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Optical characteristics of magnetic fluid are described and measured with the Mueller matrix. Furthermore, the optical activity of the magnetic fluid is discovered. A theory to determine the rotation ratio of two retarders of the Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter is also presented. To measure the entire Mueller matrix elements, due to the sampling theorem, the rate of 5 is chosen as the best and most unique for this polarimeter. © 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Two-stages are planned to measure the 3-D profile of objects by using the phaseshifting method, based on shadow moire´ topography. The stages essentially consist of moving the grating vertically, which produces a change in the moire´ pattern, and rotating the grating, which results in a constant phase shift regardless of the moire´ fringe order. In practice, an additional stage of moving the grating horizontally has to be added, which averages the grating period and yields a better moire´ pattern. We aim to improve the shortcomings inherent in the conventional method, such as complicated operation of the optical arrangement, and our emphasis is on describing the novel methodology and justifying it by an error simulation test. The experimental results show that this technique is available for practical applications. © 2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.