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Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of a CT scan for detecting ongoing internal bleeding following torso injury, keeping operative findings as the gold standard. Study Design: Cross-sectional validation study. Place and Duration of Study: Radiology Department, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad Pakistan, from Jul 2021 to Oct 2021. Methodology: Contrast-enhanced CT was carried out for 100 patients with torso injury to detect the incidence of extravasated contrast material, an outcome that signifies any active haemorrhages present. The findings were then compared with the peroperative findings of the patient. Results: We detected active haemorrhages in 48 out of 100 patients on Computed Tomography. A total of 83 injury sites were recorded. Active haemorrhages were mostly visible through the spill of contrast agents in a jet stream in 61(73.4%) out of 83 injury sites. Immediate surgical intervention was performed on all the patients who were detected with active haemorrhages on CT, which confirmed the findings. In 3 patients out of 100, CT did not detect active haemorrhage, but surgical intervention showed active haemorrhage on intra-peritoneal sites. Computed Tomography had a high diagnostic accuracy for torso injuries (97.0 %) with a sensitivity of 94. 11 % and a specificity of 100 %. Conclusion: Instantaneous surgical intervention is obligatory whenever contrast extravasation is identified on Computed Tomography (CT).

Objective: To associate the findings of CT scan with the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) of cases presenting with head trauma in the Emergency Department. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Emergency Department, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jul to Dec 2021. Methodology: Ninty head injury cases of either gender, aged 12-60 years were included using non-probability consecutive sampling. The severity of the head injury was determined via GCS. CT scan findings were noted. Results: The mean age was 22.21±11.10 years. The highest frequency of patients was noted in the age group of (13-29 years).The most common cause of head injury in men was road traffic accidents n=39/58(67.24%). As per GCS scoring, 63.3% of patients had mild brain injury. A strong association was observed between GCS and CT scan findings in cases with brain oedema (p=0.002), skull fracture (0.018) and no findings on CT scan (p-value≤0.001). No association between findings on CT scan and GCS scoring was noted in cases with epidural, subdural hematoma, cerebral contusions, intracranial and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Conclusions: There is a lack of association between brain injury based on GCS scoring and CT scan findings. Using GCS scoring only for assessing the degree of brain injury is insufficient. Keywords: Computed tomography (CT) scan, Glasgow coma scales (GDS), Head injury.

Objective: To determine the relation of response assessment and outcome of B cell non-Hodgkinlymphoma so we can minimize utilization of our resources. Study Design: Retrospective observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Pediatric Oncology Department, Shaukat khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, from Jan 2013 to Dec 2016. Methodology: Patients from the age of 1 till 18 years presented at Shaukat khanum hospital were included in the study. Patients were staged as per St. Jude staging system and response assessment done as per French-American British (FAB) Lymphome Malins De Burkitt (LMB) protocol. Results: Total 247 patients diagnosed with B cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma were included. When the interim scans were compared with the end of treatment assessment, 139 (82.2%) patients (n=169) had achieved complete morphological remission on the re-evaluation scans, 138 patients (86.2%) among them were in remission at end of treatment where as 01 patient had relapse disease. The interim disease re-evaluation scan is predictive of end of treatment response with sensitivity of 86.8%, specificity of 88.9% (p-value

Objectives: To identify the main reasons for seeking computed tomography (CT) scan evaluation and primary brain and skull pathologies seen on CT scan and to determine the percentage of negative and positive CT scans for a particular referring reason and correlate the commonest reason for seeking CT scan evaluation with age and gender. Study Design:A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Radiology, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zaid Al Nahyan Hospital Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, from Jan to Sep 2016. Material and Methods: Through consecutive sampling, we included 137 patients referred for radiological evaluation of skull and brain through CT scan. The study was performed by a senior CT scan technologist using CT scan machine Brilliance CT 16 slice – DS, taking 0.5 mm slices in all patients and reviewed by a consultant radiologist. The sample was divided into two age-groups i.e. age ≤36 years and age >36 years. The data were analysed using statistical program Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Results: Out of 137 individuals, (mean age: 34 ± 23 years), 86 (62.8%) were male and 51 (37.2) were female. The majority (61.3%, n=84) of the individuals were referred for complaint of head trauma. The head trauma was significantly more common in age group of ≤36 years (p

Objective: To determine the relation of response assessment and outcome of B cell non-Hodgkinlymphoma so we can minimize utilization of our resources. Study Design: Retrospective observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Pediatric Oncology Department, Shaukat khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, from Jan 2013 to Dec 2016. Methodology: Patients from the age of 1 till 18 years presented at Shaukat khanum hospital were included in the study. Patients were staged as per St. Jude staging system and response assessment done as per French-American British (FAB) Lymphome Malins De Burkitt (LMB) protocol. Results: Total 247 patients diagnosed with B cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma were included. When the interim scans were compared with the end of treatment assessment, 139 (82.2%) patients (n=169) had achieved complete morphological remission on the re-evaluation scans, 138 patients (86.2%) among them were in remission at end of treatment where as 01 patient had relapse disease. The interim disease re-evaluation scan is predictive of end of treatment response with sensitivity of 86.8%, specificity of 88.9% (p-value <0.005) Conclusion: The patients who achieved rapid response on re-assessment scans have good outcomes. We recommend that in future patient’s with complete response on interim scans to be followed with ultrasonography or clinical examination to minimize expenditures and radiation exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of a CT scan for detecting ongoing internal bleeding following torso injury, keeping operative findings as the gold standard. Study Design: Cross-sectional validation study. Place and Duration of Study: Radiology Department, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad Pakistan, from Jul 2021 to Oct 2021. Methodology: Contrast-enhanced CT was carried out for 100 patients with torso injury to detect the incidence of extravasated contrast material, an outcome that signifies any active haemorrhages present. The findings were then compared with the per - operative findings of the patient. Results: We detected active haemorrhages in 48 out of 100 patients on Computed Tomography. A total of 83 injury sites were recorded. Active haemorrhages were mostly visible through the spill of contrast agents in a jet stream in 61(73.4%) out of 83 injury sites. Immediate surgical intervention was performed on all the patients who were detected with active haemorrhages on CT, which confirmed the findings. In 3 patients out of 100, CT did not detect active haemorrhage, but surgical intervention showed active haemorrhage on intra-peritoneal sites. Computed Tomography had a high diagnostic accuracy for torso injuries (97.0%) with a sensitivity of 94. 11% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusion: Instantaneous surgical intervention is obligatory whenever contrast extravasation is identified on Computed Tomography (CT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify the main reasons for seeking computed tomography (CT) scan evaluation and primary brain and skull pathologies seen on CT scan and to determine the percentage of negative and positive CT scans for a particular referring reason and correlate the commonest reason for seeking CT scan evaluation with age and gender. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Radiology, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zaid Al Nahyan Hospital Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, from Jan to Sep 2016. Material and Methods: Through consecutive sampling, we included 137 patients referred for radiological evaluation of skull and brain through CT scan. The study was performed by a senior CT scan technologist using CT scan machine Brilliance CT 16 slice - DS, taking 0.5 mm slices in all patients and reviewed by a consultant radiologist. The sample was divided into two age-groups i.e. age <36 years and age >36 years. The data were analysed using statistical program Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Results: Out of 137 individuals, (mean age: 34 ± 23 years), 86 (62.8%) were male and 51 (37.2) were female. The majority (61.3%, n=84) of the individuals were referred for complaint of head trauma. The head trauma was significantly more common in age group of <36 years (p<0.001) and males were more involved in head trauma than females (male-to-female ratio of 2:1, odds ratio: 1.53, confidence interval: 0.76-3.11). On CT scan evaluation, 19.7% (n=27) had a normal study while 80.3% (n=110) had at least one abnormal finding. Fracture of the skull bones (with or without other abnormalities) was the commonest abnormality found in 46.4% (n=51) patients. Higher percentage of positive CT scan was found in patients with all sorts of presenting complaints. Conclusion: The majority were referred for cranial CT scan evaluation for the complaints of head trauma. Fracture of the skull bones was the commonest finding. Head trauma was significantly more common in age- group of <36 years and males were more commonly involved than females. Higher percentage of positive CT scan was found in patients with all sorts of presenting complaints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the validity of CT scan for the diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma and its stages taking histopathology as gold standard Study Design: Cross sectional validation study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Radiology, DHQ Hospital Rawalpindi, RMC and Allied hospitals from October 2011 to March 2012. Patients and Methods: This study included one hundred thirty six consecutive subjects with symptoms of ovarian pelvic mass with an age range of 20 years to 70 years and pre-operative CA -125 level were enrolled in the study by the Principle Investigator (PI). All 136 patients were gone through CECT scan. Imaging findings of all patients were compared with results of histologic examinationto determine the diagnostic accuracy of CECT scan in the evaluation of disease status. The Histopathological staging of ovarian carcinoma was obtained on the basis of FIGO Classification. Histopathological findings of each patient were obtained from laboratory were actually reported by consultant Pathologist Result: The mean age of the patient is 50.37 years. The sensitivity and specificity of CT in diagnosis of malignant ovarian carcinoma is 100% with the p value was 0.0001 and 84.85% respectively. The Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is 95.37% and 100% respectively, taking histopathology as Gold Standard. The overall accuracy of CT in diagnosis and staging of ovarian carcinoma is 96% and 93% respectively. Conclusion: The beneficial effect of the study is to find a non-invasive, less time consuming and relatively easy modality for the diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma including its staging. Prompt diagnosis will lead to instant decision making for the management of this debilitating disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]