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Data privacy is becoming more important as the internet of things (IoT) rapidly expands. There are significant consequences for the broad adoption of the internet of things. Homomorphic encryption is one possible solution for protecting sensitive data in the IoT. However, there is a great deal of potential for efficiency gains. In order to get enough privacy and security, it is also crucial. Our homomorphic encryption technique for secure and private optical fibre communication is detailed in this publication. The data owner, fog server, and data consumers' privacy is the primary focus of the proposed architectural design. The performance of this research shows that our FCHE solution improves data security throughout the data storage operation and reduces encryption length. This research also aims to analyse the factors of optical fiber communication cost, storage cost, and computing cost in the context of FCHE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the impact of the integrability criterion on mixed-derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equations, specifically focusing on the Rangwala-Rao (R R) equation introduced by A. Rangwala in 1990. Our objective is to enhance our understanding of the dispersion effect by examining innovative soliton wave solutions and their interactions. The tanh method is utilized to generate unique solitary wave solutions for the Rangwala-Rao (R R) equation. The study of the Rangwala-Rao (R R) holds significance as it has the potential to contribute to the development of more efficient optical fiber communication systems. The numerical solutions presented in this research illustrate the dynamic nature of optical fiber pulse propagation, underscoring the distinctiveness of this work compared to previous scholarly endeavors. The study obtained various soliton solutions, including rational, trigonometric, and hyperbolic functions. The results are presented in graphical form with appropriate parameter values to aid visualization. The originality of our computed outcomes, which represent novel achievements that surpass previously derived solutions, becomes evident when we compare our accomplishments with theirs. These newly examined results are innovative and novel, with the potential to significantly propel the realms of nonlinear optics and mathematical physics forward. This study proves that the computational method used is efficient, brief, and widely applicable, making it valuable to engineers who work with engineering models and dynamical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ranging from optical fiber communication to optical wireless communication regimes, twisted light has drawn the prodigious contemplation of researchers. Thus far, the tricolor visible light laser diodes (TVL-LDs) have not been scrutinized for optical angular momentum (OAM), which, however, could pioneer fortuitousness towards a new paradigm of indoor wireless communication. Here, we proposed an OAM superposition of three different Laguerre Gaussian modes such as l = 0, m = 0; l = 14, m = 0; and l = 40, m = 0, and realised by utilising red, green and blue (R/G/B) LDs as independent channels and binary data streams are encoded incorporating non return to zero linecoding, exhibiting a total capacity of 45 Gbps (3 wavelengths (λ) × 3 OAM beams × 5 Gbps). The performance of R/G/B LDs is compared in a visible light communication (VLC) model at different input parameters such as link length between the irradiating source (Lambertian) and receiver detection region, transmitter half angle, incidence half angle, and optical concentrator area. We successfully performed the transmission of 45 Gbps data over a 1.4 m line of sight VLC link and 2.3 m in a non-LoS link employing TVL-LDs, while the red LDs offered excellent performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of the integrability criterion on nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS ) equations with mixed derivatives, specifically focusing on the Rangwala–Rao ( R R ) equation formulated by A. Rangwala in 1990. The objective of this investigation is to enhance our understanding of the dispersion effect by examining novel soliton wave solutions and their interactions. By doing so, we aim to gain insights into the behavior of the slowly changing envelope of the electric field and pulse propagation in optical fibers. To achieve this, we employ recent computational approaches, including the Sardar Sub-equation and modified rational methods, to identify distinctive solitary wave solutions for the analyzed model. The significance of studying the Rangwala–Rao equation lies in its potential contribution to the development of more efficient optical fiber communication systems. The presented numerical solutions in this paper showcase the dynamic nature of optical fiber pulse propagation, thereby highlighting the originality of this work compared to existing scholarly contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data security is essential for applications that require a significant level of data privacy. Online banking and government mailing are good examples of data with security requirements. This paper demonstrates an enhanced secure fiber-optic communication system based on chaos using Optisystem 7.0 software. A 10 Gb/s externally modulated signal is transmitted over 100 km of standard single-mode fiber. The modulated data is hidden by a chaotic optical signal generated by controlling the rate parameters of a semiconductor laser. The results showed that chaos degrades the overall system performance and limits the transmission distance to 70 km. A chirped fiber-Bragg grating and erbium-doped fiber amplifier are introduced to compensate signal dispersion and to increase the transmission distance to 104 km (80% enhancement). Also, the results revealed that maximum Q-factor of 4.2 and a minimum bit error rate of 10 - 8 are successfully recovered the data at the receiver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a tanh apodized FBG as a dispersion compensator in optical fiber communication systems. This grating is integrated as a hybrid system of four cascaded apodized FBGs with soliton transmission technique. This enhances the linewidth of the light source to get the most out of transmission per-channel bit rate of 9.687 Tbps at a temperature of 20 °C, a relative refractive index difference of 0.002, a Germania doping ratio of 0.2, and a signal wavelength of 1.65 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends previous studies work on the application of Machine Learning (ML) to distortion compensation in optical communication systems with optical fibers nonlinear coefficients (γ) that exceed current industry standards e.g. γ > 1.4 W - 1 k m - 1 . To quantify the improvement afforded by ML methods under different transmission conditions the procedures are applied to a model of a typical single-frequency optical communication system with, a 3200 km fiber length, double polarization, and a 16-QAM modulation format. The performance of both transmitters and receivers that incorporate Neural Networks (NNs) are then examined over a wide range of γ values. In all cases considered, the system Q-factor is improved although the degree of enhancement is dependent on the signal to noise ratio. The ML structures that were investigated include Siamese neural networks (SNN) implemented at the receiver end as well as two-stage architectures that employ NNs at the transmitter together with a classifier at the receiver side. Classifiers ranging from simple decision tree structures to boosting, forests, extra trees, and Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) were further examined and found to provide significant enhancement for γ > 4 W - 1 k m - 1 . The optimal performance for highly nonlinear systems was achieved for two-stage systems with random forest or extra tree classifiers. Finally, empirical equations for each ML technique were derived that relate the Q-factor enhancement and the value of γ , and the number of triplet terms that are input into the neural network. These results could potentially be employed to relax manufacturing constraints and accordingly reduce system costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical communication system is preferred over microwave and radio frequency communication system because of license free operation. Simulative analysis of 10gbps Optical Communication using different optical bands of L-Band S-Band, E-Band and C-Band under different attenuation condition has been performed in this paper. The Free Space Optics system has been analyzed with transmission distance of 1 km using Optical Wireless Communication channel and the effect of variation in attenuation value in the scenario of different weather conditions (clear, haze, rain and fog) were also examined. The Optical Fiber Communication is also examined under conditions of attenuations due to physical imperfections. The cross-layer Artificial Intelligence Framework is implemented to perform the prediction of different optical communication. The diffused channel is studied by varying the parameters of transmitter half angle and the distance of separation between the transmitter and the receiver. The attenuation effects of the links are also taken into consideration. Bit Error Rate and Quality factor performance of the different optical links are carried over at different wavelengths; thus the best link for the particular wavelength and the distance is identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article negotiates the investigation of optical pulses with the Biswas-Arshed equation in birefringent fibers that involves a two-component form for vector solitons in an optical fiber communication system. Various optical pulses are recovered in single and combo shapes like bright, dark, singular, bright-dark, and dark-singular solitons by the uses of the extended Fan-sub equation method (EFSEM). In addition, the hyperbolic, singular periodic waves, Jacobi's elliptic function solutions are also derived. This method is beneficial for solving the nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs), because this method is not only useful for finding the new solitary wave solutions, but also gives us the solutions obtained previously by the usage of other techniques (Riccati equation, or first kind elliptic equation, or the generalized Riccati equation as mapping equation, or auxiliary ordinary differential equation method) in a combined approach. The constraints conditions to ensure the existence criteria of reported optical soliton solutions are also listed. The stability analysis of the studied model is also examined by utilizing linear stability theory. In addition, by selecting different parametric values, the physical representation of some achieved solutions is plotted in 3D and contour graphs with the help of Mathematica. The reported results show that the proposed method is effective, concise, straightforward, powerful, and it can be used to tackle some more complex nonlinear systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over last decades, the free space optics (FSO) emerged as most prominent way of communication over radio frequency communication and microwave communication. The FSO works in the same way optical fiber cable (OFC) network works with the only difference that the optical beams were transmitted through the free space and not by using the OFC core i.e. the glass fiber. The presence of mist, fog, rain and clouds in the atmosphere directly affects the performance of FSO and the power of propagating signal is degraded significantly. Since the wavelength of propagating beam is comparable to size of fog particles, they mainly lead to atmospheric attenuation. To mitigate the impact of atmospheric attenuation on signals, the present study develops a spectrum slicing (SS)-wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system with Pre and Post Amplification. The performance of the proposed SS-WDM-Pre and SS-WDM-Post scheme is analyzed and then compared with the traditional SS-WDM model in the Opti-system in terms of Q-factor and BER values. The analysis of the proposed and traditional scheme is done under varying attenuation and power signals during summer, winter, autumn and spring season.The comparative analysis proved that the performance of the proposed SS-WDM-Post and SS-WDM-Pre-model is more effective and efficient when compared with the traditional SS-WDM model in terms of Q-Factor and BER during all 4 seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of moment generating function approaches, specifically Chernoff bound (CB) and modified Chernoff bound (MCB), is examined and improved in this study. We evaluates and enhances the performance of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique for free-space optical (FSO) fibre communications based on passive optical network (PON) using the M-ary digital pulse-position modulation (M-ary DPPM) schemes under amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise effects, interchannel crosstalk (ICC), and atmospheric turbulence (AT). We use a data rate of 2.5 Gbps for eight channels over a PON/DWDM-FSO optical fibre system in the C-band with 100 GHz channel spacing start from 1550 nm. The results achieve 20 Gbit/s transmissions (2.5 Gbps × 8 channels). This is a technology that can have extended leverage, higher data rates, power-efficient, and is considered an ideal option for the provision of bandwidth for potential access networks. When compared to the CB at a low gain (G = 8), the MCB outperforms the Gaussian approximation at high gain (G = 30). Because of its superior performance at a high gain (G = 30), the MCB offers the tightest limit on the bit error rate (BER). In comparison to an equivalent on–off keying (OOK) non-return-to-zero (NRZ), the M-ary DPPM scheme with a coding level (M) of 2 improves average power about by 2.9 dB at a data rate of 2.5 Gbps on the 1550 nm wavelength and BER of 10 - 9 . The sensitivity of the M-ary DPPM modulation scheme remains improved over OOK in the presence of ICC. The lower power penalty is predicted to be approximately 0.2–3.0 dB in the DWDM-FSO systems for low coding level M = 2. We achieve a lower power penalty at 0.2–3.0 dB for the hybrid fiber DWDM/PON-FSO optical communication system at a BER of 10 - 9 . At a target BER of 10 - 12 , the hybrid OOK-NRZ/M-ary DPPM offers about 4–8 dB of optical signal-to-noise-ratio improvements over the M-DPPM of the WDM-PON/FSO link for strong turbulence. The results demonstrated that the M-ary DPPM and the optical relaying amplification technique are powerful treatments for mitigating the impacts of ASE noise, AT, and ICC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) which can transmit orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes are attractive to optical communication due to the large capacity and flexible structure. Herein, a method is proposed to optimize a simple fiber structure by changing the thickness of the annular area. The changes in the effective index, effective index difference, dispersion, effective mode area, nonlinear coefficient, numerical aperture, mode purity, and walk-off length in the thickness range of 2.0 μm to 2.5 μm are determined, compared, and analyzed systematically. The distance between the square air holes and central air hole is the better parameter to optimize the dispersion, effective mode area, and nonlinear coefficient, whereas the radius of the central air hole is more suitable for optimizing the NA, OAM purity and walk-off length. The optimization method and results have great value pertaining to the design and improvement of PCFs for transmission of OAM modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unique dispersion characteristics and enhanced nonlinearity make the small-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) an ideal candidate for nonlinear optical devices to telecommunication applications. Some technical reasons behind great research interest of highly nonlinear PCFs in optical communication components are reviewed. Nonlinear effects in highly nonlinear PCFs and their research progress are presented. Several typical applications including WDM sources, optical amplification, optical switching, wavelength conversion, optical regeneration and all-optical demultiplexing etc are introduced, together with state-of-the art performances. Some new possible applications and future prospects are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the transmission performance of N × 40 Gbps carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (CS-RZ) and duobinary CS-RZ (DCS-RZ) modulated wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signals over the standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) based on non-ideal Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulators through numerical simulations. In addition to that, the impact on receiver margin related to the residual chirp due to an asymmetry ratio of modulators as well as the effect of the applied chirp of modulators has been studied. As the asymmetry ratio of modulators is increased, dispersion penalties are increased asymmetrically at around the zero dispersion wavelength for the CS-RZ format. The DCS-RZ modulation format has a symmetric behavior due to different characteristics of the residual chirp of modulators. The receiver margin for the DCS-RZ modulation format is larger than the CS-RZ modulation format above the asymmetry ratio of 0.82 of modulators (extinction ratio of 20 dB) with the optimal ΔλDCF. By controlling the negative/positive applied chirp of the first/second modulator, dispersion penalties can be reduced for both the CS-RZ and DCS-RZ formats. In the DCS-RZ format compared to the CS-RZ format, the effect of the applied chirp of the first modulator is more dominant than that of the second modulator. The simulation results show that the receiver margin is limited by the asymmetry ratio of modulators as well as a deviated wavelength from the zero dispersion wavelength of dispersion compensating fibers (DCF) in order to be fully post-compensated. Dispersion penalties can be reduced with appropriate chirp parameters of two non-ideal modulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]