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Obesity is a disease and acts to develop myriad of clinical condition. Along with causing other diseases it renders difficulties in some physical and imaging examination of obese patients as a challenge. Therefore, the consistency of results has a great deal of variation for sonographer. Objective: Study was aimed to evaluate the interobserver agreement in the fetal biometry among normal and obese mothers. Methods: The study includes obese and normal pregnant females with single alive without any anomaly or growth retardation fetus. Low frequency convex array transducer is used. Total 140 Patients were included and categorized according to BMI. Inter item correlation, ICC and CRC were calculated for all variables. Bland-Altman plots were constructed. T-test was applied p-value 0.05 considered significant. Results: It was observed that the variation in normal and obese pregnant ladies in third trimester is not significant and a strong agreement between the observers in both normal and obese. Conclusion: Obesity causes many problems in sonographic fetal biometry. It was observed that the variation in normal and obese pregnant ladies in third trimester is not significant and a strong agreement between the observers in both normal and obese categories.

Renal cysts are a common finding on routine ultrasound scans. Renal cysts are easily detected with ultrasound, with its low cost, non-invasiveness and no exposure to radiation, ultrasound is an exceptional method for primary evaluation of patients with cystic lesions. Most cysts detected by chance and are benign, but they can become complex if infection, bleeding, or ischemia occur. Objective: To assess the prevalence of renal cysts and find relationship with age and sex in the study group and to outline the differential diagnosis of renal cyst by ultrasonography. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. An ultrasound examination was performed on 109 patients who were diagnosed with renal cysts. Cystic wall thickness, form, number of cysts, and acoustic enhancement were employed as sonographic criteria for evaluating renal cysts. Results: The incidence of renal cysts were more in females than in male s(52.3% vs. 47.7%). The majority of the cysts were solitary than multiple (69.7% vs. 30.3%). Most of the cysts were at lower pole cortical cysts (22.9%). Simple cyst was the most common type (90.8%), autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) was 6.4%. 59 patients were asymptomatic and 50 patients were symptomatic with flank pain as the most common symptom. Conclusions: Simple cysts are the most frequently found kidney cysts on ultrasound. Aging and hypertension were common risk factors related with renal cysts. End-stage renal failure is caused by ADPKD, which is the most prevalent genetic cause. Diagnosis and early detection of renal cyst is important, routine ultrasound scans for adults is advisable prior to getting any serious complication.

Shoulder impingement is the painful entrapment of the soft tissues in the shoulder outlet. Currently, dynamic sonography of the shoulder is the modality of choice for the evaluation of shoulder impingement syndrome. However, the current sonographic criteria for the evaluation of shoulder impingement is more subjective (operator dependent). And it is rather difficult for a novice observer to diagnose it. The measurable distance between acromion and greater tuberosity is during shoulder abduction is considered for shoulder impingement syndrome. Objective: To estimate the accuracy of the acromion to greater tuberosity distance in shoulder abduction as a sonographic diagnostic parameter for the shoulder impingement syndrome. Methods: Seven hundred and seventy-two shoulders were observed in this study. All the shoulders were evaluated with Toshiba Xario Prime ultrasound Unit with linear transducer 7-14MHz. Acromion to greater tuberosity distance was measured during the abducted arm. All the shoulders with measurable distance during abduction were declared as positive for impingement while unmeasurable distance due to disappearance of the greater tuberosity underneath the acromion was normal. Results: At 95% confidence interval, the sensitivity, and specificity with lower and upper limits, of the acromion to greater tuberosity distance during abduction for the diagnosis of shoulder impingement syndrome were 0.9731% (95.25 to 98.49%) and 100% (98.49 to 100%) respectively. While the positive-predictive and negative-predictive value were 100% (98.22% to 100%) and 97.12% (94.96% to 98.37%) respectively. However, the overall Accuracy at 95% confidence interval was 98.45% (97.30% to 99.20%). There was a high-grade interobserver (novice and expert) agreement in the diagnosis of shoulder impingement through this criteria with a Kappa value of 0.96. Conclusion: Sonographically measurable acromion to greater tuberosity distance in abduction is a more accurate, reliable, and objective technique for the diagnosis of shoulder impingement syndrome.