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Purpose: To determine whether primary trabeculectomy or medical treatment produces better outcomes in terms of quality of life (QoL), clinical effectiveness, and safety in patients with advanced glaucoma., Design: Multicenter randomized controlled trial., Participants: Between June 3, 2014, and May 31, 2017, 453 adults with newly diagnosed advanced open-angle glaucoma in at least 1 eye (Hodapp classification) were recruited from 27 secondary care glaucoma departments in the United Kingdom. Two hundred twenty-seven were allocated to trabeculectomy, and 226 were allocated medical management., Methods: Participants were randomized on a 1:1 basis to have either mitomycin C-augmented trabeculectomy or escalating medical management with intraocular pressure (IOP)-reducing drops as the primary intervention and were followed up for 5 years., Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was vision-specific QoL measured with the 25-item Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25) at 5 years. Secondary outcomes were general health status, glaucoma-related QoL, clinical effectiveness (IOP, visual field, and visual acuity), and safety., Results: At 5 years, the mean ± standard deviation VFQ-25 scores in the trabeculectomy and medication arms were 83.3 ± 15.5 and 81.3 ± 17.5, respectively, and the mean difference was 1.01 (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.99 to 4.00; P = 0.51). The mean IOPs were 12.07 ± 5.18 mmHg and 14.76 ± 4.14 mmHg, respectively, and the mean difference was -2.56 (95% CI, -3.80 to -1.32; P < 0.001). Glaucoma severity measured with visual field mean deviation were -14.30 ± 7.14 dB and -16.74 ± 6.78 dB, respectively, with a mean difference of 1.87 (95% CI, 0.87-2.87 dB; P < 0.001). Safety events occurred in 115 (52.2%) of patients in the trabeculectomy arm and 124 (57.9%) of patients in the medication arm (relative risk, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.72-1.19; P = 0.54). Serious adverse events were rare., Conclusions: At 5 years, the Treatment of Advanced Glaucoma Study demonstrated that primary trabeculectomy surgery is more effective in lowering IOP and preventing disease progression than primary medical treatment in patients with advanced disease and has a similar safety profile., Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article., (Copyright © 2024 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To compare methods for evaluating refractive outcomes after cataract surgery to detect outliers., Design: Case series database study of the evaluation of diagnostic technology., Participants: Consecutive patients who had uneventful cataract operations over a 5-year period., Methods: The intended and postoperative refractive outcome and differences between these were analyzed as a spherical equivalent, cylinder, and spherocylinder. The average keratometry and differences between steep and flat keratometric meridians were used to calculate the intended refractive error., Main Outcome Measures: Outliers were defined as patients for whom the difference between the intended and postoperative refractive errors was more than 3 standard deviations (SDs) away from the mean., Results: A total of 9000 patients were included. Twelve patients had missing data and were excluded. The mean intended refractive outcome was -0.12+0.12×2 (95% lower confidence limit [LCL], -1.94+1.06×44; 95% upper confidence limit [UCL], +0.77+1.05×140). The actual postoperative refractive error was -0.30+0.47×6 (95% LCL, -2.36+1.31×36; 95% UCL, +1.00+1.18×148) with a difference from the intended of -0.18+0.35×7 (95% LCL, -1.91+1.22×38; 95% UCL, +0.75+1.09×145). Treating the components of the refractive error independently, outliers were observed in 82 eyes (0.91%) based on the sphere, 46 eyes (0.51%) based on the spherical equivalent, 115 eyes (1.28%) based on treating the cylinder as a scalar, and 76 eyes (0.85%) based on treating the cylinder as a vector. When the differences between the intended and postoperative refractive errors were calculated as a compound spherocylinder, outliers were observed for 233 eyes (2.59%)., Conclusions: Treating the intended refractive outcome as a spherocylinder improves the precision for detecting clinically significant refractive outliers., (Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To investigate time to pseudophakic retinal detachment (RD) after cataract surgery with posterior capsule rupture (PCR) to provide an evidence-based guide for postoperative management., Design: Retrospective case series., Participants: A total of 61 907 eyes of 46 824 patients undergoing cataract surgery., Methods: Subanalysis of the United Kingdom Royal College of Ophthalmologists' National Ophthalmology Database from 13 sites where data on both cataract and vitreoretinal surgery were recorded on the same electronic medical records system. Overall, 61 907 cataract operations were performed between October 2006 and August 2010. Analyses were restricted to cases with at least 3 months of potential postoperative follow-up., Results: Pseudophakic RD surgery was performed on 131 eyes of 129 patients (0.21%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18%-0.25%). Of these, 36 were in eyes that had PCR during cataract surgery (3.27%; 95% CI, 2.37%-4.50%) and 95 were in eyes that did not have PCR (0.16%; 95% CI, 0.13%-0.19%). For eyes that progressed to RD surgery, the median time to pseudophakic RD surgery was 44 days for eyes with PCR, and 6.3 months for eyes without PCR. For all eyes (both with and without PCR), pseudophakic RD occurred earlier in cases performed by a trainee cataract surgeon., Conclusions: Pseudophakic RD occurs earlier after cataract surgery complicated by PCR. Surgeon grade is a risk factor for pseudophakic RD. Posterior vitreous detachment and RD symptoms should be discussed with patients who undergo cataract surgery and have PCR to facilitate early attendance, and careful dilated postoperative examination for retinal tears is recommended in the first 2 months after surgery., (Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To describe rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) surgery., Design: National Ophthalmology Database study., Participants: A total of 3403 eyes from 3321 patients undergoing primary RD surgery., Methods: Participating centers prospectively collected clinical data using a single electronic medical record system, with automatic extraction of anonymized data to a national database, from 2002 to 2010., Main Outcome Measures: Description of the primary procedures performed, intraoperative complication rate, and proportion of eyes undergoing subsequent RD or cataract surgery. We undertook an exploratory analysis of change in visual acuity (VA) using the data available., Results: Of 3403 operations, 2693 (79.1%) were pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), 413 (12.1%) were retinopexy with a scleral buckle (SB), and 297 (8.7%) were PPV with an SB (PPV-SB). For PPV and PPV-SB, 18.8% were with hexafluoroethane, 12.1% were with perfluoropropane, 43.1% were with sulfahexafluoride, 1.8% were with air, 17.9% were with silicone oil, and 10.7% were with cataract surgery. Within 1 year of vitrectomy, 52.1% of phakic eyes had undergone cataract surgery. For all RD operations combined (and excluding cataract surgery complications), 5.1% had 1 or more intraoperative complication, 13.0% underwent further RD surgery, and 8.3% had silicone oil in situ at last review. The RD reoperation rate was 13.3%, 12.3%, and 14.5% for PPV, SB, and PPV-SB, respectively. For 961 eyes with a baseline and final VA measurement, the median presenting logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution VA improved from 1.0 to 0.5 (20/200-20/63) after a median follow-up of 0.6 years., Conclusions: These results may help vitreoretinal surgeons to benchmark their intraoperative complication rate and reoperation rate and to compare their surgical techniques with their peers'. They suggest that the benefits of RD surgery greatly outweigh the risks., (Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To study macular hole (MH) surgery in terms of baseline demographics, intraoperative complications, post-vitrectomy cataract, reoperation, and visual outcome., Design: National Ophthalmology Database study., Participants: A total of 1078 eyes from 1045 patients undergoing primary MH surgery., Methods: Participating centers prospectively collected clinical data using a single electronic medical record (EMR) system, with automatic extraction of anonymized data to a national database, over 8 years. The following data were extracted for eyes undergoing MH surgery: demographics, procedure elements, intraoperative complications, visual acuity (VA), and further surgery., Main Outcome Measures: Description of the primary procedures performed, intraoperative complication rate, change in VA, proportion of eyes undergoing subsequent surgery for persisting MH, cataract, or retinal detachment., Results: The median age was 70.3 years, with a 2.2:1 female preponderance. All operations included a pars plana vitrectomy (PPV)-41.1% with hexafluoroethane (C2F6), 25.6% with perfluoropropane (C3F8), 24.5% with sulfahexafluoride (SF6), 2.2% with air, and 0.4% with silicone oil. A PPV was combined with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peel in 94.1% and cataract surgery in 40.5%. One or more intraoperative complications occurred in 12.4%. The median presenting logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) VA improved from 0.80 to 0.50 after a median follow-up of 0.6 years; 57.8% of eyes improved ≥0.30 logMAR units (∼2 Snellen lines). The choice of gas tamponade did not significantly influence the visual outcome, but eyes undergoing ILM peel were significantly more likely to gain ≥0.30 logMAR units, as were eyes with poor presenting VA. Subsequently, 4.2% of eyes underwent repeat surgery for MH and 2.4% for retinal detachment, and, excluding pseudophakic eyes, 64.6% underwent cataract surgery within 1 year., Conclusions: This study provides pooled, anonymized data on the demographics, complications, and visual outcome of MH surgery. This may enable vitreoretinal surgeons to benchmark their case-mix and outcomes, and facilitate risk-benefit and cost-benefit analyses., (Copyright © 2013 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To define theoretical correction factors for second-eye intraocular lens (IOL) power adjustment based on first eye refractive prediction error (PE)., Design: Database study., Participants: We included 2129 patients who underwent bilateral sequential phacoemulsification cataract surgery with the same IOL model., Methods: Retrospectively calculated PEs (Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, SRK/T) were analyzed for association between paired eyes, examining the effect of interocular differences in axial length (AL) and corneal power. A range of correction factors (CF) derived from the first eye PE were applied to the second eye PE using optimized and non-optimized IOL constants (IOLCs)., Main Outcome Measures: Second eye mean absolute error (MAE)., Results: Prediction errors of paired eyes were correlated. Interocular corneal power differences exceeding 0.60 diopters (D) were associated with a weaker correlation but interocular AL differences did not affect the correlation. When a 50% CF was applied to second eyes of patients with a first eye PE between ±0.50 and ±1.50 D, it improved refractive outcomes from 30%, 56%, and 92% to 42%, 75%, and 96% within ±0.25 D, ±0.50 D and ±1.00 D, respectively, and reduced the MAE from 0.49 to 0.37 D (P<0.0001). For first eye PE below ±0.50 D, a 50% CF reduced the MAE from 0.32 to 0.30 D (P<0.00001). A 50% CF also reduces second eye MAE for eyes with nonoptimized IOLCs., Conclusions: A 50% CF reduces second eye PE when either first eye optimized PE is within ±1.50 D or when nonoptimized IOLCs are used. The correlation is weaker when interocular corneal power differences are >0.60 D., (Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)