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The systematic position of the rare Indian turtle Geoemyda silvatica Henderson is examined by a phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA sequence data (cytochrome-b gene) of most species of Geoemydidae. Geoemyda silvatica represents a basal and isolated taxon within Geoemydidae, definitely not a close relative of any species of Geoemyda or Heosemys, the genera in which G. silvatica has been placed in the past. Therefore, the new genus Vijayachelys is proposed for G. silvatica. Cranial morphology and some other osteological characters of Vijayachelys silvatica are described and illustrated. Differential diagnoses are given for the type species of Melanochelys and the respective type species of the superficially similar genera Geoemyda, Heosemys, and Leucocephalon. According to Bayesian analysis of mtDNA data, Melanochelys trijuga could be distantly related to V. silvatica, whereas the morphological similarity of the other species probably is the result of a similar mode of life. The discovery of the phylogenetically isolated position of V. silvatica highlights the importance of the Western Ghats as a biodiversity hotspot rich in higher-level endemics.