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To investigate normal light scattering and cataract formation, the anterior eye segments of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in fresh water and sea water were documented in vivo for the first time with a Topcon SL-45 Scheimpflug camera. A total of 40 fish from the fresh-water-rearing period, obtained from 2 groups of identical age but showing a different growth rate, and 24 fish from the sea-water-rearing period, sampled from 2 groups with identical age but being fed different food brands, were included in this study. The fish were anaesthetized before examination. Due to the naturally wide pupil, no mydriatic compound was applied. All fish were removed from the water for photography, which was performed for each eye in 0° = vertical slit position. Images were recorded on Kodak Tmax 400 black-and-white film. Microdensitometric image analysis of all negatives was performed using a Joyce-Loebl online microdensitometer. In spite of the virtual absence of an anterior chamber gap between cornea and lens and very little light scattering in the normal fish lens, a small number of distinct layers could be reproducibly identified in the lens. While there was little abnormal light scattering which could point to cataract development in young fish from the fresh water period, the evaluation of the lenses from the 2 sea water groups showed the presence of specific forms of cataract especially in the cortical and supranuclear layers. There were significant differences between the groups fed different food brands at the sea water site. In conclusion, Scheimpflug photography proved to be applicable to eye research in fish in vivo. It is suggested that this method should be employed for reproducible documentation as an extension to slit lamp monitoring in experimental research to reveal causative factors for cataracts in farmed fish.

The density characteristics of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens, although of primary importance for its optical quality, are difficult to determine. Scheimpflug photography, however, allows distinct density measurements from the optical axis towards the periphery with the only limitation of a sufficient mydriasis, so that a 3-dimensional scatter profile of both capsular surfaces can be calculated via multilinear densitometric evaluation of a sufficient number of meridians. On this methodical basis, we analysed Scheimpflug images recorded with the Topcon SL-45 on Kodak T-Max 400 film from 25 patients in an age range between 19 and 63 years. Images from the 0 degree + 45 degree meridians were scanned with multilinear microdensitometry and the data computed to get a density profile. In general, most scattering profiles show a marked interindividual variability. Nevertheless, a general trend can be established between the periphery and the center of the anterior and posterior capsules: (a) the anterior capsule generally has a higher density than the posterior; (b) in most cases, the center of the posterior capsule has a higher density than the periphery; (c) the anterior capsule has a more uniform spatial density distribution in all cases. From the cases evaluated, it can be concluded that the density of the peripheral posterior capsule is more importantly influenced by shading effects of the iris, so that geometrical correction is needed.

The present study deals with a prospective investigation on the optical density of the eye lenses of 32 volunteers with initially normal eyes (mean age 65 years) over a period of 3.5 years. The negatives of the Scheimpflug photographs (Topcon SL-45) were evaluated by linear densitometry in 3 measure planes (Joyce Loebl 3CS). The evaluation of the coefficient of correlation, the representation of the regression straight line as well as the evaluation of the percent changes in lens density showed that during the observation period of 3.5 years a minimum increase in density took place mainly in the anterior cortex.

Ultraviolet (UV) filter photography with the Topcon SL-45 Scheimpflug camera has provided valuable informations about age-related and cataract-type-dependent changes in the spectral properties of the human lens. The present study deals with the same phenomenon in normal lenses of the Brown-Norway rat and in those with true diabetic and naphthalene cataracts. The lenses of all animals of the 3 groups were photographed at the middle and final examination of a 6-week experiment on Kodak Tri-X-pan ASA 400 black-and-white film, using visible light (xenon flash) and UV-filtered light (320-390 nm transmission) from the same light source for recording. The results clearly demonstrate that both cataract models exhibit characteristic fluorescence properties, different from each other and from normal rat lenses. The naphthalene cataract shows the most drastic increase in fluorescence in the cortex, compared to the increase in scattering with visible light. The versatility of the method in preclinical research and the versatility of the cataract models open new aspects of drug-related research in drug toxicity studies.

Scheimpflug photography has become the basic method for documentation of lens transparency changes in clinical and experimental ophthalmology, due to its high reproducibility. In animal cataract studies, the reproducibility is strongly influenced by the handling characteristics of the camera used, due to limited cooperation of the animal. The reproducibility of the Zeiss SLC system, which offers a direct quality control of the image on the video screen, was tested with 2 animal cataract models, the ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced cataract and the true diabetic cataract in the Brown-Norway rat. 10 rats each of the 2 cataract models and of an untreated control group were photographed in a random order on 3 occasions on the same day by the same photographer. Quality control and densitometry were performed by the same system operator, the measurement window was positioned standardly, coincident with the optical axis of the eye. Statistical comparison was carried out in the capsular layer, that is the area of initial cataract development in both models, and in the cortical layer, into which the diabetic cataract progresses during its later stages of development. The nuclear layer was also evaluated, but has no direct relation to one of the models employed. The results clearly indicate that the reproducibility is predominantly influenced by the homogeneity or inhomogeneity of the cataract model employed. The system operator and the photographer provided that they are well trained, have minor influence on the reproducibility of the Zeiss SLC system.

To investigate normal light scattering and cataract formation, the anterior eye segments of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in fresh water and sea water were documented in vivo for the first time with a Topcon SL-45 Scheimpflug camera. A total of 40 fish from the fresh-water-rearing period, obtained from 2 groups of identical age but showing a different growth rate, and 24 fish from the sea-water-rearing period, sampled from 2 groups with identical age but being fed different food brands, were included in this study. The fish were anaesthetized before examination. Due to the naturally wide pupil, no mydriatic compound was applied. All fish were removed from the water for photography, which was performed for each eye in 0 degrees = vertical slit position. Images were recorded on Kodak Tmax 400 black-and-white film. Microdensitometric image analysis of all negatives was performed using a Joyce-Loebl online microdensitometer. In spite of the virtual absence of an anterior chamber gap between cornea and lens and very little light scattering in the normal fish lens, a small number of distinct layers could be reproducibly identified in the lens. While there was little abnormal light scattering which could point to cataract development in young fish from the fresh water period, the evaluation of the lenses from the 2 sea water groups showed the presence of specific forms of cataract especially in the cortical and supranuclear layers. There were significant differences between the groups fed different food brands at the sea water site. In conclusion, Scheimpflug photography proved to be applicable to eye research in fish in vivo. It is suggested that this method should be employed for reproducible documentation as an extension to slit lamp monitoring in experimental research to reveal causative factors for cataracts in farmed fish.

Some years ago, Nidek developed a new imaging system for the anterior eye segment, which offers the possibility of recording Scheimpflug and retroillumination images. The system consists of 2 different technical units, a camera unit for image recording and a computer unit for storage, system operation and image analysis. To evaluate the clinical use of the system and its reproducibility, a study with 31 volunteers/patients was performed that were photographed with the Nidek EAS 1000 at the meridians 0 degree, 45 degrees and 180 degrees. Two examinations with a 1-week interval were performed. In addition, a direct comparison of the EAS 1000 with the Topcon SL-45 was carried out with 32 volunteers that were photographed at 0 degree and 45 degrees; a retroillumination photo was additionally recorded. The video images were evaluated with the computer software, the SL-45 negatives were standardly measured with a Joyce-Loebl densitometer. The handling of the EAS 1000 in clinical use was found to be easy and comfortable for the patient, as the alignment is done with infrared light. Difficulties occur only with the retroillumination photography in that the infrared light for imaging may outshine the red fixation light during exposure. However, shadowing problems due to the eyelashes occur in oblique slit positions, especially in those patients with a pronounced front head. In studying the reproducibility, the mean values of the individual coefficients of variation for light scattering (density) were in a range between 3.6 and 5.06%, but more than 35% of the single values show a variation coefficient above 5% (maximum 20.3%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topcon Tokyo manufactured the first series of SL-45 in 1980 and a second in 1982/83, which were completed in Bonn with all technical improvements developed so far. In 1987, the SL-45B was manufactured which included all previously added improvements. To compare both camera types, we carried out a test with 10 volunteers and the following technical variables for the SL-45: (1) miosis; (2) mydriasis; (3) flashbulb 1; (4) flashbulb 2; (5) film batch 1; (6) film batch 2, and (7) different types of film. Afterwards, 5 of these volunteers were photographed with the SL-45B. Photographer and reader were identical in all cases. Based on microdensitometry it could be demonstrated that, with the exception of a different film type, all variables can be compensated for by using the corneal peak as an external standard.

The ophthalmic examination of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treated with high doses of verapamil over a considerable period of time showed no evidence of a side effect of the drug, thus pr

Evaluation of various long-term studies on changes of different lens opacities, as had been rendered possible by microdensitometric image analysis of the film blackening of Scheimpflug photographs, showed that only in a few special cases an extension of the opacification to adjacent lens layers is to be expected within the observation period of 2–3 years. This means that one of the reasons for evaluating the densitometer curve by area planimetry is no longer valid and may be neglected. A further advantage of the measurement of film blackening by height evaluation (height of densitometer deflection above baseline, i.e., noise level) is the fact that it is highly independent of subjective factors and, therefore, ensures a far better reproducibility with respect to data acquisition. The results of both evaluation procedures, obtained by evaluating the identical film material (2 photoexaminations) of 14 volunteers, are presented, and the advantage of height measurement as opposed to planimetry is demonstrated.

A double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial with hard data evaluation by image analysis of Scheimpflug photographs taken at baseline and 6, 12 and 18 months after starting treatment was performed to assess the efficacy of bendazac lysine in four different types of senile cataract. The study had a classical split-plot design. For statistical evaluation, the analysis of variance and covariance for repeated measures were used for three different lens sections: anterior capsule and superficial layer, anterior cortex and nucleus. In the entire group of 53 evaluable patients (without separation into cataract-type subgroups), there was a significantly less increase over time in light scattering (i.e. film blackening) of the anterior cortex and nucleus with bendazac lysine than with placebo. There was also a strong trend in favour of the active drug at the anterior capsular level. Patients with water clefts and spokes showed a significantly less light scattering of the anterior capsule and cortex when treated with bendazac lysine. Those with nuclear changes also showed significantly less light scattering of the anterior cortex and nuclear region with the active drug than with placebo. The number of patients with subcapsular and wedge-shaped (cuneiform) cataracts was too small to be adequately assessed by statistical procedures. Nevertheless, there were indications of a beneficial effect of bendazac lysine on all the lens sections in patients with subcapsular cataracts and on the anterior cortical region in those with wedge-shaped cataracts. In conclusion, this study showed that the increase in light scattering over time, i.e. the progression of cataract, is less in bendazac lysine-treated patients than in those treated with placebo.

Scheimpflug photos of 262 cataract patients, classified according to various forms of opacifications characteristic for senile cataracts were evaluated by biometric methods. The measured values on cornea thickness, depth of anterior chamber, lens thickness, and radii of curvatures of cornea and anterior lens surface show that a correlation between some of the parameters and certain forms of opacities must be assumed.

The ophthalmic examination of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treated with high doses of verapamil over a considerable period of time showed no evidence of a side effect of the drug, thus proving its ocular safety. This could be verified by densitometric image analysis of Scheimpflug photographs of the eyes. The data were used for statistical tests on lens transparency. Changes in lens transparency, i.e. a probable drug-induced cataract were found in none of the patients.

A double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial with hard data evaluation by image analysis of Scheimpflug photographs taken at baseline and 6, 12 and 18 months after starting treatment was performed to assess the efficacy of bendazac lysine in four different types of senile cataract. The study had a classical split-plot design. For statistical evaluation, the analysis of variance and covariance for repeated measures were used for three different lens sections: anterior capsule and superficial layer, anterior cortex and nucleus. In the entire group of 53 evaluable patients (without separation into cataract-type subgroups), there was a significantly less increase over time in light scattering (i.e. film blackening) of the anterior cortex and nucleus with bendazac lysine than with placebo. There was also a strong trend in favour of the active drug at the anterior capsular level. Patients with water clefts and spokes showed a significantly less light scattering of the anterior capsule and cortex when treated with bendazac lysine. Those with nuclear changes also showed significantly less light scattering of the anterior cortex and nuclear region with the active drug than with placebo. The number of patients with subcapsular and wedge-shaped (cuneiform) cataracts was too small to be adequately assessed by statistical procedures. Nevertheless, there were indications of a beneficial effect of bendazac lysine on all the lens sections in patients with subcapsular cataracts and on the anterior cortical region in those with wedge-shaped cataracts. In conclusion, this study showed that the increase in light scattering over time, i.e. the progression of cataract, is less in bendazac lysine-treated patients than in those treated with placebo.