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This paper is the second part of a descriptive analysis of Kawesqar non-mythical narrative discourse from the point of view of discourse grammar; this part examines the different paragraph types that occur in both non-hybrid (anecdotic and historical discourses, as well as travelogues), and hybrid discourses, being the latter combinations of declarative-narrative, autobiographic-anecdotic, anecdotic-travelogue, historical-process, and historical- travelogue discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerning the link that may subsist between the theory of translation and the theory of the subject (the concept of melancholy offers here a provisional help), in this paper I propose a brief discussion of some difficulties and paradoxes of the relation between original and translation and of the problematic equation of translation and language. These considerations suggest, from the point of view of translation, the relevance of a logic of repetition, and, from the point of view of the subject, the necessary attention towards the event of an effacement of the self in the act of writing, which both may be keys to the analysis of the link previously mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the discoursive construction of producer and recipient in written research reports made by second-year university students. Texts analysed reveal the representation of a complex kind of knowledge, including discoursive mechanisms for the construction of the writer --the student-- and the reader -- the evaluating professor. Throughout the article this is illustrated by examples taken from Biological, Human and Social Sciences reports. Didactic resources used to guide the reader are highlighted as a mechanism specific to reports in Social Sciences. The paper concludes that the variety and instability shown by strategies for the construction of actors involved in this academic exchange reflect differences proper to the discipline and report classes, as well to text producers' literacy level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For carrying out the research "Recurrent prosodic patterns in Chile the speech acts of Chile public speech: phonophonological description", it was necessary to build a corpus showing manifestations of such acts in different communicative situations. In this paper we, firstly, describe the procedures undertaken to build the corpus; secondly, those criteria underlying the sample selection are defined and, finally the labelling procedures are described. The objective of this paper is, then, to account for the process of corpus collection and to propose a holistic labelling that duly contains for all the components that distinctly identify each of the communicative instances that make up our corpus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the different uses that the verb "cachar" has acquired in Chilean colloquial Spanish, and tries to explain these uses within the framework of the linguistic notions of polysemy, language functions, and speech registers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present paper is to account for an instrument which -taking as starting point the model of comprehension of van Dijk and Kinstch (1983) and Graesser (1997)- tries to explain how children from 13 to 14 years carry out the process of reading comprehension of expository texts. It is of special interest to us to observe the type of reasoning that the subjects apply in the different levels of mental representation of the text. In other words, the aim is to investigate the capacity of the subjects to read in an efferent way -that is to say with the objective of extracting information from the text- and at the same time to observe if a level of profound comprehension is reached (Graesser and Tipping, 1998). We consider that this measurement is fundamental since efferent reading is indispensable to acquire understanding and to relate and transfer it to other areas of knowledge. In this proposal reading is understanding and understanding is learning. The sample used for the pilot study of said instrument is composed of sixty boys and girls attending the eighth year in municipal and subsidized schools in two cities in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to show the reach of pragma-dialectics by describing and analyzing speakers' competence in identifying fallacies in an argumentative speech. The chosen corpus is a set of sixty seven letters by 35 distinct participants corresponding to the debate formed after an opinion column from Agustín Squella titled "¿Es Ud. Católico?" ("Are you a catholic?"). Fallacies were analyzed in all letters that received answers and, in these answers, fallacy recognition markers were searched for. Results indicate that speakers are capable of identifying and rejecting fallacies as arguments but that this doesn't occurred in most cases. Ad hominem is the most recognized fallacy and also the most used of all fallacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main object of this paper is to examine how Plato's works have been passed down to us. There are some 150 survivor manuscripts copied between the ninth and the fourteenth century. These manuscripts are based on a (disappeared) archetype with variants in two volumes from the sixth century AD. The task of the editor is examined, as he has to trace back the steps of past editions from the hyparchetypes, the archetype, i.e., the last exemplar wherefrom these were copied, the earlier archetypes and, finally, the autograph. The essential issue is to reproduce the vanished autograph in the most exact way. In this context, the importance of the division in tetralogies of Plato's works and the existence of three main families of codices and their respective principal manuscripts are analyzed. It is partially possible to track down this succession of manuscripts, which goes back to the purest ancient tradition and to verify that the findings regarding the integrity of Plato's text, although much of it remains to be investigated, are formally satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses some extremely important notions which highly impact research design, focusing on three concepts used more and more in quantitative approaches: Statistical power, sensitivity and size effect. By presenting linguistically-oriented examples, explanations are given for the potential uses of these methodological tools both in Social Sciences in general and in Linguistics in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presenta una ponencia presentada en la mesa redonda “Traducción y Cultura”, que se celebró el 27 de septiembre de 2007 en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile en Santiago, Chile con ocasión del "Día internacional del traductor." La ponencia trata la traducción como fenómeno cultural. Describe el concepto, propuesto por el traductor Gideon Toury, de la traducción como parte de la cultura de llegada y el movimiento "cultural turn" en la traducción.

Se presenta una ponencia presentada en la mesa redonda “Traducción y Cultura”, que se celebró el 27 de septiembre de 2007 en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile en Santiago, Chile con ocasión del "Día internacional del traductor." La ponencia trata la traducción del idioma mapudungun de los indios mapuches de la región chilena de Araucanía.

Se presenta una ponencia presentada en la mesa redonda “Traducción y Cultura”, que se celebró el 27 de septiembre de 2007 en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile en Santiago, Chile con ocasión del "Día internacional del traductor." La ponencia trata la traducción de textos literario antiguos. Afirma que los traductores de estos textos deben tomar decisiones lingüísticas razonables y moderadas que comunican el texto original de manera atinada, sincera y humilde.

Late speech development--after the age of six--involves the comprehension of figurative statements. However, not all of these structures are learned in the same manner or at the same speed. Frequencies of use of a given statement and its greater opacity or transparency influence the relationship between the literal form and its figurative meaning. Within this framework, this paper aims at theoretically and operatively defining transparent and opaque, familiar and unfamiliar statements and, at the same time, at gauging, by means of interactive software, the performance of 77, 6-10-year-old Chilean students. Results show that differences in scores per age --for both kinds of statements--were significant only if the achievement of 10-year-olds' was compared with the scores obtained by the younger participants and that acquisition seems to improve significantly at that age. As far as the differences between the comprehension of familiar, transparent utterances and unfamiliar, opaque statements is concerned, each age group showed that they had more difficulties with the latter and, although the gap in the scores obtained by both kinds of utterances narrows in the 10-year-olds, differences were significant in all cases. This would confirm Levorato and Cacciari's (1992) hypothesis on the emergence of a contextualization strategy that would allow the participants to deal with utterances in a different way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a metalexicographical analysis of the dictionary voces usadas en Chile, by Aníbal Echeverría y Reyes published in Chile in 1900. it reviews the state of lexicography practiced in late 19th Century Chile. The analysis follows Matus' metalexicographical analysis chart (1995), which allows description, analysis and critical evaluation of lexicographical works on Chilean spanish. This work aims at revealing (revealing) the advanced scientific techniques used by Echeverría y Reyes in processing and systematizing dictionary entries. it also shows the strategies used by the author to detach himself from the more purist and conservative ideas that were commonplace in his day. This becomes evident in the increase of idiomatic reference points, which induce a polycentric standardization, as stated by de granda (1994), and in the way the frontiers between official and marginal lexicon become diffuse, allowing for the inclusion of taboo terms in the dictionary. finally, the study stresses the importance of Aníbal Echeverría y Reyes' lexicographical work as a transitional period in the field's pre-scientific and scientific stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars agree on saying that Plauto and Terencio set the benchmark for the Latin humanistic comedy, shaping its plots, its schemes, its structures and its language. Nonetheless it remains to be established exactly how and to what extent these two sources from the past molded the content and the shape of every particular humanistic comedy. In this paper I intend to verify how ancient Roman comedy influenced the Latin humanistic comedy Bophilaria (1505), by Egidio Gallo. Surprisingly, after a thorough examination this play looks almost like a bona fide Plautine cento. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following research deals with the intonation of utterances in Chilean Spanish with stress clashes: the presence of two or more successive stressed syllables. In order to do this, and from the perspective of acoustic analysis, an experiment was devised to observe the frequency of use of each of the seven main stress clash management strategies reported in the literature (Prieto et al., 1995; Almeida, 2001). The results support the notion of tonal peaks as targets (Prieto, 2003) and the expected use of a single tonal peak in contexts of stress clash. They also establish some unexpected relationships between certain sets of the aforementioned strategies; as well as between utterances with different prosodic patterns. Based on the results of this investigation, this paper also attempts to propose a tentative categorization of stress clash management strategies in order to improve the current understanding of stress in Spanish and to facilitate future research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has two main objectives. The first one is to summarize the various points of view regarding two key concepts in the study of language evolution and change, which are grammaticalization and lexicalization. We have found in previous literature many different opinions and arguments on concepts and their respective domains, as well as the relationship between them, ie, how these processes interact and the degree of linguistic change. Our aim is to give a critical summary of all the authors as a basis to achieve the second objective: to try to elucidate in which evolutionary stage of the continuum collocations are placed and also to provide a test of diachrony in some cases. They will be the basis for further development and introduction to the study of this issue. We will proceed as follows: first, we will examine the two processes of linguistic change and their interrelation. Then we will discuss the subject in the collocations field: that is its position in the evolutionary continuum, and we will test the diachronic line of the following examples of collocations: "estar seguro de que" and "dar comienzo". Both examples support the thesis put forward in this paper: that collocations are in the lexicalization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the variation between the following sentences: (1) "una concepción que no la tiene consciente" and (2) "una concepción que no tiene consciente". Case (1), unlike (2), shows a relative clause with a clitic (called "reassumptive" or "pleonastic") that explicitly retrieves the antecedent. We propose the speaker reiterates the antecedent with the clitic, when having established the theme, he is not yet sure about what he wants to say, because he intends to introduce new information, or because he intends to produce a contrast. In those cases, the speaker distributes again the Theme/Rheme progression of the relative clause recreating the informative progression of a sentence. We make a quantitative and qualitative analysis of authentic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Martin (1985) genre is a structured activity, oriented to a goal which speakers as members of a particular culture aspire to. Therefore, the news interview presents its own structure: a question/answer interaction between a journalist and an interviewed public figure. The content of the interview is predictable: the journalist proposes current affairs subjects which may interest the audience. Precisely the fact that the interview is a kind of show for a planned audience causes not only the interviewer but also the interviewed to use strategies with particular aims, in order to build their images. This activity occurs especially during moments of disagreement in the interview. In this paper, different aspects of the news interview are identified focusing on confrontational talk episodes recorded in twenty-three cases from different radio broadcast programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural language understanding systems require a knowledge base provided with conceptual representations reflecting the structure of human beings' cognitive system. Although surface semantics can be sufficient in some other systems, the construction of a robust knowledge base guarantees its reuse in most natural language processing applications. In this scenario, FunGramKB is presented as a multipurpose knowledge base whose model has been particularly designed for natural language understanding tasks. Indeed, one of the features which has remarkably contributed to the success of this knowledge base is the expressive power of its notational system. The aim of this paper is to describe the grammar, together with its theoretical foundation, of the conceptual representation language used in FunGramKB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the metadiscoursive usage of the exhortative forms no digamos, digamos and que digamos. These uses are the result of different stages in the process of lexical fixation and grammaticalization leading to the formation of genuine discourse markers. On the other hand, the forms analysed, which are typical of both the spoken and the written language, are linked to the expression of politeness and illustrate two basic strategies of modality such as intensification and hedging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing enables individuals to reason in or with language: metalanguage (Ravid y Tolchinsky, 2002). This ability requires both linguistic knowledge and cognitive abilities, so it can develop accordingly. One of the pivotal components of cognition is the capacity to reason in an analogical way (Goswami y Brown, 1990). The purpose of this paper is research into the potential relation between both variables: text production and analogical reasoning. To that purpose, two objectives have been pursued: (a) to inquire into the verbal analogical reasoning as a cognitive ability essential to the writing of narrative texts; and (b) to determine the incidence of this ability in the metalanguage level. A group of 258 third graders were studied to establish a correlation between their analogical reasoning and their production of narrative texts. A writing test and verbal analogical reasoning tests were administered. Preliminary findings indicate that there is a correlation between both variables; however, it can be observed that some writing-specific areas seem to depend more on other kinds of knowledge than on uniquely the verbal analogical reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose some guidelines for the classification of phonetic-phonological adjustments (Clasificación de Ajustes Fondtico-Fonológicos, CLAFF). Such guidelines are intended to describe and classify, from a phonetic-articulatory point of view, the adjustments that boys and girls make when, according to the standard Chilean Spanish phonological model, they unsuccessfully try to utter oral statements. These guidelines include 21 phonetic-articulatory parameters that enable to comprehensively describe the quantitative and qualitative articulatory behaviour shown in normal children's speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show the results of phonetic-pragmatic analysis applied to the discourse markers a ver, bueno, claro, vale, ¿cómo? and ya in semi-spontaneous speech. The objective is to determine the incidence of acoustic-phonetic patterns upon the perception of the pragmatic meaning of 'anger', 'assent' and 'strangeness'. To achieve this, a procedure to obtain data was designed. This data was then examined according to the acoustic phase of the protocol of melodic speech analysis, proposed by Cantero and Font (2009). It is, therefore, an exploratory study about experimental phonetic based on pragmatics. The main results highlight the facts that a) there is a phonetic pattern for the analyzed discourse markers, at least in the Chilean variety of the Spanish language, formed tonetically by /- interrogative, - suspended, + emphatic/; and b) the variation in the suprasegmental phonetics configuration of the discursive units studied is related to the variation of the pragmatic meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the features that characterize some syntactic-semantic patterns involving a-prepositional complementation in Spanish. The analysis is situated at the core-grammar level or level 1 of the Lexical Constructional Model in which lexical templates and constructional templates undergo various processes of Subsumption (see Ruiz de Mendoza and Mairal, 2008; Mairal and Ruiz de Mendoza, 2009). Special emphasis is made on the mechanisms of Subsumption across verb classes and, more specifically, on how such mechanisms determine the (re)construction of meaning and mark differences and commonalities between the Spanish verbs golpear and tocar. Examples extracted from relevant corpora of the Spanish language are used in support of the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

University training requires a writing task of considerable significance, which is placed by the end of the preparation program: the thesis writing process. Both teachers' and students' representations on this task are the result of their own social experiences and expectations. This paper aims at unravelling the representations held by a group of teachers and students from two undergraduate programs in Marine Sciences, regarding the thesis' genre. The focus group technique was applied to six university teachers to later conduct. Then, as part of the theoretical sampling, three in-depth interviews were done on three thesis supervisors and three students who have already done their thesis. The data was analyzed following the principles of the Grounded Theory (GT) methodology. The collected information reports on how teachers and students represent the thesis writing process, what relationship exists between this representation and the steps for scientific research, and what social function thesis writing process plays in the academic community. The results reveal the different beliefs that the group of teachers and of students hold about the thesis writing process. The former, as well as thesis supervisors, represents the thesis writing task as a chain link that must be realized as a publishing scientific paper that favours their entrance to postgraduate studies. The latter, in turn, perceives the thesis writing process as a hard task to be developed, for which students feel they were not sufficiently trained to deal with. The different representations seem to be based on different assumptions: the thesis process as a means to close their period of academic training and have access to the job market and the thesis process as a means to have access to postgraduate studies and, therefore, be part of the corresponding scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to explain how and why the political change undergone by Rome from the Republic to the Principate also brought a change in the moral categories with which Roman virtus would be redefined in the future. I argue here that Tacitus, traditionally seen as an author who has emphasized the vices of the actors in the new political regime, through the historical narrative of his Annals, provides us also with the exempla virtutis (examples of virtue) for the new model of the Roman citizen under the emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of "zero sign" is both functionally and semantically valid in those cases where an absence (a silence) systematically contrasts with a presence in a given context. Rabanales (1966) has posited the existence in Spanish of a recurrent "zero preposition" in the direct object, when the preposition "a" contrasts with an absence of a preposition. This paper offers cases and analyses that corroborate his position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Gustave Guillaume (1883-1960) was one of the most influential philosophers in XXth Century French linguistics, his theory is largely unknown in the Spanish sphere. Nowadays, new research on his work has begun to develop, mostly, in the Université de Paris III, Sorbonne Nouvelle. This paper analyses the way in which Guillaume reformulates Saussure's langue / parole dichotomy into the langue/discourse one; and then studies specific concepts involved in such proposed dichotomy that are essential from Guillaume's theory, such as: operative time, article, and incidence and decadence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of relevance of Sperber and Wilson (1995) underestimates the role of cooperation, and the theory's inclination toward an individual intentionality is problematic. These are two of the critical observations that this paper introduces and discusses. Through a constant counterpoint with the aforementioned authors, the core arguments of their theory are analyzed in each section of this paper. The discussion will allow us to observe why it is necessary to include the notions of cooperation and collective intention in the explanation of the relevance theory, and at the same time, the concept of trust. Finally, it is also important to stress the distinction between the informative and argumentative conversational modes to achieve a full understanding of relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years we observed in the world of business, educational institutions, recreational facilities and other organizations how to design courses, trips, seminars, etc. that address different requirements and training needs. These programs are taught by specialists of diverse disciplines and are increasingly framed in learning models based on the construction of knowledge. This change has been aided by the rise of information and communication technologies (TIC), which provides a good support so that students and tutors interact. In the forums, space privileged for the intervention, students and teachers make their investments through texts that can be analyzed beyond the words written by the producer of the message. These messages integrate other texts that the speaker/writer brings to consideration when he makes his participation. Thus, they comprise the "other voices" of the speech of the students. From this perspective it is interesting to note these voices which students use as a resource for their interventions, as well as to investigate how they get integrated into the text produced by them. The aim of this paper therefore is to show how these other voices are made present in the participant's speech taking into consideration for this analysis an online forum from a higher education program. These interventions are analyzed using some key concepts of Ducrot's polyphonic theory of enunciation (1984, 1986) and other referencing procedures by Authier (1984). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the field of Interpretation Studies has experienced a considerable growth. Nevertheless, the history of interpretation is still a marginal area. In addition, in spite of its ubiquitous presence during the Conquest and Colonization, Hispanic American historiography has given interpreters a relatively scarce attention. Because of the apparent absence or poorness of historical registers of situations where interpreters were involved their study and the construction of conceptual frames that may help us to understand and explain the functioning of historical oral mediation has been made difficult. Nevertheless, a careful analysis of colonial sources can give us clues to this understanding. In this paper, based on the reading of colonial chronicles, in particular Alonso Gonzalez de Ndjera's Desengano y reparo de la Guerra de Chile, we present a tentative framework for one of its least well known aspects: the relationship between the interpreters and their principals. We believe that this proposal may help fill in some of the gaps in the field of Interpretation Studies as well as in Colonial historiography itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although natural language processing can be deemed as a discipline between applied linguistics and artificial intelligence, theoretical linguistics has played a remarkably minor role in this field of research. One of the goals of this paper is to portray the reasons of the failed symbiosis between linguists' research and that of computer scientists, where probabilistic approaches haven been steadily overshadowing linguistic models. In spite of this discouraging scenario, FunGramKB, a knowledge base particularly designed for natural language understanding systems, serves to illustrate how a language-aware and cognitively-plausible approach to human-like processing can contribute to the development of enhanced knowledge-engineering projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the methodological aspects of the construction of terminological subontologies within the architecture of FunGramKB. The main hypothesis is that the multilevel model of the Nuclear Ontology in FunGramKB (metaconceptual level, basic level and terminal level) can be connected to a terminological subontology in order to minimize redundancy and maximize information knowledge. One of the features of this subontology is, firstly, its implementation for the creation of a specialized module in the Ontology and, secondly, its focus on deep semantics, in contrast with the vast majority of terminological ontologies, which are based on surface semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variable placement of Spanish subjects offers an illustration of the relevance of discursive-cognitive factors in explaining syntactic variation, as well as a demonstration of the fact that all communicative effects of formal choices can be related to such factors. In the present paper, first- and second-person overt subjects are analyzed within two types of non-declarative clauses (interrogative and imperative ones) and across two textually diversified corpora. Formal variation is discovered to follow very similar iconic principles in both grammatical contexts. The placing of the subject after the verb is the less-marked variant, which makes a difference with declarative clauses, where SVO is the preferred order. Due to this, subject preposition in the former contexts triggers the generation of special discursive-pragmatic values, particularly of higher assertiveness or presupposition regarding the content of utterances. The communicative projections of these basic values are then illustrated through the analysis of a variety of examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relational Network Theory (RNT) is a connectionist model of the linguistic system of the individual. In Pathways of the Brain, Lamb (1999) demonstrates that the model is neurologically plausible, but the neuroscientific evidence supporting RNT has not been updated since the publication of such volume. Moreover, RNT has not received significant attention in the last few decades, especially in the Spanish-speaking world. In an attempt to partly overcome these situations, the present paper summarizes the basic principles of RNT and offers updated evidence in favor of the theory's neurological plausibility. Furthermore, the theory is shown to have been constructed via the 'parallel structures approach' to neurolinguistic modeling, its merits and limitations being addressed from a theoretical and a methodological stance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present a systemic functional analysis of verbal processes, the associated participants and their projecting characteristics in academic language. This work forms part of the research study developed at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), which, in turn, is included in the international project Systemics Across Languages (SAL). The analyzed student texts were collected at the Faculty of Arts of the UNAM and they form part of the Corpus of Academic Language in Spanish (CLAE, 2009). The texts that were taken for the present analysis belong to one area (literature) and three distinct genres: question-answer, essay and review. The theoretical bases of this study are rooted in a systemic functional perspective (Halliday, 2004), particularly, in the conceptual framework of transitivity. The analysis begins with the calculation of frequency of verbal processes in our corpus. This, in turn, is followed by the identification of participants in the distinct types of verbal clauses. First, verbal process frequency in our corpus is determined and participants in distinct types of verbal clauses are identified. Then the most important participant in the verbal clause (Sayer) is explored in more detail. A special emphasis is also given to the participant expressing a message of the verbal act, i.e. the Verbiage. Similarly, projecting characteristics of the most frequent processes in the student texts are examined. The results of the study show that there is a significant variation among the verbal process percentages in each genre under analysis. On the other hand, different forms of expressing “who says” and “what is said” contribute to generic distinctions of the student texts as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics, in the Cardiff model (Fawcett, 2000, 2008, 2011, forthcoming a, forthcoming b), we explore the transitivity system of communication processes in the economic media discourse in Spanish. In the Cardiff Grammar, verbal processes are conceived as a subset of mental processes of cognition and they have a configuration of three participant roles: Agent + Affected- Cognizant + Phenomenon. The participant role Agent gives information or knowledge to an Affected who, thereafter, becomes Cognizant, and so comes to know of some Phenomenon. It is assumed that these three roles are inherent in this process type, i.e., they are required at the level of meaning, even if they are covert and sometimes unrealized at the level of form (Fawcett, in preparation a, in preparation b). In this paper, we analyze a subset (50 texts) of a corpus called DIDIECO (Economic Media Discourse), built according to the principles of Corpus Linguistics (Biber, 1993; McEnery & Wilson, 2001; Parodi, 2010). In order to annotate the corpus, syntactic and semantic analysis were made, applying verification tests (Fawcett, 2011) for participants roles. Our main purposes are: (i) distinguish criteria to identify members of the class “communication process”; (ii) determine the frequency of instantiation of each verb in this kind of discourse; (iii) extend in delicacy the system network proposed by Fawcett, based on the concept of “lexis as most delicate grammar” (Halliday, 1961), and (iv) consider the diversity of verbs that realize communication processes in the light of the discourse in which they are inserted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows some interrelations of representations of academic writing and its teaching, and the discourse strategies (Menéndez, 2000) adopted by lecturers and professors when giving written feedback. On the basis of a corpus of 30 interviews to professors and 184 samples of written feedback by the same professors, we have identified four representations about writing and a set of eight discourse strategies, which are first outlined here. Second, on the basis of two cases, two of the representations are described in detail, using discourse analysis tools based on Systemic Functional Linguistics. Additionally, the same two cases allow us to examine the strategies adopted by professors when assessing the texts produced by their students. The results show that those professors who represent writing as a tool used in material processes and who assign their students and themselves the role of Actors use strategies to feedback written production, under the form of instructions and questions. In contrast, when the prevailing representation is that in which writing is associated with a phenomenon in which the professor is a mere observer, feedback is mainly provided by using strategies whose purpose is expressing an evaluation about the correctness or incorrectness of an answer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the visual representation of student’s protests raised in Chile during 2011. The purpose is to describe the actors and symbolized group identities, as well as the social actions and the ways in which these specific actions are legitimized or delegitimized in the interaction. The corpus is a photographic book entitled Marchas (Marches) (Yutronic & Ortiz, 2012), which is analyzed from a theoretical and methodological framework that considers input from Critical Discourse Studies and Social Semiotics. The paper claims that the photographs of marches are able to organize narrative meanings which structure opposite forms of performance and political identification, excluding other critical participants in the educational conflict, such as political and economic elites. Thus, it is constructed a type of confrontation between young people and police, which simplifies the ideological struggle and reinforces stereotypes about groups whose action, being subject to constant media coverage, is, therefore, cognitively enhanced. The paper concludes that the narration inquired is an option of representation that emphasizes the historical character of the students’ protest, providing in this way a space that makes visible the postdictatorial action of youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to identify common patterns in texts that function as Discussion of research articles in the area of Microbiology. With this purpose, a corpus of four texts was analyzed manually from the perspective of genre in Systemic Functional Linguistics. The schematic structure of the texts and the resources realizing it as configuration of meanings in the three metafunctions of language were explored. The analysis showed that the Discussion of research articles in this area realizes the genre warranty of the research, whose purpose is to legitimate the results found in the research in order to persuade the readers and to guarantee that they are pertinent to be incorporated to the body of disciplinary knowledge. The discourse-semantic resources found as relevant in the texts were the co-articulation of projection, a resource of the APPRAISAL, and comparison, a resource of the CONJUNCTION system. Concede plus counter pairings were found only when the writer rejects possible objections of the readers. The resources found suggest that the new knowledge in Microbiology is integrated in a hierarchical structure of vertical knowledge. Due to the number of texts analyzed in this article, the results obtained are considered preliminary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current methodological tendencies give particular importance to the teaching of orality. Thus, several investigations have verified that reading aloud to children contributes positively to their cognitive development. However, in order to achieve the objective proposed with this type of reading, the prosodic aspect should not be forgotten. In spite of the few articles published up to now, the prosodic aspect is considered to be essential to provide a description of young people's prosodic features when reading aloud, especially in order to create general rules that can be taught in our schools and universities. This paper is limited to the analysis of the types of rhythm, and for this, five informants have been selected and asked to read a text written in standard Basque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with two main topics of interest for Translation Studies: the exploitation of multilingual comparable corpora and the analysis of the relationship between a text category and its linguistic manifestation in specialized texts. In the first part of this study, we make a review of some theoretical issues related to the use of specialized corpora in translation practice. The aim in this part is not only to satisfy punctual terminological needs, but also to explore new possibilities, like those proposed by Functional Stylistics for the study of conventionalisms in specialized texts. In the second part, we describe some of the steps involved in the process of compilation and exploitation of a particular specialized corpus, that of neuromuscular diseases in pediatrics. We thereby study corpus characteristics and analysis, automatic extraction of definitional contexts, and analysis of the thematic chains and its textual markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The voiced labiodental fricative [v] has traditionally been rejected as a natural allophone of /b/ in Spanish in general, as well as in Chilean Spanish, although its existence has been admitted in cases of extra-linguistic influence, and recent research has included it in the phonetic inventory. This paper seeks to contribute by providing new data on the production of allophones of /b/, including [v]. To achieve this purpose, audio and video recordings of the speech of 19 pre-literate and literate native speakers of Spanish from Concepción, Chile, were analyzed. The results show that for all speakers, [v] is not just a natural allophone of /b/, it is the most common one. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the existence of [v] is not affected by the literacy process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim in this paper is the description of the intonation of information-seeking yes-no questions. Within the framework of the AMPER project (Atlas Multimedia de la Prosodia del Espacio Románico), we analysed acoustically the information-seeking yes-no questions in the Majorcan variety of Catalan. Three types of sentence structures were analysed: SVO, SEVO (where E stands for expanded subject), SVOE (where E stands for expanded object) structures. We analyse the values of F0, intensity and duration of the vowels. As for as the melodic line is concerned, our analysis revealed the existence of different intonational contours in Majorcan Catalan, which are different from those described for Barcelona dialect (Fernández Planas y otros, 2004; Szmidt y otros, 2008). In respect of the duration and intensity, both Majorcan and Barcelonan dialects displayed identical characteristics: the longest duration in the nuclear or final part of the sentence and the highest intensity in the prenuclear or initial part of the sentence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the study of grammatical metaphor in Spanish, specifically in Social Science textbooks in use in Colombian secondary schools. Our main interest is to analyze, from a Systemic Functional Grammar perspective (Halliday, 1994, 2004b), the particular characteristics of ideational grammatical metaphors in Spanish and their implications for citizenship education and for learning processes. The corpus is made up of chapters about the Industrial Revolution from three eighth-grade texts. Our analysis has identified the presence of grammatical metaphors in Hallidayan terms: nominalizations of processes and qualities and the use of causal verbs in place of conjunctions. We have also identified other types of metaphor: nonergative clauses, historical present tense, and inanimate participants. The paper also stresses the importance of unpacking metaphors during the process of analysis and also during teaching and learning processes, since unpacking sheds light on information hidden in the metaphor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, succession documents translation is one of the most frequent translation briefs. This matter takes on particular importance in countries with a high immigration rate, and that is the case of Spain: as a consequence of immigration of English-speaking people, many legal and sworn (English<>Spanish) translations of testamentary instruments are carried out. In order to achieve this, the knowledge of textual and structural features of legal and family documents in general, and in succession documents in particular becomes essential. This paper reports on the findings of one study whose purpose was to analyse the macrostructure of succession instruments. Our research corpus consists of 90 wills in electronic format: 30 Spanish, 30 for England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 30 Scottish. Our analysis results show striking differences in the macrostructure (and grammar) of the legal genre analysed in the legal systems aforementioned. We suggest that the knowledge of macrostructural differences of a complex text genre such as the will contributes to carrying out its bi-directional translation: not only with direct directionality (English-Spanish) but also with reverse directionality (Spanish-English), highly demanded in the current professional market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional analytic approaches establish a strong connection between discourse markers (DMs) and a number of prosodic cues regularly associated to them (especially pauses and strong variations in pitch), mainly on the sole basis of DMs being prescriptively written with a comma or (semi)colon placed after them. Within theories based on discourse units, minimal discourse units tend to be identified on the basis of prosodic criteria and, therefore, DMs are considered independent, minimal discourse units. This paper, however, puts this tight relationship into question by presenting a prosodic and discursive analysis of eleven discourse markers extracted from a Spanish spontaneous corpus (Val. Es.Co 2.0 Corpus, online version). Data show two main conclusions: first, that a discourse marker is, indeed, a minimal discourse unit; secondly, however, that the relationship between discourse markers and prosodic cues is neither as frequent nor as straightforward as it had been expected initially; therefore, a reconsideration of the criteria used to delimit minor discourse units needs to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albert Sechehaye is almost exclusively known as one of the two editors of the Course in General Linguistics. Nevertheless, he did have view of his own about language and Linguistics, which he organized in several works. This paper focuses in one of such works, Programme et méthodes de la linguistique théorique, which was published in 1908 and includes disquisitions that foresee and precede notions like synchrony/ diachrony, value, and system, commonly regarded as saussurian in nature. In order to adequately gauge Sechehaye's ideas and his ties with Saussure's thought, the historical background in which both linguists were educated will be considered along with some biographical facts. Given the discrepancies between the Course in General Linguistics and Saussure's writings, inspecting Sechehaye's ideas might prove useful to read one of modern Linguistics' most important books from a new angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The graphic or scriptural environment of Cameroon is experiencing a process of hispanization through Spanish words and expressions. These imported words name spaces, structures and institutions. It seems that the authors of that practice do escape from the heavy socioeconomic reality they are faced with since the decade of ninety. The evasion consists of several ways. It is spatial when foreign toponyms are transposed into Cameroon context and temporal when glorious and idyllic moments of the past are brought into mind. However, escapism can be carried out through rewarding adjectives or the designation of purely positive realities. Consequently, Cameroonians use symbolic concepts like goodness, friendship, divinity, etc. in order to, according to dream or visceral wish, make positive their daily life and get out of the generalized crisis. The aim of this paper consists in analyzing that phenomenon on the basis of collected data from Cameroon towns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]