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Purpose : To assess the efficacy and safety of systemic interferon alpha-2a (IFN) for refractory pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME). Methods : Retrospective observational study. The primary outcome was the decrease of central retinal thickness (CRT). Secondary endpoints were the improvement of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the assessment of IFN-related side effects. Results : Twenty-four eyes of 20 patients were included. The median CRT was 513 µm (range 220-980 µm) at baseline and decreased to 190 µm (range 140-520 µm) at the last follow-up visit (p < 0.001). Reduction of CRT greater than 100 µm was observed in 22 eyes (92%). The median BCVA (logMAR) increased statistically significant from 0.5 (range 0.2-1.5) at baseline to 0.3 (0-0.8) at the last follow-up (p < 0.001). The BCVA improved in 18 eyes (75%) and remained stable in five eyes (21%). No severe treatment-related side effects occurred. Conclusion : IFN is a very effective agent for treatment of refractory PCME.

Purpose: To analyze the efficacy of tocilizumab in uveitic macular edema (ME) resistant to various immunomodulatory drugs., Methods: Patients received tocilizumab every 4 weeks intravenously. Central foveal thickness (CFT) was assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT)., Results: Five patients (8 eyes) who were ineffectively pretreated with systemic prednisolone, at least one immunosuppressive drug, and at least one biologic drug for uveitic macular edema were included in the study. At 3 months, a response of ME (≥25% reduction in CFT) was observed in 6 eyes (75.0%) of 5 patients. During follow-up, complete resolution of ME was achieved in 5 eyes (62.5%) of 4 patients. Improvement of BCVA was observed in 3 eyes of 3 patients, and stabilization in 3 eyes of 3 patients. Tocilizumab was well tolerated, and no severe side effects occurred., Conclusions: Treatment with tocilizumab can be considered in chronic uveitic macular edema even if previous immunomodulatory therapy has failed.

Purpose: To assess the efficacy and tolerability of mycophenolate sodium (MPS) in patients with uveitis., Methods: Retrospective analysis including uveitis patients treated with MPS (Myfortic) for at least 3 months duration. MPS was administered in a dose of 720 mg twice daily., Results: We analyzed 35 patients (65 affected eyes) with anterior (n = 5), intermediate (n = 23), posterior (n = 6), and panuveitis (n = 1). Previous treatment consisted of systemic corticosteroids in all patients and at least one immunomodulating agent in 15 patients. Mean duration of MPS therapy was calculated as 9.6 months (3-31 months). MPS was able to control intraocular inflammation without relapse in 30 patients (85.7%). Stabilization or improvement of visual acuity was achieved in 60 eyes (92.3%). Tolerability of MPS was good or moderate in 34 patients (97.1%)., Conclusions: MPS was demonstrated as an effective and well-tolerated immunosuppressive drug for different forms of uveitis.