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In this study, we present a multi-surface plasmon resonance biosensor for detecting refractive index in the near-infrared range that is both straightforward and extremely effective. Titanium dioxide is used to create a thin adhesive coating that is used to firmly bond the gold (Au) layer to the photonic crystal fibers (PCF's) silica surface. A wavelength interrogation maximum sensitivity of 29,162 nm/RIU in the detection region of (1.36954, 1.37639, 1.38324, and 1.39057) and a standard sensitivity of 10,949 nm/RIU are just a few of the amazing performance attributes of the suggested sensor. Additionally, it uses both wavelength interrogation and amplitude techniques to show the highest amplitude sensitivity of 20,134.19 RIU−1 and a theoretical maximum resolution of 9.804 × 10 - 6 RIU. These findings appeal that the Multi-PCF surface plasmon resonance sensor has the best sensitivity and resolution yet observed, making it a prime candidate for the detection of organic compounds, biomolecules, chemical analytes, and other substances. The successful results achieved for each tested analyte show our sensor's reliability and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their characterization of miniaturization, high sensitivity, and multiparameter estimation, plasmonic photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensors have been exploited by researchers for refractive index (RI) sensing and biosensing with different types of PCF. This study introduces a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based microchannel PCF with square air hole sensor that may be used to detect a wide range of analyte RIs. A noble metal of gold Au with titanium dioxide TiO2 that used to adhesive the metal which deposited on dielectric microchannel to generate plasmonic surface waves. The sensor can perform very well with analyte (na) of 1.34–1.41. The sensing analysis is investigated by the Comsol Multiphysics program based on the finite element method (FEM). The sensor displays maximum resolution, wavelength and amplitude sensitivity of 10 × 10–5 RIU, 6500 nm/RIU, − 1641.78 RIU−1, respectively. Moreover, figure of merit (FOM) is 207.08 × 10–3 dB/RIU. Because of the optimized parameters of the proposed sensor, it can detect chemical and biomolecular targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a Hollow-Core Anti-Resonant Fiber (HC-ARF) for gas sensing purposes with ultra-high sensitivity responses and the fiber bending effects on sensing parameters have been investigated. The findings are based on the computer simulations run in COMSOL Multiphysics (version-5.3a) software which implements Finite Element Methods (FEM). The proposed optimized structure contains a large hollow core and six thin-walled capillaries. The proposed HC-ARF-based sensor also shows very low loss profiles. The values of propagation losses (mainly confinement loss) and material absorption loss of the sensor are in the order of 10–3. The maximum relative sensitivity response is 99.95%. As the fiber core is relatively large, fundamental modes (horizontally polarized mode and vertically polarized mode) and also a few Higher Order Modes (TM01 mode, TE01 mode, HE21 (even) mode, HE21 (odd) mode, etc.) are observed. But the fiber sensor also has a good Higher Order Mode suppression ratio (HOMER) response. Along with short-distance gas sensing, it can be used for long-distance sensing as well as transmission purposes with single-mode propagation. At the end of the article, the bending effects on relative sensitivity and propagation losses have also been demonstrated in detail when the fiber is bent with various bend-radii. It is observed that bending introduces sensitivity drops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new surface plasmon resonance (SPR) mechanism based photonic crystal fiber (PCF) biosensor has been investigated to probe petrol adulteration in the bio-sensing research field. The adulteration level is assumed and measured at normal room temperature (298 K or 25 °C) based on the petrol mixture and concentration in adulterated fuel. The SPR-PCF full vector simulation is run on a simulation software called COMSOL Multiphysics (Version 5.3a) by applying the differential finite element method. The mesh elements are applied at their finest. The geometry of the proposed sensor is optimized by varying the adulteration level of the fuel (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% & 50% concentration), plasmonic layer width, analyte layer length, fiber core diameter, and plasmonic materials (Gold, Niobium, Platinum). The maximum performance of amplitude sensitivity of 320 RIU - 1 and wavelength sensitivity of 7352 nm/RIU are recorded by the optimization of fiber geometry and choosing platinum as plasmonic material for a 10% petrol adulteration level. The proposed PCF sensor has also shown higher linear response. As a result, this SPR-PCF sensor is a worthy candidate for measuring the adulteration of bio-fuel or petrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel GaAs-filled five-ring circular-coated photonic crystal fiber (PCF) architecture with highly birefringent and nonlinear characteristics. The elemental simulation analyses are carried out in the COMSOL software v5.5, employing the finite element method (FEM) with a perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary condition to scrutinize a wide range of optical properties, such as birefringence (Br), nonlinear coefficient (NLC), effective mode area (EMA), confinement loss (CL), dispersion, etc. The simulated findings illustrate that for the optimized structural parameters, an ultra-negative dispersion, as well as an ultra-high Br and NLC of 0.187 and 2.06 × 106 W−1 km−1 can be sequentially acquired at 1.55 µm wavelength. Further, the developed PCF with ultra-high Br and NLC properties is conveniently fabrication friendly, which is a beneficial factor for probable practical utilization in terms of biosensing applications, as well as supercontinuum generation, polarization maintaining, nonlinear optics and so forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes multi-layered graphene, silica, and cross patterned gold stack structure-based polarizers. This structure is numerically investigated over the frequency range of 1–15 THz. The behaviour of the polarizer structure is numerically investigated in terms of various structural parameters such as phase variation, reflectance, transmittance, and Polarization conversion rate. The different input incident conditions (X polarization and Y Polarization) are also investigated for the proposed frequency spectrum range. The maximum reflectance amplitude was observed up to 80%. Different physical properties of single- and multi-layered graphene silica structures were significantly other. The numerical results report the polarization phase difference of − 15 to 25° for double-layer graphene structure and − 100 to 25° for single-layered graphene structure. The effect of the wide-angle input incident condition is also investigated for the proposed polarizer structure to identify the wide-angle operating stability. It is reported 80% of the reflectance amplitude stability for 0–60° of the oblique incident angle. It is also observed the near to similar reflectance values for the different silica substrate heights varying from 500 to 2500 nm. Investigated results of the single-layered and multi-layered graphene structure can be used for the various photonics and optoelectronics applications such as a polarizer, absorber, sensor, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A newly developed pentagonal photonic crystal fiber (P-PCF) with high nonlinearity and birefringence has been introduced in this work. Numerical analysis is carried out across the broader wavelength spectrum from 1.0 to 2.0 μm within the inferred region (IR). Furthermore, using the finite element method (FEM) with smaller mesh, a numerical examination of several optical characteristics such as effective mode area (EMA), nonlinearity, numerical aperture (NA), birefringence, and V-parameter was carried out. By using a circular completely matched layer (PML), the proposed P-PCF's optical transmission qualities have been guided. For the x-polarization mode, the suggested P-PCF exhibits high nonlinearity of 1.6 × 104 W−1 Km−1 at the working wavelength of λ = 1.4 µm. Furthermore, the proposed structure offers strengthening birefringence 2.5 × 10–6 at 1.6 μm wavelength including numerical aperture (NA) of 0.44 for the X-polarization mode. Based on the outstanding advantages, it can be asserted that the suggested model will find a promising domain of application in the area of all optical signal processing, sensing applications, and coherent optical communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a spiral designed photonic crystal fiber (S-PCF) that supports 14 orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes for signal transmission and possess very low nonlinear coefficient and flat dispersion and it could assess for space division multiplexing applications. The core material of the proposed fiber is silicon because it shows excellent transmittance, low thermal response, chemically inert etc. The dispersion variations of 20–110 ps nm−1 km−1 for all OAM-modes are exhibited at 1.00 μm wavelength. In addition, overall dispersion distinction among all modes is under 10 ps nm−1 km−1. Besides, T M 0 , 1 and T E 0 , 1 modes are better in dispersion for its flat and low dispersion. Moreover, the nonlinear coefficient is very low that is 2.10 W−1 km−1 for E H 5 , 1 at 2.50 µm wavelength and the investigated confinement loss is always below than 10 - 5 dB m−1. In addition these basic optical parameters, few other properties such as numerical aperture and the effective-area are also computed. Considering all noble features, this proposed S-PCF is encouraging to be utilized in extra-capacity, large bandwidth and high-volume for optical fiber communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a novel spider web shaped circular photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is proposed and analyzed. It can support more orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes up to 26. This PCF also operates at 1000 nm bandwidth ranging from 800 to 1800 nm. The proposed PCF provides a design strategy for better OAM quality by using the finite element method (FEM). It also includes seven OAM parameters with a better requirement of PCF. In addition, relatively lower confinement loss (less than 10 - 8 dB/m) is obtained for maximum eigenmodes. The most of OAM modes are shown smooth dispersion profile. Besides, the nonlinear coefficient is comparatively low, maximum modes are shown nonlinear coefficient around 2 to 3 W−1 km−1 at 1.55 μm. This novel structure is a strong candidate for robust, secure, high speed, and high-capacity transmission. It can be also used in mode division multiplexing, long haul communication and sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, a numerical investigation of the Carbon disulfide ( C S 2 ) embedded photonic crystal fiber has been reported. Numerical results incurred by using finite element method. A circular perfectly matched layer is used to simulate the design. It indicates high Kerr nonlinearity of 13,667 W - 1 km - 1 at the operating wavelength λ = 1000 nm. In addition, effective mode area, confinement factor, numerical aperture, power fraction, dispersion and V-parameter have been also studied. Geometric parameters have been also tuned to observe optical characteristics over the specified domain of operating wavelength. The model shows ultrahigh negative dispersion profile of − 254.67 ps/(nm km) at λ = 1000 nm. Therefore excellent optical performances of the suggested model enables it to be used in parametric amplification, polarization maintaining nonlinear signal processing, optical nonlinear sensor, super-continuum spectrum generation, optical coherence tomography and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel design, photonic crystal fiber (PCF) has been reported to support more orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes for the first time. The cladding region formed by employing the three-layer chain shaped air cavities. The OAM properties and parameters are calculated by optimizing the design of the PCF. The simulation results can support 26 OAM modes with a wider bandwidth (750 nm). The confinement loss of the most OAM modes is below average 10−7 dB/m and the nonlinear coefficient is less than 4 W−1/km. Some OAM modes with comparatively flat dispersion variation (such as 3.8684 ps/km-nm) for HE2,1 are noticed from the design. Moreover, fundamental optical characteristics have been rigorously computed by utilizing the finite element method. Now, it can be anticipated that, these excellent optical characteristics confirm the introduced design as a prominent candidate for the OAM transmission and other relevant areas of optical communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Pentagonal Photonic Crystal Fiber (P-PCF) injected with As 2 S 5 in elliptic core has been propounded by FEM technique. The simulation is carried out by perfectly matched layer using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Several features of the PCF have been analyzed as such nonlinearity, confinement loss, birefringence, effective mode area, power fraction, numerical aperture and dispersion by synthesizing the shape of the cladding holes and the elliptic core. The P-PCF renders a higher nonlinear coefficient of 8000 W - 1 km - 1 , numerical aperture of 0.44, power fraction of 84% and lower confinement loss of 10 - 7 at 1.00 μm wavelength. Furthermore, higher birefringence and near zero dispersion are also gained. A perfect geometric fabrication and exclusive properties of chalcogenide glass is used as a core makes the PCF so dynamic in polarization controlling schemes, super continuum systems as well as nonlinear fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The light interaction with the cell of any part or organ of the body gives useful information regarding the changes in optical properties for different cells. A photonic crystal fiber, selectively filled by the sample cell is proposed to detect the cancer cell based on the refractive index (RI). Upon considering the change of optical properties of the proposed fiber due to different RI of normal and cancer cell, sensitivities are attained of 11,428.57, 17,142.85, 31,428.57, and 34,285.71 nm/RIU for Jurkat, PC12, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cell from the transmission spectrum obtained by the Sagnac interferometer phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel quasi-photonic crystal fiber has been proposed, for the first time, in the chemical sensing purpose in the terahertz (THz) regime. Along with the sensing response, power fraction, scattering loss, effective mode area, and V parameter have been numerically computed by the full-vector finite element method with anisotropic circular perfect matched layers. Numerically computed results show that the proposed sensor offers 70.94%, 71.06%, and 72.19% sensing responses for targeted analytes water, ethanol, and benzene respectively at the optical frequency f = 1 THz. Besides, effective mode area of 1.43 × 105 µm2, 1.48 × 105 µm2 and 1.55 × 105 µm2 have found at the same time for the same analytes. The Q-PCF model proposed in this paper have bright aspects for practical applications in clinical and diagnostic sensing, medical imaging, environmental monitoring purpose and many other fields related to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]