions were regarded as chronic while acute patho-morphological lesions had not been described in goats earlier. This study investigates the histopathological lesions in organs of native goats of Pakistan acutely infected by Brucella melitensis. Grossly, granulomatous lesions and edema were observed in the lungs of the infected animals. Other organs including liver, spleen, heart and spleen showed no gross lesions during necropsy. Severe histological lesions were observed in the lungs and uterus of acutely infected goats. The organism was detected by PCR from liver, lungs, spleen, uterus, sub mandibular lymph nodes and bronchial lymph nodes. The organism was not detected by PCR from the kidneys, ovaries, mammary glands, supra mammary lymph nodes, internal ileac lymph nodes and scapular lymph nodes. It was concluded that Br. melitensis acute infection did not lead to clinical presentation, although the organism was well distributed in various organs of goats. The lesions were generalized, not limited to reproductive organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) or Gumboro disease is caused by the genera Avibirnavirus and the family Birnaviridae. For the last 66 years, this disease has been causing huge morbidity and mortality leading to huge economic losses throughout the world. For this review, we collected data from PubMed, CNKI, and Google Scholar, especially for the last decade. Articles containing significant information were thrashed, extracted, and information being presented. IBD virus (IBDV) could be attenuated, virulent (vIBDV), and very virulent (vvIBDV). The host range is very wide including chickens, turkeys, Baltic ducks, pigeons, speckled pigeons, Herring gulls, ostriches, pied cordon blues, laughing doves, Antarctic penguins, and sparrows. The incubation period is very short, i.e., 2-3 days. The virus occurs worldwide, and prevalence varies from 8 to 100%. IBDV has a great affinity with lymphatic tissues. This disease is characterized by lesions of bursal hemorrhagic and inflamed lesions followed by atrophy thus leading to immunosuppression. Effective vaccination programs and strict biosecurity measures are mandatory for its prevention and control. The starring role of wild birds in the epidemiology of the IBD needs to be clarified as wild birds have indirect or direct contact with commercial chicken rearing. We concluded that infectious bursal disease is still a havoc in the poultry industry throughout the world. Vaccination is a successful tool to control and inhibit IBD. Vaccination failure could occur; however, farmers' education is necessary for successful vaccination and disease prevention/control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was executed to investigate the embryotoxic effect of in-ovo inoculation of aflatoxigenic fungal extracts isolated from poultry feed and its ingredients. A total of 12 aflatoxigenic fungal isolates were randomly selected for determination of their embryo toxicity potential. The extract of each fungal isolate containing 10 and 100 ng/egg aflatoxin (AF), from each isolate were separately injected through chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route into 12 embryos (96 hours old). The parameters studied included embryo mortality, hatchability, body weight, relative organ weights, gross and histopathological lesions. A variable degree of mortality and hatchability was observed in embryos administered same dose of AF produced by different isolates. However, calculations based upon the concentration of AFB1 in each dose revealed high mortality in embryos receiving higher amount of AFB1 compared with those receiving lower amount of AFB1. Embryonic mortality was 25.00 and 66.67% in embryos which received 0.00 and 9.83 ng/egg AFB1, respectively. In one case, however, 16.67% mortality was present in embryos which received 2.19 ng/egg AFB1. Similarly in AF 100 group, embryonic mortality reached 100% in embryos receiving above 90 ng/egg AFB1. For eggs receiving AFB1 between 78.83 and 84.64 ng/egg, morality was 50 and 83.3%, respectively. All the treatment groups had significantly higher relative weight of liver and kidney than control. Fatty change and individual cell necrosis were significantly higher in AF-100 compared with AF-10 group. In kidneys, congestion and tubular necrosis were significantly higher in AF-100 than that in AF-10 group. Microscopically, liver and kidneys showed severe changes in chicks produced from eggs of high dose groups compared with those of low dose groups suggesting a dose related response. In conclusion inoculation of aflatoxigenic fungal extracts leads to high embryonic mortality and embryonic toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to explore the clinico-hematological and genotoxic effects in fresh water fish (Labeo rohita) exposed to various concentrations of butachlor (chloroacetanilide herbicide). For this purpose 30 fish weighing about 500-600 g were randomly allocated to five equal groups (A-E) and treated with various concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mg/L) of butachlor. Blood samples were collected from each fish after 48, 72 and 96 h of post treatment and fresh thin blood smears were made for cellular abnormalities. All the fish kept in group A did not reveal any clinical and behavioral ailments. However, various clinical signs such as rapid breathing, gasping at the water surface, restlessness, opercular movement, loss of equilibrium and erratic swimming were observed at higher concentrations (0.75 and 1.00 mg/L) of herbicide. The results showed that the erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit and lymphocyte values were significantly (P<0.05) decreased while significantly increased total leukocyte counts were recorded. Significantly increased incidence of different morphological and nuclear abnormalities such as pear shape erythrocyte, microcyte, tear shape erythrocyte, erythrocytes with micronuclei, lobed, blebbed and notched nuclei and cells with nuclear remnants were observed. The results suggested that butachlor poses serious clinico-hematological and mutagenic effects in fish and may be hazardous to the other species when those are exposed to this herbicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyriproxyfen (PPF), a well-known synthetic substance, acts as an analog of juvenile insect hormone and is persistently used as insecticides as well as larvicides across the globe. At present, meager information is available about the potential threats of PPF in aquatic species. Therefore, this study determined the toxico-pathologic effects of PPF in fish. In the current trial, 60 fish (Labeo rohita) of the same age, size, and body mass were randomly divided into four groups (T0-T3) and kept separate in glass aquaria with 100L water. Fish in groups T1-T3 were exposed to 300, 600, and 900μg/L of PPF concentrations for one month. On days 10, 20, and 30 of the experiment, blood and other visceral organs were collected from each fish. The findings revealed a variety of clinical ailments in treated fish and a significant (P<0.05) difference in the body weight of specific visceral organs. The erythrocyte counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin reduced significantly while total leukocyte counts, and neutrophils as well as liver, kidneys, and heart biomarkers values increased significantly (P<0.05) compared to unexposed fish. At the microscopic level, different lesions in the liver including edema, necrosis, inflammatory exudate, and kidneys necrosis, edema, widening of Bowman's space and necrosis of tubules, brain microgliosis, hemorrhages, pyknosis of neurons, and degeneration and in heart (neutrophilic myocarditis, edema, disruption of cardiac myofibers) were observed in treated fish. The results of our experimental study shed light on blood, serum biochemistry, and the potential microscopic risks of PPF in freshwater fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to evaluate the toxicopathological effects of feeding of ochratoxin contaminated feeds to broiler chicks for 21 and 35 days. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously. In these experiment six groups each having 75 chicks were maintained and offered feeds containing 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg OTA. Half of the birds from each group of both experiments were killed on days 21 and 35, respectively. Remaining birds of all the groups were switched to basal feed and killed on day 42 of the experiment. Birds killed in both experiments showed a significant decrease in the feed intake and body weight in OTA fed groups. OTA associated clinical signs and behavioral alterations included diarrhea, depression, increased water intake and ruffled feathers. The highest mortality was 12 and 20 percent observed in birds fed 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg OTA, respectively. OTA fed birds showed a significant increase in the relative weights of liver and kidneys while decrease in weight of bursa of Fabricius and thymus. Gross lesions in liver and kidneys included enlargement, paler discoloration, friable consistency and hemorrhages. Microscopic changes in the kidneys included congestion and tubular epithelial cell necrosis. Liver showed vacuolar degeneration along with individual cell necrosis in birds fed 0.2-0.8 mg/kg OTA. Birds killed on day 35 of the intoxication showed changes similar to those observed in 21 days old birds with the exception of increased severity of these alterations in 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg OTA groups. In conclusion, present study suggested that OTA induced pathological alterations were dependent upon dose and duration of exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Ochratoxin A (OTA) upon production and breeding parameters in White Leghorn (WL) breeder hens. For this purpose, 84 WL breeder hens were divided into seven groups (A-G). The hens in these groups were maintained on feed contaminated with OTA @ 0.0 (control), 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/Kg, respectively for 21 days. These hens were artificially inseminated with semen obtained from healthy roosters kept on OTA free feed. Egg production and their quality parameters were recorded. Fertile eggs obtained from each group were set for incubation on weekly basis. At the end of the experiment, hens in each group were killed to determined gross and microscopic lesions in different organs. OTA residue concentrations were determined in extracts of liver, kidneys and breast muscles by immunoaffinity column elution and HPLC-Fluorescent detection techniques. Feeing OTA contaminated diet resulted in a significant decrease in egg mass and egg quality parameters. Liver and kidneys showed characteristic lesions of ochratoxicosis. Residue concentration (ng/g) of OTA in the hens fed 10 mg/kg OTA, was the highest in liver (26.336±1.16) followed by kidney (8.223±0.85) and were least in breast muscles (1.235±0.21). Embryonic mortalites were higher, while hatachabilites of the chicks were lower in the groups fed higher doses of OTA. Feeding OTA contaminated diets to breeder hen resulted in residues accumulation in their tissues along with significantly reduced production and breeding performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted on a total of 592 buffaloes and 453 cattle in their different stages of lactation to investigate the biochemical changes occurring in milk due to mastitis. California Mastitis Test (CMT) was used to diagnose the mammary gland infection. The results revealed significant (P<0.0001) increase in pH, electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde and total dissolved solids, while decrease in fat, protein, lactose and solids not fat in milk samples of both mastitic buffaloes and cattle. The total somatic cell and neutrophil counts were significantly higher, while the macrophage and lymphocytes were lower in the milk of mastitic animals. The enzymes including lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase along with sodium were significantly higher in mastitic than healthy buffaloes. It was similar in cattle as well, with the exception of aspartate aminotransferase which was non-significant in cattle. The values of potassium, phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron were significantly higher in the milk of mastitic animals. The copper levels were significantly (P<0.0001) lower in mastitic than in healthy buffaloes, while it showed non-significant difference in cattle. The investigation of enzymes, lipid peroxidation product and milk electrical conductivity in present study appeared suitable diagnostic tools for identification of mastitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black Aspergilli are second most important cause of contamination of poultry feed and their by-products with ochratoxin-A after Aspergillus ochraceous in Pakistan. A total of 23 black Aspergilli were isolated from poultry feeds. Of these black Aspergilli samples, 12 (52.17%) were toxigenic (Ochratoxin A). A PCR based molecular method of cloning and sequencing of ITS (internal transcribed spacer) regions of fungal DNA was developed to identify these fungi. A universal pair of primers (ITS1 and ITS4) was used and PCR product (600 bp) for A. niger was amplified. These specific universal primers of ITS region were tested for twelve DNA samples of different isolates of Aspergillus species isolated from poultry feeds. The sequencing of ITS-region provided a powerful and reliable tool for identification of black Aspergilli responsible for the production of ochratoxin-A in poultry feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammary cancer is the most prevalent canine tumor and frequently results in death. This study was carried out for the diagnosis of three canine breast tumors based on clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemistry, and in situ TUNEL assay. Firstly, the morphology of tumor cells was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. We found two cases of ductal carcinoma characterized by ductal dilatation and one case of solid carcinoma characterized by extensive connective tissue proliferation. Immunohistochemical assay in paraffin-embedded sections immediately followed surgical removal. The results demonstrated that the expression level of Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), p53, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) proteins were abnormal. Finally, in situ TUNEL showed a significant decrease in apoptotic cells in canine breast tumors (P<0.01). Taken together, clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemistry, and in situ TUNEL assay will provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of breast tumors in dogs under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine mastitis is an inflammatory response mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Lysin is a cell wall hydrolase encoded and synthesized by a bacteriophage, which can kill specific Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, phage lysin “LysGH15” is used to treat the mice mastitis caused by S. aureus. The purified lysGH15 showed strong bactericidal activity in vitro. When treated with 25μg/mL of the LysGH15, the bacterial counts of S. aureus dropped approximately 5 log units within 10 min. In the in vivo experiments, the administration of LysGH15 significantly (P<0.05) reduced the colonies of S. aureus and alleviated damage to the breast tissue. Also, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in breast tissue were significantly decreased. It indicates that the LysGH15 can effectively treat the murine mastitis caused by S. aureus. This study demonstrated the potential of LysGH15 as an alternative to antibiotics for treating bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was planned to find out the hemato-biochemical effects of thiamethoxam (TMX) in the commercial layer. For this purpose, a total of 75 birds of 30 weeks age were purchased from a commercial farm. Birds were equally divided into five groups A, B, C, D and E. Standard housing conditions were provided to all birds by providing optimum temperature and humidity. Different dosages of TMX including 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg.bwt were administered to B, C, D and E, respectively. Group A served as control. The trial continued for 45 days that was the peak production period. All groups were monitored daily for physiological parameters including feed consumption, egg production, and eggshell thickness. Blood with and without anticoagulant was collected for hemato-biochemical parameters. Adverse effects on FCR and egg production were recorded in laying hens. Eggshell thinning was also evident. Anemia was a consistent finding in all the TMX treated groups. Physiological impairments of the liver and kidney biomarkers have also been recorded in treatment groups as compared to control. Thus, it can be concluded here that sub-lethal doses of TMX have adverse effects on production performance, hematology and biochemistry of the laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, infectious and devastating disease of small ruminants, especially for goats. Recently, an outbreak of PPR occurred at a goat farm in Nankana District, Punjab province, Pakistan with 100% (n=105) morbidity and 24% (25/105) mortality. The goats showed characteristic signs of PPR including high temperature, oculo-nasal discharges, diarrhea and ulcerative lesions in the oral cavity. The clinical signs, pathological lesions, hematological values, and serum biochemistry were studied. On postmortem examination, severe pneumonia and enteritis were observed in infected animals. There was marked lymphopenia, decreased erythrocytes level with increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin volume (MCV). The release of albumin and pus cells in urine indicated the kidney damage. Clinical outcome, gross lesions, and histopathological findings were suggestive of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection, which was confirmed by the application of antigenically conserved N gene-based RT-PCR. More than 70% of clinically infected animals were found positive for PPR virus (PPRV) using the RT-PCR. Further investigations carried out to understand the phylogenetic relationship revealed lineage IV PPR viruses involved in the outbreak having more than 90% similarity with isolates previously reported from Pakistan. Pakistan is still in the endemic state for PPR as various outbreaks have been reported from various regions of the country. Regular monitoring of PPR disease and viruses spread are essential for the implementation of appropriate control actions and to know the risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 60 fresh-water fish were obtained from a local fish breeding center and carefully transported in plastic bags having adequate amount of oxygen and water. After 7 days of acclimatization, all the fish were randomly divided and kept in five equal groups (A-E). The experimental fish were exposed to various concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L) of thiamethoxam for a period of 120 h. Blood and other tissue samples of each treated fish were collected after 72, 96 and 120 h. Various physical responses like operculum and bouncing movement, mucus secretion, darkening of fins, fin tremors, swimming in isolation on one side, surface breathing and erratic swimming were observed in fish treated with higher concentrations. Results indicated that the values of red blood cell counts (RBCs), packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were significantly lower and white blood cell (WBCs) and neutrophil counts increased significantly in thiamethoxam treated fish as compared to unexposed fish. The frequency of various nuclear (micronuclei, erythrocytes with nuclear remnant, erythrocytes with condensed nuclei and erythrocytes without nucleus) and morphological changes (leptocytes, stomatocytes, dividing erythrocytes and tear shape erythrocyte) intreated fish was significantly higher as compared to control group. Microscopic analysis of gills tissues of various experimental fish exhibited atrophy of secondary lamellae, pyknosis of lamellar epithelial pillar cells, lamellar degeneration, congestion, aneurysm and curling of lamellae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometritis has recently become one of the most important infectious diseases in donkey breeding farms in China. However, so far, no research has been conducted to confirm the causative agents. In the present study, one breeding farm was selected as a research model for isolation and identification of causative agents and epidemiological investigation. Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus was isolated from the uterus of symptomatic and asymptomatic donkeys and identified by PCR and MALDI-TOF MS analysis. On the farm, the infection rate was 57.1%, which indicated that endometritis is a severe problem and needs to pay much attention to donkey breeding farms. Moreover, female donkeys without mating experience were all negative which suggested the transmitting route might be artificial insemination or related handlings. This study will lead to a great understanding of the causative agent and epidemiological characteristics for endometritis in intensive donkey breeding farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was designed to investigate the toxico-pathological effects of cadmium in female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and their attenuation by silymarin. A total of 120 quail chicks of four weeks of age were assigned into six groups and given basal feed, Cd1 (150 mg.kg-1 feed), Cd2 (300 mg.kg-1 feed) and SL (250 mg.kg-1 feed) alone and in combinations for 60 days. Hematological parameters, serum biochemical profile, feed intake, bodyweights, relative organ weights, egg production and histopathological alterations in kidney and oviduct were noted. Our results showed dose dependent decrease in mean relative weight of oviduct but increase in liver, intestine, kidney and spleen in groups treated with Cd only. Feed intake was decreased in Cd groups compared with control and bodyweight of Cd treated groups was lower as compared with control and SL groups. The Hb and PCV values were low but higher values of blood urea, creatinine, and serum activity of AST and ALT were observed in Cd treated groups only. Reduced height of mucosal folds collapsed tubular glands, nuclear degenerative changes and infiltration of plasma cells in parenchymatous tissue of oviduct were observed in Cd treated groups only. Moreover, Cd exposure resulted into hemorrhage, casts in tubules, infiltration of mononuclear cells, tubular necrosis and fibrosis in kidneys. Egg production was also lower in Cd treated groups as compared with control group. It may be concluded that Cd has strong nephrotoxic and gonadotoxic effects and SL may effectively ameliorate these toxic effects completely at lower doses but partially at higher doses of Cd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins contamination of poultry feeds is a global issue faced by the poultry industry due to increase demand and provision of poor quality cereal grains. The current experimental study was designed to investigate concurrent administration of aflatoxins and fowl adenovirus in commercial broilers. Fowl adenovirus-4 is reemerging in Pakistan including its horizontal and vertical transmission. A total of 120 one day old birds were divided into six equal groups (A-F). Groups A was kept as control, B and C were fed AFB1 100 and 200 ppb respectively, whereas group D, E and F were administered FAdV-4, AFB1 100 +FAdV-4, AFB1 200 + FAdV-4, respectively. Hemoglobin concentration, erythrocytic count and leukocytic count of all the groups significantly decreased as compared to control group. Hematocrit (%) of group C, E and F was significantly lower as compared to group A. Serum concentration of creatinine, urea, ALT, AST and GGT significantly increased in all groups as compared to control group in a dose dependent manner. It might be concluded that AFB1 intoxication in FAdV-4 infected birds potentiated the hepatic and renal damage as indicated by increased values of urinary and hepatic biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphates being acetylcholine esterase inhibitors are immoderately used as insecticides on a variety of agriculture crops. Toxicity of such compounds like chlorpyrifos (CPF) poses serious health issues to the individuals at risk. The concentrations below the probable occupational exposure were selected to ascertain the extent of dermal damage in experimentally exposed animals. To determine CPF induced dermal toxicity, a total of 24 adult albino rabbits of both genders and of the same age group was categorized as group A and B, respectively. Group A was further sub grouped into A1 (all males) and A2 (all females). Similarly, group B was divided into B1 (all males) and B2 (all females). Four different dosing sites of one square inch each were selected. For naked topical CPF application, each animal of sub group A1 and A2 topically dosed 500µl of 20%, 30% CPF ethanolic solution, its commercial formulation and ethanol (control) on four dosing sites separately. The dosage of CPF solutions (20% & 30%), commercial formulation and ethanol (control) were repeated every 24 hours for 72 hours and observed for 96 hours. Similar groups were made for occluded topical CPF. Treated animals were observed for gross dermal lesions (erythema scoring of varying grades). Skin tissues from treated sites were taken and processed for histopathological and morphometric changes. Erythema scoring was increased in animals treated with high doses of CPF both in different concentration and commercial preparations in a dose dependent response. The number of layers of erythema in chemically exposed skins of rabbits was also increased in dose dependent response both in naked and occluded groups. The dermal insult induced in both exposure concentrations at par with the commercial preparation indicated the level of toxicity of this compound and public health consequences might be predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study pure Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was given to broiler birds at the rate of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800μg/kg feed for 28 days. Birds of experimental groups intoxicated with 50, 100 and 200µ/kg feed did not show any clinical and behavior alteration. Birds of experimental groups intoxicated with 400 and 800µg/kg showed depression, ruffled feathers and had decreased feed intake, increased water consumption with soft to watery feces. Birds fed 800µg/kg AFB1 for 28 days also exhibited nervous signs (torticollis). Mortality occurred in all treatment groups with the exception of those given 50 and 100µg/kg AFB1 for 28 days. Clinical signs and mortality percentages score increased with the increase in AFB1 levels. Dose related significantly decreased in relative organs weight were recorded in all groups with the exception of birds given 50 and 100µg/kg AFB1 for 28 days. Significantly increased scores of gross lesions were recorded with increasing dietary levels of AFB1. The present study concluded that, AFB1 at level of 50µg/kg feed did not show any behavioral, gross and pathological effect on broilers when fed continuously for 28 day. In other groups pathological changes were seen in dose related manner. Severe changes were seen in higher dose levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was designed to probe pathological effects of colistin in growing broilers. One hundred twenty day-old broiler chicks were divided into six equal groups A-F. These birds were injected colistin sulphate, 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg BW respectively through intramuscular route. The different serum-biochemical parameters including total protein, albumen, globulin, ALT, AST, LDH, GGT, creatinine and BUN were determined at day 21 and 42 of experiment. The hematological parameters including RBC, WBC, PCV and Hb were determined twice. The serum total protein values were significantly higher in group E as compared with control group. At day 42 groups, C-E had significantly lower albumen values as compared to group A. The similar pattern was observed in globulin values. The creatinine & urea was also found significantly higher in group D and E at day 21 of experiment, while at day 42 all the groups having significantly higher urea level in comparison with group A indicating nephrotoxic effect of colistin. The serum enzymes including ALT and AST were significantly higher in group D & E as compared with group A, which is an indication of liver damage. The LDH and GGT values showed significantly increasing trend in experimental groups compared with control. The erythrocytes and leucocytes count were significantly higher in control and low dose groups as compared with higher colistin dose groups. It is concluded that lavish parenteral administration of colistin resulted in increased levels of hepato-renal serum indicators and lower values of hematological parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was aimed at exploring the activity of combined crude aqueous methanol extracts (CAMEs) of Nicotiana (N.) tabacum leaves and Azadirachta (A.) indica seed kernels to control levamisole (LEV) and ivermectin (IVM)-resistant Haemonchus (H.) contortus in sheep. The in vivo fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) demonstrated rampancy of resistance among H. contortus populations against LEV and IVM. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between groups treated with the combined plant extracts compared to other groups treated with solitary N. tabacum and A. indica. The recorded FECR% at low (1+1g kg-1 BW) and high (2+2g kg-1 BW) doses was 52.71 and 94.59, respectively for the combined extracts, whilst for N. tabacum at low (2g kg-1 BW) and high (4g kg-1 BW) doses, the FECR% was 87.5 and 88.6, respectively. Moreover, the FECR% for A. indica was 45.62 and 85.14 at low (2g kg-1 BW) and high (4g kg-1 BW) doses, respectively. There was a dose and time dependent ovicidal and adulticidal activity of CAMEs with estimated LC50 values of 0.523, 0.566 and 1.169 µg ml-1 for the combined extracts, solitary N. tabacum and A. indica, respectively in egg hatch assay (in vitro test). The estimated LC50 values in adult motility test (in vitro test) 10 hours post-exposure were 0.17, 0.20 and 0.80 mg ml-1 the combined extracts, sole N. tabacum and A. indica, respectively. Accordingly, the aforementioned combined extracts at high dose were more efficacious than solitary N. tabacum and A. indica and, thus, can be used to restrict rampancy of LEV and IVM-resistant H. contortus populations parasitized in sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and total aflatoxins (AF) in broiler meat at market age. During one year period a total of 264 samples from 199 healthy and 65 sick flocks were collected. AFB1 residues in liver, kidneys and muscles of healthy birds were detected in 75.9, 44.7 and 21.6% samples, and the highest individual levels were 2.0, 0.99 and 0.49 ng/g, respectively. AFB1 residues in liver muscle and kidneys of sick birds were detected in 89.2, 70.8 and 55.4% and the highest individual levels were 7.99, 3.99 and 1.99 ng/g, respectively. The AFB1 residue level in 0.5% liver samples of healthy birds were 2 ng/g whereas in sick birds 23.1 and 6.2% of liver and kidneys had AFB1 residues above 2.0 ng/g. AFB1 levels in the muscles of both healthy and sick birds were below 2.0 ng/g. Among healthy birds none of the tissues had AF residue levels above 4 ng/g whereas in sick birds, 24.6 and 7.7% liver and kidneys had AF residues above 4.0 ng/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present field study was conducted for confirmation of chicken infectious anemia (CIA) in White Leghorn (WL) commercial layer birds. A total of 60 farms were investigated. Birds from each farm ware necropsied for the presence of lesions on different visceral organs. Samples of blood and different tissues were collected for hematology, histopathology, DNA extraction and PCR amplification using specific primers for CIA virus. There was severe anemia indicated by low hematocrit values (10.9 to 17.2%) and hemoglobin concentration (5.3 to 6.7 g/dl). The petechial hemorrhages were present on subcutaneous tissue, epicardium, endocardium and gizzard mucosa. The liver and bone marrow were pale in appearance. The mortality ranged from 5 to 14 % on different farms. Samples of liver and spleen from 15 farms were subjected to PCR analysis for CIAV infection by amplifying the 186-bp region on highly conserved VP-2 coding gene using CAV1 and CAV2 primer pair. Presence of CIAV was confirmed in 67 and 33 percent samples of liver and spleen, respectively. A total of 13/15 farms (87%) were found positive for CIA. The results of present study confirmed the presence of CAV infection in WL commercial layer birds in current outbreak. It is concluded that extensive molecular epidemiological studies are required at national level to assess the prevalence of disease. Breeder flocks should be vaccinated to control CIA in commercial layer flocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to compare the effect of 3 formulations Barbour- Stoenner-Kelly (BSK) medium on the growth of Borrelia (B.) anserina, the causative agent of avian borreliosis. Three different formulations of BSK medium (BSK-H, BSK-II and BSK-H complete medium) were prepared. For the isolation of B. anserina, Argas ticks were inoculated in all the three (BSK-H, BSK-II and BSKH complete) formulations of BSK medium. All the samples were also observed for the impact of BSK medium on the growth (Generation time, Growth per hour, Specific growth rate) of B. anserina. Phase contrast microscopy was performed for the observation of viable B. anserina cells, and additional confirmation of all the isolates was done by performing indirect immunofluorescence assay and PCR. BSK-H complete medium supplemented with 6% rabbit serum and sodium bicarbonate was found best when compared to two other formulations of BSK medium with respect to the isolation, generation time and growth rate of Borrelia spirochetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gentamicin is an effective and economical drug used to control infectious diseases in poultry but is highly toxic and had slow clearance from the body. This study aimed to report three cases of gentamicin toxicity in three White Leghorn (WLH) layer flocks in different poultry producing areas of Pakistan. In first case, gentamicin was injected in a 9000 WLH layer flock @ 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) for seven times during 9-15 weeks for age. In second case, gentamicin was injected in a flock of 7500 WLH layers @ 25 mg/kg BW for four times during 17-18 weeks of age. In third case, gentamicin was injected in flock of 16000 WLH layers @ 22.22 mg/kg BW three times in 20-21 weeks of age. Flock wise mortality was 8.69, 82.63 and 71.86%, respectively. Birds were dehydrated, emaciated and had prominent keel bone. Clinical signs included dehydration, decreased body weight leading to emaciation, decreased feed intake, increased water intake and watery diarrhea. Necropsy revealed prominent keal bone, shrunken muscles swollen kidneys bulging out from bony sockets. Petechial and echymotic hemorrhages were present on heart and skeletal muscles. Liver was enlarged with hemorrhagic streaks on its surface. Microscopically, hemorrhages and acute tubular necrosis was recorded in kidneys. Liver had hemorrhages, cellular infiltration and vacuolar (fatty) degeneration of hepatocytes. From the results, it could be concluded that overdosing and repeated administration of gentamicin was highly toxic to birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to find toxico-pathological effects of cottonseed meal (CSM) in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Male birds (n=48) were equally divided into four groups (A to D). Three isonitric and isocaloric experimental feeds were formulated by replacing soybean meal with three levels of CSM i.e., 13, 27 and 41%. The respective feed was offered to the birds ad libitum for the duration of experiment (42 days). Clinical signs, behavioral alterations, feed consumption, body weight, absolute and relative organ weight, hematological and biochemical parameters along with gross and histopathological lesions were studied. In group B and C, birds were temporarily depressed but later on became active. In group D, birds remained dull and depressed and 66.7% mortality was recorded. Body weight, absolute and relative organ weight was non-significantly different in treatment groups compared with control. Feed intake at week 1 was significantly low in group D while during remaining experiment; it differed non-significantly in all the treatment groups compared with control. Testicular volume at day 21 was significantly (P<0.05) low in group D. Significantly low serum total proteins and albumin in groups B and C and hematocrit values in all the groups and hemoglobin concentration in group D were recorded at day 42 of experiment. It was concluded that CSM 13% level did not have any deleterious effect on the feed conversion and body weight but the reproductive performance of the male Japanese quail was affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]