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Purpose: The aim of this paper is to describe epidemiology and clinical manifestations of oral infection by Human papillomavirus (HPV), with particular attention to potential malignant lesions., Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to describe the state of the art about HPV infection in oropharyngeal mucosa and its modalities of transmission, with particular attention to possible simultaneous infection in multiple anatomic sites. The aspects of prevention and control of infection by administering vaccines and the diffusion of sexual education campaigns are discussed also. Therapeutic protocols are also described where necessary., Results: In recent years there has been a growing interest in HPV oral medicine, suggesting a role of such a family of viruses in the development of neoplasms of the oropharyngeal district as well as of the uterine cervix. Even if the mass media have increasingly faced the problem, causing frequent alarming among patients, the dentist therefore needs a complete and up-to-date knowledge of this infectious condition that is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted mucous membrane infections (e.g. genital, anal and oral)., Conclusions: Recent studies about HPV infection are a basic requirement in order to promote the health of patients and provide them with the most exhaustive indications from dentists.

Purpose: Implant dentistry has become one of the most successful dentistry techniques for replacing missing teeth. The success rate of implant dentistry is above 80%. However, peri-implantitis is a later complication of implant dentistry that if untreated, can lead to implant loss. One of the hypotized causes of peri-implantis is the bacterial leakage at the level of implant-abutment connection. Bacterial leakage is favored to the presence of a micro gap at the implant-abutment interface, allowing microorganisms to penetrate and colonize the inner part of the implant leading to biofilm accumulation and consequently to peri-implantitis development., Materials and Methods: To identify the capability of the implant to protect the internal space from the external environment, the passage of genetically modified Escherichia coli across implant-abutment interface was evaluated. Implants were immerged in a bacterial culture for twenty-four hours and then bacteria amount was measured inside implant-abutment interface with Real-time PCR., Results: Bacteria were detected inside all studied implants, with a median percentage of 9%., Conclusions: The reported results are better to those of previous studies carried out on different implant systems. Until now, none implant-abutment system has been proven to seal the gap between implant and abutment.

The aerosol produced during the use of dental instruments can spread pathogens potentially harmful to health. Most of the pathogens found in hydraulic system are Gram-negative aerobic heterotrophic environmental bacterial species exhibiting very low pathogenicity, although they may be of concern in the treatment of vulnerable patients, such as immunocompromised, medically compromised individuals and dental team. Dental team can be exposed to pathogenic microorganisms including cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex virus and Legionella spp. Legionella spp. are ubiquitous in hydraulic system, in fact surveys have shown that the percentage of samples taken at different dental chairs that were positive for Legionella spp. and ranged from 0 to 100%. The concentration of Legionella spp. in hydraulic system may reach 1000 organisms per ml. The primary route of Legionella spp. transmission is inhalation or aspiration of environmentally contaminated aerosols. All dentists are required to conduct a statutory risk assessment of their hydraulic system, in fact to comply with their legal duties, dentists must identify and assess the sources of risk and prepare a scheme for preventing and controlling risks. Moreover, they must monitor the quality of their hydraulic system at least annually to ensure that they are "legionellae free".

Partially or totally edentulous jaws frequently undergoes from moderate to severe bone atrophy with problems of prosthetic rehabilitation. The inability to make a prosthetic rehabilitation on implants may led to the use of a partial or total removable denture with difficulties in eating and speech, ulcerations of the oral mucosa and loss of facial vertical dimension. These problems may be solved performing bone augmentation procedures. Bone grafts and distraction osteogenesis brought implant dentistry from an experimental practice to become a consolidate dental procedure. Bone grafts, in particular, are currently a valuable treatment modality for the prosthetic rehabilitation. Numerous biomaterials have been developed for the rehabilitation of partially or totally edentulous jaws with fixed or removable dentures. The aim of this paper is to describe biomaterials for bone augmentation. Biomaterials are gradually resorbed by the osteoclasts and replaced by new bone formed through osteoblastic activity. Many biomaterials have been studied, but the most common are as follows: Allogro®, Algipore®, Osteobiol®, Peptide-15, Engipore®, Medpore®, Osteoplant®, Calcium sulfate, Perioglass®, Bio-Oss®, Calcium phosphate.

Purpose: In this study we wanted to observe the improvement in the healing of periodontal tissues in a group of diabetic patients treated with traditional methods compared to another group treated with the addition of oxygen.The potential of oxygen has long been known in the field of plastic surgery, where it is used to treat burns and skin lesions., Materials and Methods: This study consists in a split mouth study which involved 30 patients. We carefully treated them with periodontal therapy using manual and mechanical instrumentation. Then, we applied oxygen in half mouth according to randomization list. Finally we checked up patients after some weeks., Results: Our results highlight that all areas treated with oxygen application healed more rapidly and better than no treated areas., Conclusions: All in all, we have demonstrated that oxygen can improve the outcome of non-surgical periodontal treatment in diabetic subjects.

Purpose: To determine the existence of any correlation between the degree of divergence and apical and coronal arch form using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)., Materials and Methods: A total of 176 (88 coronal and 88 apical) CBCT scans pertaining to a sample of 44 subjects (16 males and 28 females), of which 26 were Class I, 14 Class II and 4 Class III, were analysed. A lateral projection of the skull was obtained from each VCT and cephalometric tracing was performed (according to Ricketts) so as to divide the sample into subgroups based on the degree of divergence (11 short-faced, 18 norm-faced and 15 long-faced subjects). Dahlberg's index values were calculated and Student's t-test for paired data was applied., Results: On the whole, the hyperbolic cosine curve was found to be the most representative of the arch forms considered., Conclusions: A correlation between degree of divergence and the arch form of the apical and, especially, coronal portions of both the upper and lower jaws was revealed.

Purpose: This study evaluated the effects of different dowel space (DS) diameters on pull-out bond strength of a cylindrical post, of threaded steel, to dentin., Materials and Methods: Forty-five extracted human teeth were divided in 3 groups with DSs, with the same depth (6 mm), differing for the diameter (i.e. 1.5 mm, Group 1; 1.75 mm, Group 2; 2.00 mm, Group 3). Both the diameter of the post (1.3 mm) and the composite resin cement (Panavia 21) were the same for all the samples. The samples were submitted to pull-out test by means an Universal Testing Machine (Mod. 1193, Instron) (1KN load cell, crosshead speed 0.5 mm/min)., Results: The mean values of the bond strength (BS) were: Group 1, 442±128.3N; Group 2, 411.3±111N; Group 3, 448.7±142.29N. While the calculated average shear bond strengths (SBSs) were: Group 1, 14.7±4.27MPa; Group 2, 11.6±3.14MPa; Group 3, 11±3.5MPa. ANOVA test showed not significative differences, among the groups, concerning the BS: Group 1 vs Group 2 (p = 0.490); Group 1 vs Group 3 (p = 0.894); Group 2 vs Group 3 (p = 0.431). Significative differences were observed, among the groups, concerning the SBS for Group 1 vs Group 2 (p = 0.032) and Group 1 vs Group 3 (p = 0.014). While a not significative difference was found, concerning this parameter, for Group 2 vs Group 3 (p = 0.641)., Conclusion: The cement thickness can influence the SBS of the adhesively luted posts, in our setting, the best values were obtained with a thickness of 100 μm.