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Diversity and distribution patterns of pollinator assemblages were explored at Deva Vatala National Park (DVNP), Bhimber, AJK, Pakistan. Sampling was recorded fortnightly by using pan traps, sweep nets, and handpicking. A one-year survey of pollinator fauna was recorded from selected locales of DVNP from October 2019 to September 2020. We observed the same species richness in all three study sites, but a great difference was observed in species abundance. A total of 5565 individuals of 58 species belonging to 23 families and four orders were collected from DVNP. Barmala was reported as the highest abundant site (2815 individuals), followed by the Vatala (1832 individuals) and Deva (918 individuals). SIMPER analysis indicated an overall dissimilarity of Deva-Vatala (18.88%), Deva-Barmala (29.12%), and Vatala- Barmala (10.84%). The biological dissimilarity was evaluated and based on insect taxonomy indicated that Coccinella septempunctata, Sceliphron madraspatanum, Aedes albopictus, Eristalis tenax, Crambus albellus, Zonitoschema melanarthra, Zonitoschema gibdoana, Camponotus vagus, Polistes carolira, and Episyrphus viridaureus were the main contributing species in the community dissimilarity. Results showed significant differences between Vatala - Deva with higher Shannon value in Vatala (H’ = 4.03) than Deva (H’ = 3.92), Deva-Barmala with higher Shannon index in Barmala (H’ = 4.05) than Deva (H’ = 3.92) and Vatala-Barmala have a higher average value of Shannon diversity in Barmala (H’ = 4.05) than Vatala (H’ = 4.03). DVNP offers habitat and plentiful resources for the insect pollinator assemblages of four major insect orders, viz. Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera. We detected variations in the abundance of different insect groups (orders, families, and species) during different seasons and study sites within DVNP. This study emphasizes the conduct of research work based on more explorative surveys in association with vegetation types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8-weeks feeding experiment was performed to study the requirement of vitamin E for rohu fingerlings. Six practical diets were fed to fingerlings including one control diet (E0) and five test diets (E25, E50, E75, E100 and E125) supplemented with graded vitamin E levels including 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg/kg. After the completion of trial, fish growth, vitamin E, antioxidant enzymes activities and fatty acids profile was determined. From the results it was concluded that the graded supplemental vitamin E levels improve the utilization of feed and fish growth. The antioxidant enzymes activities also showed significant results by increasing vitamin E level in the diet. However, an inverse relation was recorded between the contents of liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and vitamin E level in the diet. Moreover, analysis of fatty acids profile showed decrease in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). While, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were increased in all vitamin E supplemented diets compared to control group. Furthermore, vitamin E level of 80.62 mg/kg was found optimum for maximum growth performance in L. rohita fingerlings, beyond which no increase in growth was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dietary effect of vitamin E supplementation on fingerlings of Labeo rohita during refrigerated storage was investigated. Six graded levels of vitamin E, between 0-125 mg/kg vitamin E, were fed to fish. After 60-day feeding trial, fish were sacrificed, fillets were stored in refrigerator at -20°C and analyzed on 0, 15 and 30th day of storage. Upon refrigeration the vitamin E fed fish showed reduced level of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) at all storage days. The enzyme activities were improved by elevating the levels of vitamin E in diet as well as by storage period (P < 0.05) for all treatments. Fatty acid profile indicated that n-3, n-6 fatty acids and the ratios of ARA/EPA and n-3/n-6 were increased by increasing vitamin E supplementation and decreased with an increase in the storage period. Conclusively, the dietary vitamin E reduced lipid peroxidation and improved the fillet quality of stored fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]