Search

The purpose of this report was to systematically review the radiation enhancement factor (REF) effects of immunotherapy on radiotherapy (RT) to the local tumor in comparison with other traditional radiation sensitizers such as cisplatin. PubMed and Medline databases were searched until February 2019. Reports with abscopal effect in the results were excluded. Graphs of the selected papers were digitized using Plot Digitizer (Sourceforge.net) in order to calculate the tumor growth delay (TGD) caused by immunotherapy. To enable comparison between different studies,the TGD were used to define the REF between RT versus the RT/immunotherapy combination. Thirty-two preclinical papers, and nine clinical series were selected. Different mouse models were exposed to RT doses ranging from 1 to 10 fractions of 1.8 to 20 Gray (Gy) per fraction. Endpoints were heterogeneous, ranging from regression to complete local response. No randomized clinical studies were identified. The median preclinical REF effect of different immunotherapy was varying from 1.7 to 9.1. There was no relationship observed either with subclasses of immunotherapy orRT doses. In the clinical studies, RT doses ranged from 1 to 37 fractions of 1.8 to 24 Gy per fraction. Most clinical trials used ipilimumab and interleukin-2. Local control rate in the clinical series ranged from 66% to 100%. A strong REF of immunotherapy (1.7 to 9.1) was observed, this being higher than traditionally sensitizers such as cisplatin (1.1). This result implies that for the same RT dose, a higher local control was achieved with a combination of immunotherapy and RT in preclinical settings. This study therefore supports the use of combined RT and immunotherapy to improve local tumor control in clinical settings without exacerbation of toxicities.