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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) at 1 month predicted infant weight gain at 6 months and whether associations varied by HMO secretor status., Methods: Participants were 157 Hispanic mother-infant pairs. Human milk samples were collected at 1 month. Nineteen individual HMOs were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, and secretor status was determined by the presence of 2'-fucosyllactose or lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP) I. Infant weight was measured at 1 and 6 months. Path analysis was used to test effects of HMO composition on infant weight gain, adjusting for maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, and infant age, sex, and birth weight., Results: In the total sample, higher LNFPII predicted lower infant weight gain (g 1  = -4.1, P = 0.004); this was observed in both nonsecretor (g 1  = -3.0, P = 0.006) and secretor groups (g 1  = -4.7, P = 0.014). In the nonsecretor group, higher lacto-N-neotetraose (g 1  = 7.6, P = 0.011) and disialyllacto-N-tetraose (g 1  = 14.3, P = 0.002) predicted higher infant weight gain. There were no other associations in the secretor group., Conclusions: Our data suggest that higher LNFPII in human milk may decrease obesity risk across all infants, whereas higher lacto-N-neotetraose and disialyllacto-N-tetraose may increase obesity risk in infants of nonsecretors only., (© 2020 The Obesity Society.)

Objective: This paper reviews the state of the science on psychological and neural contributions to appetite self-regulation in the context of obesity., Methods: Three content areas (neural systems and cognitive functions; parenting and early childhood development; and goal setting and goal striving) served to illustrate different perspectives on the psychological and neural factors that contribute to appetite dysregulation in the context of obesity. Talks were initially delivered at an NIH workshop consisting of experts in these three content areas, and then content areas were further developed through a review of the literature., Results: Self-regulation of appetite involves a complex interaction between multiple domains, including cognitive, neural, social, and goal-directed behaviors and decision-making. Self-regulation failures can arise from any of these factors, and the resulting implications for obesity should be considered in light of each domain. In some cases, self-regulation is amenable to intervention; however, this does not appear to be universally true, which has implications for both prevention and intervention efforts., Conclusions: Appetite regulation is a complex, multifactorial construct. When considering its role in the obesity epidemic, it is advisable to consider its various dimensions together to best inform prevention and treatment efforts., (© 2017 The Obesity Society.)