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Although the contribution of community members to functional diversity is a key question of conservation ecology, its measurement and interpretation are rather problematic. In this paper, we suggest a novel method for decomposing functional diversity. To do this we consider functional units (i.e. species or a group of species with identical traits) as the functional building blocks of communities. Then we propose the use of a recently developed measure of functional diversity (called modified functional attribute diversity or MFAD) and suggest additive decomposition of MFAD into functional values contributed by the functional units. We point out that functional values are related to changes in MFAD if the functional unit is removed from the community. This property of decomposition allows the quantification of the contribution of community members to functional diversity. By studying artificial and actual communities we compare the performance of our new method with other recently developed contribution measures, which are based on dendrograms and ordinations. Both theoretical considerations and analyses of artificial and actual data sets suggest that the proposed method of calculating functional values expresses more explicitly the contribution of community members to functional diversity and hereby can be used as a simple, yet efficient method for searching for functional keystones in ecological communities or for quantifying the contribution of community members to functional diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a potential mechanism to explain how biodiversity loss may influence variability in ecosystem functioning, we examine the hypothesis that biodiversity loss lowers similarity in species composition among local communities and that this decreased similarity in turn lowers ecosystem reliability. Ecosystem reliability refers to the probability that a system will provide a consistent level of performance over a given unit of time. This hypothesis is compared with other hypotheses that make similar predictions, including the sampling effect, insurance, and resource use complementarity hypotheses. We provide evidence for the similarity hypothesis through a reanalysis of a recent experiment and show that a key assumption of the hypothesis may be robust through computer simulations. We also address problems and possible solutions regarding how to separately test the similarity and other hypotheses in biodiversity experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much recent work on biodiversity conservation has focused on concentrations of species and individuals. Little understanding has yet emerged for important structures and processes at such diversity hot spots. Here I examine small mammal distributions in relation to local food surplus in order to reveal factors that affect community composition and to pose relevant questions for exploring more general relationships governing species abundances in and around various types of hot spots. Small mammal species and numbers in small groves of mast seeding deciduous trees depended on occurrences in the poorer surrounding matrix. One specialist and one generalist granivore as well as an insectivore showed peak numbers simultaneously, one year after peak foodsupply. Other congeneric granivores and insectivores were attracted by the seed surplus area but showed inverse habitat distributions at the border towards the matrix. The edges of the groves functioned as refugia, rather than as eliminators of the animal surplus in situations of food decline. A species with limited movement ranges demonstrated pronounced edge effects in distribution and survival while a far-ranging species moved fairly evenly over the surplus site and large areas of adjoining matrix. Only immature individuals of the latter species showed a clear edge effect. Habitat composition at the edge affected survival or dispersal more than reproduction. I finally present some general questions regarding patch-matrix interactions, on distributions of specialist and generalist species, of more and less mobile species, and on the refugial character of hot spots to be examined inother contexts, and for other species, in order to arrive at more definite generalizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]