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The aim of this study was to verify whether cisplatin (CDDP) can induce serotonin (5HT) release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of cancer patients and determine whether methylprednisolone (MP) can inhibit such release. Ten patients (mean age 61.8 years) with cancer of different sites, all but one in advanced stage of disease were studied. Our study showed that unstimulated PBMC of cancer patients release a higher amount of 5HT than that of healthy subjects (57+/-5 nM vs 10+/-1 nM, p

The purpose of the study was to assess response rate, clinical outcome, organ/function preservation and toxicity in head and neck cancer patients treated with induction chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy and, when necessary, limited surgery. The study was a phase II non-randomized trial. Induction chemotherapy consisted of 6 weekly doses of carboplatin at AUC of 2 and docetaxel 30 mg/m(2) (1 h) followed by 5 cycles of docetaxel 25 mg/m(2)/day 1, 5-FU 600 mg/m(2) c.i. days 1-5, hydroxyurea 500 mg orally every 12 h for 11 and concomitant twice daily radiation therapy at 150 cGy/fraction given every other week per 5 cycles (TFHX), for a total radiation dose of 75 Gy. 13 cis-retinoic acid was administered for chemoprevention and systematic prophylaxis of mucositis with systemic amifostine and local GM-CSF was administered to all patients during TFHX. Conservative surgical resection was reserved to patients with no optimal response (PRor =70%), whereas radical surgery was performed as salvage treatment. Thirteen patients (mean age 54.9 years, range 44-62; 12/13 site oropharynx, all stage IV) were enrolled: 31% of patients had ECOG performance status (PS) 0 and 69% had PS 1. Response to induction chemotherapy was analyzed in 12 patients: 2/12 (16.7%) achieved a partial response (PR) for an overall response (ORR) of 16.7%, 10/12 (83.3%) achieved stable disease (SD). TFHX was administered to 7 patients: 2 patients (28.6%) had complete remission (CR), 1 patient (14.3%) had PR for an ORR of 42.9%, 3 patients (42.8%) had SD and 1 patient (14.3%) had PD. At the completion of TFHX, 1 patient underwent local therapy. The toxicity was mild and consisted in: grade 3/4 neutropenia (7.7%), anemia (23.1%), diarrhea (15.4%), mucositis (7.7%), neurotoxicity (7.7%) during induction chemotherapy. During TFHX only 42.8% of grade 3/4 mucositis was observed. All patients spared organ/function. In conclusion, this regimen has been found feasible for its acceptable toxicity, particularly mucositis. However, the overall response rate and the data on survival were not satisfactory.

In the present open non-randomized phase II study we looked for effectiveness, safety, tolerability and costs of locally applied GM-CSF in preventing or treating mucositis in patients receiving chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for head and neck cancer. In addition to clinical mucositis scoring system, the effects of treatment with GM-CSF were evaluated by its impact on patient quality of life and by laboratory immunological assays such as serum proinflammatory cytokines, IL-2 and leptin. The trial was designed to assess the effectiveness of local GM-CSF treatment in two different settings: i) prophylaxis of mucositis; ii) treatment of mucositis. Prophylaxis was chosen for chemoradiotherapy treatments of high mucosatoxic potential, while curative treatment was reserved for chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy treatments of lesser potential of inducing mucositis. From January 1998 to December 2001, 68 patients entered the study. The great majority of patients of both groups had head and neck cancer, were stage IV, PS ECOG 0-1, were habitual smokers and were treated with chemotherapy and concomitant (or sequential) chemoradiotherapy. Forty-six patients were included in the 'prophylactic' setting and 22 patients in the 'curative' setting. The main findings of our study are: only 50% of patients included in the 'prophylactic' setting developed mucositis; the duration of oral mucositis from appearance until complete remission was significantly shorter in the 'prophylactic' than in the 'curative' setting; the mean grade of oral mucositis at baseline, on day 3 of therapy and on day 6 of therapy was significantly lower in the 'prophylactic' than in the 'curative' setting; 24 (55.82%) patients in the 'prophylactic' setting had grade 3/4 oral mucositis at baseline compared to 25 (80.60%) patients in the 'curative' setting (p=0.048). Thirteen (30.23%) patients in the 'prophylactic' setting had grade 3/4 oral mucositis on day 3 of therapy compared to 19 (61.29%) patients in the 'curative' setting (p=0.015); 'prophylactic' setting was able to shorten grade 3/4 oral mucositis to grade 0/1 more effectively than the 'curative' one on day 6 of therapy (p=0.05). The present clinical trial is to date by far the largest study assessing the effectiveness of topical GM-CSF and it is the first study comparing the efficacy of topical GM-CSF in the 'prophylactic' setting, i.e., with the aim to prevent the chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis, with that in the 'curative' treatment, i.e., the therapy for established oral mucositis. The topical application of GM-CSF was demonstrated to be effective for oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy regimens. Moreover, the 'prophylactic' setting was demonstrated to be more effective than the 'curative' one.

An open, non-randomized phase II study was carried out including patients with advanced solid tumors who achieved an objective response or disease stabilization as a result of previous chemotherapy, to receive a maintenance treatment with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) plus antioxidant agents alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). The first study endpoints were to define clinical outcome and toxicity as well as the evaluation of quality of life. As secondary endpoints we measured the changes of lymphocyte absolute count, the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-2, C-reactive protein (CRP) and leptin after treatment. rIL-2 was administered at a dose of 1.8 MIU subcutaneously 3 times/week on alternate days for the first two weeks of every month and MPA was given orally at a dose of 500 mg/day at alternate days without interruption. ALA 300 mg/day orally and NAC 1800 mg/day orally were also administered continuously. Twenty-eight patients were enrolled in the study. The median duration of maintenance treatment was 10 months (6-30+). The response to maintenance treatment at September 15, 2001 was: CR 11 patients (39.3%); SD 2 patients (7.1%); PD 15 patients (53.6%). The median duration of response was 11 months (6-34+). The median follow-up duration was 11 months (6-34+). The median OS was not reached. The median PFS was 21.5 months (1-40+). The 1-year survival rate was 72.2%. At September 15, 2001, 16 patients were still surviving. No grade 3/4 toxicity and one grade 2 skin toxicity were observed. We found a significant increase of the absolute lymphocyte count and serum levels of IL-2 and a significant decrease of TNF alpha after treatment. The evaluation of patient subgroups showed the following: the patients alive at the end of study had a significant increase of lymphocyte count, IL-2 and leptin, and a significant decrease of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF alpha, whereas the patients who had died had only a significant increase of lymphocyte count and IL-2. Among the patients alive, those in objective clinical response (CR + PR) + those in SD had a significant increase of lymphocyte count, IL-2 and leptin and a significant decrease of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha, whereas those with PD had no significant changes in any of the above values. We conclude that the combination of s.c. rIL-2 with oral MPA and anti-oxidant agents ALA and NAC in an intermittent schedule, repeated for a long-term period, is feasible, has a very low toxicity and results in the improvement of biological markers which are predictive for patient outcome.

We planned to conduct a trial of induction chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy with the goal of organ-function preservation in advanced head and neck cancer patients with the response rate and local control of disease as primary endpoints and the assessment of toxicity as secondary endpoint. The overall treatment plan consisted of 3 cycles, each q. 28 days, of induction chemotherapy with cisplatin, 5-FU, leucovorin and interferon alpha2b (PFL-IFN), followed by response evaluation and local therapy with concomitant chemoradiotherapy with 5-FU, hydroxyurea and concomitant radiotherapy (FHX). The evaluation of clinical response was performed during the 2nd week after the 3rd cycle of induction chemotherapy and FHX was initiated 28 days after the 3rd cycle of induction chemotherapy. Hydroxyurea was administered orally at doses of 1 g every 12 h x 11, 5-FU was administered on days 1 through 5 at 800 mg/m2/d for 5 days. Daily fraction of radiotherapy were administered at 2.0 Gy on days 1 through 5. FHX cycles were repeated every 14 days until completion of radiotherapy. Total radiotherapy doses consisted of 70 Gy. Seventeen patients (mean age 56.53 years, range 40-73, male/female 15/2, site: oral cavity 6, 35.29%; oropharynx 3, 17.6%; hypopharynx 3, 17.65%; larynx 2, 11.76%; paranasal sinuses 2, 11.76%; salivary glands 1, 5.88%; ECOG PS 0/1: 10/7, stage: III/IV 3/14) were enrolled from January 1998 to August 1998. All 17 patients initiated induction chemotherapy on this protocol. Twelve patients were analyzed for response (5 patients were not evaluable): 2/12 (16.7%) patients achieved a CR and 10/12 (83.3%) achieved a PR for an ORR of 100%. Concomitant chemoradiotherapy was administered on protocol to 10 patients: 4 patients (40%) had CR, 3 patients (30%) had PR >/=70% for an ORR of 70%, 1 patient (10%) had SD and 2 patients (20%) had PD. As for local therapy, according to treatment plan, of the 8 eligible patients who completed chemoradiotherapy, the 4 patients with CR were submitted to random biopsies, which resulted histologically negative, the 3 patients with PR >/=70% underwent conservative organ-preserving surgery, the patient with SD underwent salvage surgery, preserving voice. Thus, organ-preservation was achieved in all 8 patients at the completion of all therapy: 4 patients had no surgical procedure and 3 patients only conservative surgery. Overall, after completion of all therapy, 6/8 (75%) patients were rendered disease-free. Both induction chemotherapy and concomitant chemoradiotherapy resulted in significant toxicity, which consisted mainly of mucositis and thrombocytopenia. In conclusion, in the present study we have achieved a good clinical response and an optimal organ preservation, at the cost of a severe toxicity.

Despite the numerous studies demonstrating the effectiveness of epoetin a (human recombinant erythropoietin) versus placebo in cisplatin-induced anemia of cancer patients, data are lacking on the most effective doses and schedules of administration of epoetin a in this setting. The aim of the present study was to assess the best dose and schedule of administration of epoetin a in cancer patients with cisplatin-induced anemia. This was an open, randomized, single-institution phase II study comparing the ability of two doses and schedules of epoetin a of preventing and/or correcting anemia, measured as the increase in hemoglobin level and decrease in transfusion requirements, in 20 chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced stage head and neck, esophageal, and lung cancer, treated with cisplatin at doses 80 mg/m2. The secondary endpoint of the study was to assess the serum levels of certain cytokines involved in cancer anorexia/cachexia syndrome. The eligible patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either: a) subcutaneous epoetin a 150 U/kg three times a week for up to 12 consecutive weeks (Group A); b) subcutaneous epoetin a 50 U/kg daily for up to 12 consecutive weeks (Group B). The following laboratory parameters were assessed before the study entry and during the study: hemoglobin (weekly); serum iron, transferrin and ferritin (before entry). The following immunological parameters were assessed before and after study end: Interleukin (IL)-1a, IL-1 , IL-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) a. Twenty patients were enrolled, data were available for 17. Nine patients were assigned to Group A and 8 to Group B. No statistically significant difference of hemoglobin level was found between the 2 groups at baseline, at month 1, 2 and 3, neither in the comparison of the change from baseline between the two groups. In Group A fewer transfusions were administered per patient per month after the first month of epoetin a therapy, compared to Group B. No significant difference was found as for transfusion requirements at month 1, 2 and 3 between Group A and B. The epoetin a dose administered was slightly higher than that projected. Epoetin a was well-tolerated. There was no statistically significant correlation between change in hemoglobin level and tumor response for either group, neither between change in hemoglobin level and change in ECOG score from baseline to final was observed. The changes from baseline of IL-1a and IL-1 , IL-6 and TNFa were not remarkable nor univocal in either group, there was not correlation between hemoglobin change and serum cytokine changes from baseline, except for IL-6 in Group A.

Fas ligand (FasL), a cell surface molecule belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family, binds to its receptor Fas, thus inducing apoptosis of Fas bearing cells. In the present study we assessed the expression of Fas, activation molecule interleukin (IL)-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) and an index of functional activity such as thymidine uptake under mitogen stimulation of tumor associated lymphomonocytes (TALM) from 7 neoplastic effusions of advanced cancer patients. The same parameters were studied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 7 patients with cancer of different sites and in 7 normal subjects. The proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), measured as [3H]-thymidine uptake, of TALM was significantly lower than that of PBMC of cancer patients. The expression of CD25 on unstimulated fresh TALM was slightly higher than that of PBMC from normal subjects: after 24 h of PHA stimulation the CD25 was expressed both on TALM and PBMC from normal subjects. The expression of Fas was assessed on unstimulated TALM, PBMC from cancer patients and normal subjects immediately after (by 2 h, t0) the cell separation, and at different times (24 h and 48 h) thereafter, and on PHA-stimulated TALM, PBMC from cancer patients and normal subjects after 24 h and 48 h of culture (in RPMI 1640). At all times (t0, 24 h and 48 h) the Fas expression by unstimulated TALM was significantly higher than that of PBMC from normal subjects: the Fas expression by PBMC from cancer patients was roughly in the same range as PBMC from normal subjects. At 24 h the Fas expression by PHA-stimulated TALM was significantly higher than that of PBMC from normal subjects, whereas at 48 h the difference was not significant. The TALM studied by us showed to be functionally defective and expressing relatively high levels of Fas showing the characteristics to be considered as a target for FasL expressing tumor cells, which in this way may escape immune control.

The aims of the present open, randomized, single-blind (patient), single institution, phase II study were: i) to compare the therapeutic effectiveness and toxicity of two dosages and schedules of ifosfamide (IFO) in combination with cisplatin (CDDP) mainly in the neo-adjuvant setting of patients (pts) with locally advanced (stage III-IV) head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) (primary endpoint); ii) to assess the quality of life (QL) of pts included in the study before and after treatment (secondary endpoint). From July 1996 to June 1997, 28 pts, all males (mean age 56.79 years, range 37-72), hospitalized in the Department of Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, were enrolled in the study. Twenty pts (M/F 20/0, mean age 53.6, range 37-71 years; stage III 1 pt, stage IV 19 pts) were evaluable for response and all 28 pts enrolled were evaluable for toxicity. Arm A: IFO 2.2 g/m2 i.v. as a 4 h infusion on days 1-5, Mesna 600 mg i.v. as push injection at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h on days 1-5, CDDP 20 mg i.v. as a 60 min infusion on days 1-5. The regimen was repeated every 28 days for 2 cycles. Fifteen pts (11 of whom were evaluable) were enrolled in this Arm. Arm B: IFO 1.5 g/m2 i.v. as a 4 h infusion on days 1-5, Mesna 600 mg i.v. as push injection at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h on days 1-5, CDDP 20 mg i.v. as a 60 min infusion on days 1-5. The regimen was repeated every 28 days for 3 cycles. Thirteen pts (9 of whom were evaluable) were enrolled in this Arm. The two Arms were well-balanced for sex, age, site of primary, ECOG PS and clinical stage. After completion of 2 (Arm A) or 3 (Arm B) cycles of chemotherapy, the pts were assessed for response. All evaluable pts received treatment as planned. Six pts (54.5%) of Arm A and 4 pts (44.5%) of Arm B had partial response (PR) with an overall response rate (ORR) of 54.5% and 44.5%, respectively: it is worth noting that all (100%) pts who had PR in Arm B achieved a high-grade PR, i.e. >/=70%, whereas only one pt (16.7%) who had PR in Arm A achieved a high-grade PR. Three pts (27.3%) in Arm A and 2 pts (22.2%) in Arm B had stable disease (SD); 2 pts (18.2%) in Arm A and 3 pts (33.3%) in Arm B had progressive disease (PD). The actual dose intensity was over 80% of the projected dose intensity for both drugs and for both Arms. Over a total of 59 cycles administered, the total number of episodes of toxicity was 24 for Arm A and 17 for Arm B. Three pts out of 28 evaluable for toxicity (10.8%) died for Grade 5 hematological toxicity: all pts were included in Arm A. In Arm A, 2 pts (13.3%) experienced hematological Grade 3 toxicity and 2 pts (13.3%) hematological Grade 4 toxicity. In Arm B no pt experienced Grade 3-4 hematological toxicity. No Grade 3-4 toxicity of any other type was found in either Arm. The QL evaluation, using the Cella's FACT-G scale supplemented with disease-specific scale (FACT-H&N scale), did not show significant beneficial effect of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy treatment.

A phase III, single-institution, open, prospective, randomized, parallel study was carried out on head and neck cancer patients to compare a combination of low-dose (20 mg q.i.d.) oral metoclopramide (M) + i.m. Dexamethasone (D) with an oral 5-HT3-Receptor Antagonist (5-HT3-RA) alone in the prevention of high-dose (HD > or = 80 mg/m2) cisplatin-induced delayed emesis. 51 consecutive patients, all but two with advanced stage of disease, were treated for a total of 198 chemotherapic cycles: 23 patients entered Group A (5-HT3-RA) receiving a total of 108 cycles, 28 patients entered Group B (M + D) receiving a total of 90 cycles. The treatment groups were well matched for age, sex (almost all patients were males), ECOG PSR, stage of disease and alcohol intake. The efficacy of M + D was significantly higher than that of 5-HT3-RA in achieving complete protection (CR 88.9% vs 72.2%, chi2 9.9, p = 0.002) and major efficacy (ME: CR + MR) (94.5% vs 85.2%, chi2 5.6, p = 0.02). Generally, for both treatments (5-HT3-RA and M + D) a good control of delayed emesis was achieved in patients who had complete protection on acute emesis. A good control of acute emesis had a highly positive predictive value of delayed emesis for both treatments without significant difference between them (CR 85% for M + D and 82% for 5-HT3-RA; ME 88% for M + D and 92% for 5-HT3-RA). The failure (F) on acute emesis had a significantly higher negative predictive value of delayed emesis for M + D (98%) than 5-HT3-RA (67%). Our study is, to our knowledge, the first comparing M + D vs one 5-HT3-RA alone in the prevention of HD cisplatin-induced delayed emesis in a properly designed clinical trial. Our results show that M + D are more effective than 5-HT3-RA alone in the prevention of HD cisplatin induced delayed emesis, whereas 5-HT3-RA may be the treatment of choice in patients who had acute vomiting. Our study demonstrated not only the persistence of antiemetic efficacy but also increasing efficacy, during subsequent courses. Our results confirm that protection from acute emesis plays a major role in the appearance and control of delayed emesis.