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The poultry industry is one of the most important/vibrant sectors in the livestock industry. Feed economics is highly important in the production of poultry, especially in intensive farming. Protein intake is the key factor for the sustainable production process and growth rates. Mainly soybean and fish meal is used to fulfill the protein requirements in poultry feed, however, currently, soybean meal and other conventional protein ingredients are facing the problem of shortage supply resultantly increasing in prices. So, there is an urgent need to explore other alternatives and cheaper protein sources. In the past 20 years, amongst different alternative protein sources, private companies and research institutes have focused on the use of algae, insects, and other invertebrates in poultry diets whereas particular attention needs to be paid to the dietary use of earthworms as it is a good and palatable source of protein. Earthworms can be successfully used as an alternative protein source for poultry and aquaculture as an environmentally friendly protein feed ingredient. In this review, we summarize the suitability, productivity, and effectiveness of earthworm meals as an alternative protein ingredient in poultry diets The research has investigated the use of earthworm meal in fish and poultry feed and exhibited an increase in body weight, feed conversion ratio, feed intake, and growth rates in broilers as well as an increase in egg production in layers. The research has shown dietary inclusion level of earthworm meal in the fish diet is successfully up to 25-30% whilst its inclusion level in the broiler diet should not go beyond 15%. Supplementation of earthworm meals in broiler and aquaculture diets may trigger production performances without affecting the quality of the final product. The goal of this review is to deliver the recent scenario of research on earthworm meal; to offer a better understanding of its use as a novel feed ingredient for sustainable poultry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peatlands are recognized for their ecological significance and vital role in global carbon sequestration and are facing threats worldwide. This research links plantation forestry to water color due to dissolved organic carbon in the waters of the peatlands of Deosai National Park, District Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, in the context of water quality and its sustainable conservation. The research question of the study is, do plantation forests enhance dissolved organic carbon concentration? Monitoring of the amounts of dissolved organic carbon in seepage water taken from peatlands and forests in Gilgit-Baltistan's Deosai National Park provides an answer to this question. The results depict a lower concentration level of dissolved organic carbon in forest samples as compared to peatland samples from Deosai National Park waters. Because the litter in mature forest crops is more consolidated, less dissolved organic carbon leaches. Further studies that focus on a more detailed sampling regime for data collection are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was evaluated to find out the serum antibody titer of broiler breeders raised under different rearing systems (cage vs. floor) against Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis disease virus. Two hundred and forty-day-old broiler breeders were equally divided into six groups Floor (V+CH), (V+Not CH) and (Not V+CH) and cage (V+CH), (V+Not CH), and (Not V+CH). Birds were vaccinated with Mukteswar, La Sota, and Massachusetts M41 in 1st week, 3rd week, and 4th week. Blood /serum samples were collected at 42 days of age. Collected data were analyzed by using a complete randomized design. The geometric mean titer (GMT) for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of broiler breeders reared under floor versus cage housing system was measured by using the hem agglutination inhibition test and the defensive potentiality of vaccines was measured by determining the survivability rate of chickens by challenge infection. Birds vaccinated and virus-challenged showed a protective antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus in both housing systems. Significantly higher GMT was recorded for the non-vaccinated group having virus-challenged in cage female (9.76 ±0.34) and floor female (9.94 ±0.23). Protective antibody titer was calculated for broiler breeders who were regularly vaccinated. There were no significant differences (P≥0.05) observed in the cage versus floor housing system. Higher serum antibody titer in caged females (9.22±0.36) and floor (8.98±0.32) was calculated due to infection challenges. Morbidity and mortality were significantly affected by the cage and floor-rearing system. Frequencies of diseased birds and mortality were found higher on the floor compared to cages in the non-vaccinated group. Despite the regular vaccination sick female broiler breeders were found higher compared to cage broiler breeders. In the non-vaccinated group floor reared birds have a higher percentage of morbidity and mortality compared to cages. In conclusion cage and floor-rearing systems have no adverse effect on serum antibody titer and survivability of broiler breeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiment was conducted at the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan to determine integrated effect of nitrogenous fertilizer and synthetic insecticides on aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Homoptera: Aphididae) population in canola crop during 2010-11. Results showed that tested insecticides significantly reduced aphid population compared to control. Minimum (8.67aphids) were recorded after 3rd week of treatment with karate 2.5 EC (625ml.ha-1) using medium dose (58kg.ha-1) of nitrogen fertilizer. The same treatment also provided maximum (1246.91kg.ha-1) grains yield. It was concluded from the present studies that tested levels of nitrogen fertilizer had no effect on aphid population, while synthetic insecticides significantly reduced pest infestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presented a leading and more secured least significant bits stegnography technique having variable information hiding capacity and signal to noise ratio (SNR). Hiding capacity was enhanced by sacrificing signal to noise ratio (SNR) and vice versa. A give and take was made between the capacity and SNR depending on the situation it was used in. The presented stegnography technique offered a very large key size, to extract covered information, in addition to basic purpose of stegnography. The key size was directly related to cover image size and the number of bits variation used for information hiding. The key was kept secret and shared with the intended party only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an ongoing development from allowable stress design to ultimate strength design (USD) and to the present performance based design (PBD) of RC buildings. Serviceability design stated nothing about strength requirements and capacity ratios. The PBD however, ensured that the member and structure as a whole reached a desired demand level. Under extreme shaking, the design based on simple elastic analysis could not predict the performance of the structures in inelastic range. Non-linear analysis however could determine the behavior of the buildings under extreme lateral loads. Intermediate rise RC building modeled on SAP2000 was designed for various seismic zones of Pakistan and their performance was evaluated. The results revealed that the buildings designed with USD although performed satisfactorily but the soft storey mechanisms were not well controlled. Moreover, for intermediate rise buildings, shear failure almost governed the final failure mode in all seismic zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed at examining the impact of servant leadership on workplace spirituality. Throughout history among various leadership models, servant leadership is a peculiar model of leadership where leader is servant first. Concept of servant leadership has roots in religious teachings, thus its connection and impact on workplace spirituality was assessed. In this study three questionnaires measured servant leadership, workplace spirituality and organizational culture. Results of the study showed that servant leadership had positive and significant relationship with workplace spirituality, with organizational culture as moderator variable that was also positively related to workplace spirituality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Coping strategies among university teachers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The research sample comprised of 222 male and 152 female university teachers. Convenient sampling technique was applied to approach the participants from five Universities of KPK. Teachers completed Self-Report Measure of Emotional Intelligence and Brief Cope Scale (in Urdu). Findings indicated significant relationship between Self Report Measure of Emotional Intelligence and coping strategies among teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory experiments were conducted in Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, Pakistan to investigate growth inhibition and toxic effect of bakain (Melia azedarach L.) seed aqueous extract on pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) infesting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during storage. Different concentrations of bakain seed extract, viz. 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025% (v/w) were evaluated. The results showed that bakain seed extract significantly reduced oviposition and suppressed adult emergence of pulse beetle. Consequently, it reduced damage and weight loss of chickpea grains. The effectiveness of bakain seed extract was found to be dose dependent. It exhibited maximum growth inhibition activity at the concentration of 0.4 and 0.3%. The treatments had no significant effect on adult life span of pulse beetle. Aqueous extract of bakain seed also showed some degree of toxicity against the pest. It caused maximum mortality of the pest at the concentration of 0.4 and 0.3% after 72 hours of release in treated chickpea grains. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that bakain seed aqueous extract could be effectively used for the management of pulse beetle during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were conducted to find out growth inhibition and repellent effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed powder on pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) infesting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during storage. Four different concentrations of neem seed powder, viz. 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1% (w/w) were evaluated. The results showed that neem seed powder significantly reduced fecundity, suppressed adult emergence of pulse beetle and consequently reduced damage and weight loss of chickpea grains. It exhibited maximum growth inhibition activity at the concentration of 0.4, 0.3 and 0.2%. The treatments had no significant effect on adult life span of pulse beetle. The tested concentrations of neem seed powder also showed some degree of repellency against the pest. Maximum repellent activity was observed at the concentration of 0.4 and 0.3%. On the basis of present findings, it was concluded that neem seed powder could be effectively used for the management of pulse beetle during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For instituting a useful research cum database, a critical description of morhometric analysis was transformed for a better mitigation option. Analysis of streams order No. 2 displayed signatures of lithologic and structural control, knick points, non-symmetrical longitudinal profile, and high value of sinuosity index (1.75) besides orientation of lineament pattern that had depicted an interface of Cymatogenic uplift for drainage basin configuration. Notably, Kaghan Valley of the Kunhar River (KR) originated from shoulder of the Nanga Parbat. Resultantly, valley had undergone tectonic pressures, being tilted northeast to southwest and suffered severe compression so the drainage showed zig zag pattern with prominent knick points. The impact of KR was added silted flow into the Jhelum River that was custodian of Mangla, the country's hydal power producing facility. The activity of KR was a point of unique significance because its future behavior might take a different pattern depending on the changing morphology of the area. The present study was to analyzed morphometric status for predicted future behavior of KR drainage system. The data so provided was of immense practical value to develop a comprehensive strategy for implementation of water resources and sustainable development projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study we examined the potentials of feeding dried garlic powder to broiler chicks. One hundred and sixty, one-day old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four replicated treatments; GE-3, GE-2 and GE-1 that received garlic @ 3, 2 and 1 g/ kg of feed, respectively, whereas GE-0 served as control. Birds were reared in floor pens (10 birds/ pen) in an open sided in optimum environmental and mangemental conditions for 42 days. Feed and water were provided ad lib and birds were vaccinated against Newcastle (ND), Infectious Bronchitis (IB) and Infectious Bursal (IBD) diseases. On day-42, three birds from each pen were randomly selected for blood collection to determine serum lipid profile using Blood Biochemical Analyzer, antibody titre using HI and ELISA kits and were killed to find out carcass yield in terms of dressing percentage. Garlic powder did not affect feed intake. However, feed efficiency, body weight gain and dressed weight were significantly improved by birds in groups GE-3 and GE-2. GE-3 had higher antibody titre against ND (4.25±0.28), IB (5.50±0.64) and IBD (5453±0.45) compared to other groups. There was a significant reduction in serum cholesterol (120.50±7.23), low-density lipoprotein (83±1.85) and triglycerides (70±1.35) and increase in high-density lipoprotein (29.12±1.73) in GE-2 compared to other groups. The difference between GE-2 and GE-3 was, however, non-significant for total cholesterol and HDL. These findings demonstrated that garlic powder can potentially be used in broiler diets to improve the immune status, growth performance and to optimize lipid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of mating ratio (male: female) and vitamin E -Selenium supplementation on egg production and egg weight of quail breeders. Total 720 Japanese quails of ten weeks of age with an average of 50% egg production were divided into four groups A, B, C and D having male: female mating ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 respectively. All the four groups were further sub-divided into vitamin E -Selenium supplemented (at the rate of 1ml/6 liters of drinking water) and control sub-groups. Each sub-group was further replicated three times with 30quails/replicate. Egg production was significantly (P<0.05) affected by mating ratio and vitamin E - Selenium supplementation. The egg production was highest (72 %) in ratio 1:4 while the least (52 %) in 1:1 ratio. The egg production with the supplementation of vitamin E -Selenium was highest (77 %) in ratio 1:4 while the least (52 %) in 1:1 ratio. Egg weight was significantly (P<0.05) affected by mating ratio but vitamin E -Selenium supplementation had no significant (P<0.05) effect on egg weight. The highest egg weight was (12.2g) for 1:3 mating group while least was (10.25gm) for 1:1 mating group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A research study was conducted at Poultry Research unit of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan to explore the effect of different levels of water based mixture infusion of Allium sativum and Withania somnifera on overall performance of broiler chicks. For this purpose 120 day old chicks were divided into four groups designated as A, B, C and D with three replicate having 10 chicks each. All chicks were reared in separate pens for 35 days in an open sided house. Group A was kept control while chicks in group B, C and D received water based infusion at rate of 5, 7.5 and 10 ml/L of drinking water respectively. Mean feed intake, water intake and weight gain was found significantly higher (P<0.05) with better feed conversion ratio (FCR) in group C and D. Significantly higher dressing percentage was recorded in group D as compared to all other groups. It is concluded that water based infusion of Withania sominefera and Allium Sativum in 1:6 ratio mixture at the rate of 10 ml/L of water improved the overall performance of broiler chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotechnology is a vital issue that impacts all of us. Development of genetically modified organisms is one of the highest achievements of this technology. It is being released throughout our environment and deployed with superficial or no risk assessments about its matchless powers to harm life. Within the next few years, many types of transgenic commodities will be ready for commercialization, including varieties with higher yields, greater tolerance of biotic and abiotic stresses, resistance to herbicides, improved nutritional quality, and novel pharmaceutical proteins. Transgenes present therein are expected to disperse to nearby weedy and wild relatives through pollenmediated gene flow. Information is scarce about health hazards, such as toxicity in GM crops. Therefore urgently need publicly available ecological assessments of the risks and benefits of transgenic crops before new varieties are released. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To monitor the effects of various levels of methanolic extract of Peganum harmala (P. harmala) on liver function in broilers birds, 28-days feeding trial involving 240 one-week old broiler chicks was carried out. The birds were grouped into four dietary treatments of -0, 200,250 and 300 mgL-1 of drinking water, which were further replicated 6 times in completely randomized design. Standard management practices were adopted, feed and water were offered ad libitum. At the end of every week, one bird was randomly selected from each replicate, bled to aspirate blood for liver enzymatic activities i.e. Alanine transaminase (ALT), Asparate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum protein determination. The liver enzymes i.e. ALT, AST and ALP showed gradual reduction in their concentration under different level of P. harmala methanolic extract. Significantly lower (P<0.05) values for ALT were found for the group Ph-250 except at day-14, where it was significantly low for group Ph-200. The AST levels were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in treated groups as compared to control at all recorded stages. The minimum values were recorded for group Ph-250 at day-14 and 35, while at day-21 and 28 no significant change was observed among the treated groups. The ALP level was significantly (P<0.05) lower in treated groups at all recorded stages. No significant change was observed in serum protein of broiler chicks at any recorded stage. It is concluded that methanolic extract of P. harmala at the dose rate of 250 mgL-1 drinking water may be used to improve serum hepatic parameters in broiler chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats by using Latex agglutination test. Blood samples were taken from sheep (50) and goats (50) from slaughter house of Lahore and local sheep & goat farms. The serum was separated and analyzed for anti Toxoplasma antibodies. The animals were divided in three groups, Group I included animals below one year, Group II consisted of 1-4 years of age and Group III 4 years and above. The 8 and 6 percent overall seroprevalence were recorded in sheep and goats respectively. Age titer relationship in sheep showed that Group III had (12.5percent), Group II (7.6 percent) and Group I had no positive case. In goats Group III had (10 percent), Group II (5.7 percent) and no seropositive case in Group I could be recorded. The infection was higher in older animals than young ones. Breed wise seroprevalence indicated that disease was recorded in 14.28 percent Kcchhi, 8.33 percent Desi (none descript) and 0.00 percent in Lohi and Thali breeds respectively. In goats 11.11 percent, 5.55 percent and 0.00 percent sero positivity cases were recorded in Teddy, Desi (none descript) and Beetal goats respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The COVID-19 pandemic have changed the worldview of healthcare paradigm; we need to Review the measures taken by multiple healthcare fields in response to this Virus, for this Studies and guidelines related to the Changing the Paradigm of healthcare post COVID-19 setting were reviewed. There are total 134 research papers from databases such as PubMed, WHO NCBI, Springer, Google Scholar, clinical related data set, Field Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Division (FEDSD), National Institute of Health (NIH), were review and it is concluded that Healthcare paradigm has is required to be transformed after COVID-19 by adding new technological advancement in all branches of medicinal services, for this local healthcare system must be powerful to 'paddle' an emergency relief. This paper looks at the latest evidence and provides recommendations for improvements to the health care system to minimize the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic and improve Public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The goal of this study was to evaluate the Perception of dental undergraduates regarding need of psychological and psychosocial support throughout their undergraduate life. A total sample of 300 dental students participated from 3 private dental colleges of Lahore. A cross sectional study was done to evaluate their needs for psychological counseling. A questionnaire was made comprising of 15 questions regarding various aspects and perceptions of counseling to evaluate its need and outcomes. The data showed 62.2% of undergraduate dental students need counseling sessions and 84.4% believes that mentoring has high impact on dentist health and practice. Data showed 71.2% will attend if confidentiality is provided and 80.1% believes these sessions will be productive. Confidentiality in counseling sessions is the most important part as there is a reluctance seen for counseling because of lack of confidentiality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Moringa oleifera has been reported as super food owing to its high nutritional value which has largely been explored in leaves with limited reports from other parts. Therefore, comparative study was designed to determine the nutritional components of different parts of M. oelifera found in Karachi, Pakistan. Samples were collected from multiple parts of M. oleifera plant. Proximate, minerals and Vitamin C analysis was carried out as per Association of Official Analytical Chemists(AOAC) methods. Amino acid contents were estimated using Amino Acid Analyzer. The protein content(g/100g dry weight basis) was high in the leaves with stalks and leaves samples compared to seedpods and stem. Caloric contents were in the order of leaves>leaves with stalk>seedpods>stem. The contents of different minerals(Ca, Fe and K) and Vitamin C varied from parts to parts with leaves showed comparatively high amount of Vitamin C and calcium. Total amino acid contents of different parts were in the order of leaves>flowers>seedpods. In conclusion, all the studied parts of M. oleifera have nutritional significance. However, leaves and seed pods due to their comparatively higher nutritional value can be more beneficial as dietary supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Aim of this study was to assess the frequency of attending the continuing professional development CPD courses by dental practitioners working in hospitals and private setup of Punjab. A cross-sectional survey of 330 dental practitioners was done using a self-administered questionnaire. The collected data were processed using SPSS 23.0., percentage contribution of each of the significant variable was obtained. practitioners with 3-8 years of years of dental practice experience are keener in attending CDE courses and 31.5% of them are attending the CDE courses at least once in 6 months while the dentist with least clinical experience are 46.5% who are attending the courses rarely. 38.5% of the dentists who are practicing in Private groups are attending CDE courses at least once in 6 months while 60.8% of dental practitioners working in hospital setups are least bothered in attending CDE courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to explore the challenges faced by dentists working in rural health centers in Punjab, Pakistan. Data from 90 general dentists was collected from 45 RHCs in Punjab using cluster sampling. The data was collected via telephonic communication by extracting contact numbers from the official website of primary and secondary health care system. The results revealed that 64.6% of general dentists working in RHCs in Punjab are performing dental emergencies while knowing the risk of being Corona positive which was contrary for performing elective dental procedures. The majority of dentists reported unnecessary emphases from the patient's side(72.2%) for executing dental emergencies which was contrary in performing elective dental procedures. Patients' rigid behavior was also reported by 88% of the dentists on treatment refusal due to covid-19 contagion while 12% of patients believed that covid-19 does not exist while considering it a political propaganda for funding from WHO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]