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Objectives: To assess the diagnostic delay, the number and type of referrals and the clinical and psychological profile in a wide sample of patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS). Materials and Methods: Data on the disease onset, oral symptoms, type and number of practitioners consulted, misdiagnoses, and the presence of medically unexplained extraoral physical symptoms were recorded in 500 BMS patients. Potential predictors of diagnostic delay were also evaluated. Results: The mean diagnostic delay was 29.71 ± 47.19 months. An average of 2.61 ± 1.65 practitioners were consulted by each patient, the most frequent being the general physicians (287; 57.4%), maxillofacial surgeons (111; 22.2%), and otolaryngologists (104; 20.8%). The mean number of misdiagnoses was 3.54 ± 1.85. Nonspecific stomatitis, candidiasis, and gastroesophageal reflux were the most common misdiagnoses. Higher age, low education, the presence of dysgeusia, and a previous history of psychiatric illness were predictors of a longer diagnostic delay (p‐value: 0.028, 0.050, 0.007, 0.034, respectively). Conclusions: The lack of knowledge among specialists, the high rate of misdiagnosis, and the diagnostic delay of BMS highlight the need to introduce educational interventions in all medical specialties in order to promote an early and appropriate diagnosis, thereby improving the prognosis and quality of life of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To analyze psychological profiles, pain, and oral symptoms in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP). Materials and methods: 300 patients with keratotic OLP (K‐OLP; reticular, papular, plaque‐like subtypes), 300 patients with predominant non‐keratotic OLP (nK‐OLP; erythematosus atrophic, erosive, ulcerative, bullous subtypes), and 300 controls were recruited in 15 universities. The number of oral sites involved and oral symptoms were recorded. The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Total Pain Rating Index (T‐PRI), Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression and for Anxiety (HAM‐D and HAM‐A), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were administered. Results: The OLP patients, especially the nK‐OLP, showed higher scores in the NRS, T‐PRI, HAM‐D, HAM‐A and PSQI compared with the controls (p‐value <.001**). A positive correlation between the NRS, T‐PRI, HAM‐A, HAM‐D, and PSQI was found with the number of oral symptoms and number of oral sites involved. Pain was reported in 67.3% of nK‐OLP and 49.7% of K‐OLP cases with poor correspondence between the site of lesions and the site of the symptoms. Conclusions: Mood disorders are frequently associated with OLP with an unexpected symptomatology correlated with the number of oral symptoms and with the extension of disease suggesting a peripheral neuropathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To analyze psychological profiles, pain, and oral symptoms in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP). Materials and methods: 300 patients with keratotic OLP (K‐OLP; reticular, papular, plaque‐like subtypes), 300 patients with predominant non‐keratotic OLP (nK‐OLP; erythematosus atrophic, erosive, ulcerative, bullous subtypes), and 300 controls were recruited in 15 universities. The number of oral sites involved and oral symptoms were recorded. The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Total Pain Rating Index (T‐PRI), Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression and for Anxiety (HAM‐D and HAM‐A), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were administered. Results: The OLP patients, especially the nK‐OLP, showed higher scores in the NRS, T‐PRI, HAM‐D, HAM‐A and PSQI compared with the controls (p‐value <.001**). A positive correlation between the NRS, T‐PRI, HAM‐A, HAM‐D, and PSQI was found with the number of oral symptoms and number of oral sites involved. Pain was reported in 67.3% of nK‐OLP and 49.7% of K‐OLP cases with poor correspondence between the site of lesions and the site of the symptoms. Conclusions: Mood disorders are frequently associated with OLP with an unexpected symptomatology correlated with the number of oral symptoms and with the extension of disease suggesting a peripheral neuropathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This randomized open‐label trial compared the efficacy and tolerability of vortioxetine (15 mg/daily) with different antidepressants in the treatment of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Methods: One and hundred fifty BMS patients were randomized into five groups and treated with either vortioxetine, paroxetine (20 mg/daily), sertraline (50 mg/daily), escitalopram (10 mg/daily) or duloxetine (60 mg/daily). The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Total Pain Rating Index (T‐PRI), Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression (HAM‐D) and Anxiety (HAM‐A), and Clinical Global Impression Improvement (CGI‐I) and Efficacy scales (CGI‐E) were performed at baseline and after 2, 4, 6, and 12 months of treatment. Any adverse events (AEs) were tabulated for each group. Descriptive statistics, including the Kruskal–Wallis non‐parametric test and the Friedman non‐parametric test for median comparisons between different times, were used. Results: All the antidepressants (AD) were associated with a significant decrease in the VAS, T‐PRI, HAM‐A, HAM‐D, CGI‐I, and CGI‐E scores in the long‐term (p <.001). However, the response rate of the vortioxetine group showed a significant reduction after six months. The medians, after 6 months, were as follows: VAS 0.0; T‐PRI 2.0; HAM‐A 7.0; HAM‐D 7.0; CGI‐I 1.0; and CGI‐E 1.0 with a lower incidence of AEs (p <.019). Conclusion: Vortioxetine was efficacious with a shorter latency of action and fewer AEs compared with other ADs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Methods Results Conclusions This study aims to assess and contrast cognitive and psychological aspects of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS‐MCI) and geriatric patients (G‐MCI) with mild cognitive impairment, focusing on potential predictors like pain, mood disorders, blood biomarkers, and age‐related white matter changes (ARWMCs).The study enrolled 40 BMS‐MCI and 40 geriatric G‐MCI, matching them by age, gender, and educational background. Participants underwent psychological, sleepiness, and cognitive assessment including the Mini‐Mental State Exam (MMSE), Trail Making Test (TMT), Corsi Block‐Tapping Task, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Copying Geometric Drawings Test, Frontal Assessment Battery, and Digit Cancellation Test.G‐MCI patients exhibited higher ARWMCs scores in right (p = 0.005**) and left (p < 0.001**) temporal regions, which may relate to specific neurodegenerative processes. Conversely, BMS‐MCI patients showed higher levels of depression and anxiety and lower MMSE scores(p < 0.001**), also struggling more with tasks requiring processing speed and executive function, as evidenced by their higher TMT‐A scores (p < 0.001**).The study highlights particular deficits in global cognition and processing speed for BMS‐MCI. The influence of educational background, pain levels, cholesterol, sleep disturbances, and anxiety on these cognitive assessments underscores the need for personalized therapeutic strategies addressing both cognitive and emotional aspects of MCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study investigates the psychological impact of COVID-19 on burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients. It focuses on comparing post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), post-traumatic growth (PTG), and resilience between BMS patients and Controls., Methods: A total of 100 BMS patients and 100 Controls from five Italian centers participated in this observational cross-sectional study. They completed several assessments, including the General Health Questionnaire, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, Insomnia Severity Index, National Stressful Events Survey Short Scale, Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Post Traumatic Growth Inventory Short Form, and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale., Results: BMS patients had significantly higher stress, anxiety, and depression (DASS-21 score) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (IES-R-6 score), particularly in terms of intrusive thoughts. They showed lower post-traumatic growth (PTGI-SF score) compared to Controls. The resilience scale (CDRS-10) was a key predictor of PTG in both groups, explaining a significant variance in PTGI-SF scores., Conclusions: BMS patients experienced heightened post-traumatic stress, stress, anxiety, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic, with reduced post-traumatic growth. This highlights the need to prioritize their psychological well-being, focusing on stress management and fostering post-traumatic growth in challenging times., (© 2024 The Author(s). Oral Diseases published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)