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This article discusses the use of optimal control in both therapeutics and epidemiology. Optimal control is a valuable tool for optimizing drug infusion protocols in cancer therapy and has gained attention in epidemiology due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The article highlights the similarities between these two contexts, such as the use of models and the need for ad-hoc techniques to implement optimal control strategies. The special issue discussed in the article includes papers on both epidemiology and therapeutics, with controls related to social distancing measures and vaccination in the former, and doses of drugs in the latter. The papers propose various approaches to dealing with model uncertainty and implement optimal controls using different techniques. Overall, this article provides an overview of the applications of optimal control in therapeutics and epidemiology. [Extracted from the article]