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• Among Korean adults ≥65y, 25% of men and 36% of women had low muscle strength. • Only 16% of Korean adults met the recommended nutrient intake of dietary vitamin C. • Dietary vitamin C intake was correlated with handgrip strength in Korean women. • Korean women ≥65y with low dietary vitamin C had a higher risk of possible sarcopenia. Although vitamin C is one of the most important antioxidants, its effect on muscle quality is not fully understood. Therefore, we hypothesized that low dietary vitamin C intake is associated with low muscle strength. To test the hypothesis, a single 24-h dietary recall and handgrip strength test of 10,883 younger adults 19-64 y and 3,961 older adults ≥65 y from the seventh Korea National Health and Examination Survey (KNHANES VII 2016-2018) was analyzed by multivariable linear and logistic regression models, and low muscle strength was defined as handgrip strength <28 kg for men and <18 kg for women. Approximately 15.5% of Korean adults met the recommended intake of dietary vitamin C, and those with higher dietary vitamin C intake had higher total energy and protein intake. After adjusting for confounding variables, including age, body mass index, total energy intake, household income, alcohol consumption, smoking, resistance exercise, medical condition, and dietary intake of protein, vitamin E, and β-carotene, dietary vitamin C was correlated with maximal handgrip strength in younger women 19-64 y (β = 0.002; SE = 0.001; P -value =.026) and older women ≥65 y (β = 0.005; SE = 0.002; P -value =.013). Among older women ≥65 y, those in the lowest quartile of dietary vitamin C intake had a higher risk of low muscle strength compared to those in the highest quartile after adjustment of confounding factors (odds ratio, 2.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.49-3.15). These results imply that adequate dietary vitamin C intake may reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older Korean women. Dietary vitamin C was shown to be inversely associated with the risk of low muscle strength in older Korean women. Although no association between the two variables among younger men 19-64 y, older men ≥65 y, and women 19-64 y was observed, older Korean women ≥65 y in the lowest quartile of vitamin C intake had significantly higher odds of low muscle strength compared to those in the highest quartile with adjustment for confounding variables (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.49-3.15). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pregnant women, the Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) is adopted to measure the inflammatory potential of the diet, but it does not predict the quality of the diet. Our hypothesis is that a more pro-inflammatory diet during pregnancy is also a poorer quality diet. Thus, the objective of this study is to verify the association of the E-DII with the Diet Quality Index Adapted for Pregnancy (DQI-P) and the nutrient intake from the diet in terms of the second and third gestational trimesters. This is a cross-sectional study that took place in Brazil (2018–2019), with eligible adult women up to 72 hours' postpartum and in good health. Socioeconomic, gestational, anthropometric, and food consumption data were collected, enabling the calculation of E-DII, DQI-P, and nutrient intake. The sample (n = 260) had a median E-DII of 0.04 (–1.30 to 1.90) and DQI-P of 68.82 (18.82–98.22). There was no relevant difference between E-DII tertiles by sociodemographic, gestational, and anthropometric characteristics. The E-DII and the DQI-P showed agreement (55.7%) and inverse correlation (r = –0.53; P <.001). Each 1-unit increase in DQI-P, iron, iodine, magnesium, pyridoxine, and vitamin E decreased the E-DII score (P <.05). An increase of 1 unit in protein, saturated fatty acids, and vitamin C increased the E-DII score (P <.05). Thus, the results suggest that the E-DII can predict diet quality during pregnancy, with the added benefit of measuring the inflammatory potential of the diet. In a cross-sectional study with Brazilian pregnant women (n = 260), we found that the E-DII and the DQI-P showed concordance and inverse correlation. Increasing DQI-P, iron, iodine, Mg, and vitamins B 6 and E decreased E-DII. The opposite occurred for PTN, SFA, and vitamin C. Image source: Canva/Flaticon. Abbreviations: B 6 , pyridoxine; DQI-P, Diet Quality Index Adapted for Pregnancy; E-DII, Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index; Mg, magnesium; PTN, proteins; SFA, saturated fatty acids. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low immune response is fatal for humans because increased infection risk is related to both morbidity and mortality. The neutropenic diet is applied if a person's neutrophil count is <2000 cells/μL. When compared with standard nutrition treatment, the neutropenic diet is found to be related to deficiencies in dietary fiber, vitamins C, A, and D, magnesium, and calcium. This is also related to malnutrition in patients diagnosed with cancer. Although raw vegetables are good sources of these nutrients, they can also be sources of pathogen microorganisms. Thus, the consumption of well-cooked vegetables is an essential principle in the neutropenic diet. Although many cooking methods are available, pressure cooking is the most commonly used in neutropenic diet kitchens to reduce pathogen transmission risk. According to many studies, the cooking process is associated with significant nutrient loss. In particular, boiling is found to be related to losses in vitamins C, A, and K, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, calcium, zinc, manganese, magnesium, copper, and iron in different types of vegetables. Even though some studies have shown that standard nutrition treatment with the adoption of food safety guidelines does not increase infection risk and the neutropenic diet is related to malnutrition, no guidelines have thus far suggested the application of standard nutrition treatment in neutropenic patients. Consequently, additional studies are required to compare the beneficial and harmful effects of the neutropenic diet to a standard nutrition treatment and support the application of standard nutrition treatment with the adoption of food safety guidelines at least in mildly neutropenic patients. The neutropenic diet is characterized by packaged, 1-use, and well-cooked food consumption to reduce foodborne infection risk. Although the neutropenic diet is seen as the only choice for patients with moderate and severe neutropenia, this diet model can potentially increase malnutrition risk in patients. In particular, the well-cooked vegetable consumption principle of this diet model is related to dietary fiber, vitamin, and mineral loss and thus their deficiencies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In earlier studies, we showed that adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have significant glutathione (GSH) depletion and that GSH is reciprocally related to glycemic control. In both the general population and in those with diabetes, the use of over-the-counter antioxidant supplements is widespread. We hypothesized that improved glycemic control, alone or in combination with dietary antioxidants, would restore blood GSH pool. The study included 41 participants who were 15.8 ± 2.4 years of age (mean ± standard deviation) and with poorly controlled T1DM (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] 8.2 ± 0.6%). Erythrocyte GSH, and 3-nitrotyrosine, F2-isoprostane, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxy-guanosine (as markers of protein, lipid, and DNA oxidative stress, respectively) were determined in the postabsorptive state after blood glucose was maintained overnight near euglycemia. Participants were then randomized to a mix of antioxidants (vitamin C, selenium, zinc, vitamin E, β-carotene) or placebo for 3 to 6 months, and diabetes management was intensified using CSII (n = 30) or multiple daily injections (n = 11) coupled with CDE phone calls and visits with a Nutritionist. A second, identical study was performed when/if a drop in HbA1c ≥0.5% was achieved. HbA1c levels dropped similarly in both groups (from 8.9 ± 1.0% to 7.9 ± 0.9% and 8.5 ± 0.6% to 7.7 ± 0.7% in placebo and antioxidant group, respectively). Neither total nor reduced GSH was altered by improved metabolic control. Markers of protein, lipid, and DNA oxidation remained unaltered. We conclude that, in youngsters with T1DM, neither a significant improvement in diabetes control over a 3-month period nor the regimen of dietary antioxidant supplied in the current study can mitigate oxidative stress. These findings suggest that, in adolescents with T1DM, (1) more sustained improvement of diabetes control may be needed to alleviate oxidative stress and (2) the putative benefit of antioxidant supplements remains to be proven. Chronic hyperglycemia resulting from type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) produces oxidative stress, depletion of blood glutathione (GSH), and increased 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-DG), 3-Nitro-tyrosine (3-NT), and F2-Isoprostanes (F2-Iso). A 3-month regimen of intensified insulin treatment either alone or along with oral antioxidants (vitamin C, zinc, selenium, and β-carotene) for 3 months, improved hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 0.5%, but failed to alter GSH, 8-OH-DG, 3-NT, or F2-Iso in adolescents with poorly controlled T1DM. Abbreviation: NS, not significant. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with septic shock are under an intense inflammatory burden, which is closely associated with increased oxidative stress and depletion of antioxidants such as vitamin C. We hypothesized that patients with septic shock would present with elevated oxidative stress (assessed as F 2 -isoprostanes) and that administration of parenteral vitamin C to these patients would attenuate F 2 -isoprostane concentrations. We recruited 40 critically ill patients with septic shock into a randomized placebo-controlled trial and assessed the effect of short-term (4-day) parenteral vitamin C administration (100 mg/kg/d) on 8-isoprostane F 2α concentrations, which were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Sources of sepsis and intensive care unit severity scores were recorded. Smokers (n = 20) and nonsmoking controls (n = 50) were assessed for comparison. The median baseline 8-isoprostane F 2α concentration in the septic patients was 3.95 (interquartile range [Q1, Q3] 2.1, 6.63) ng/mg creatinine; this was higher than smokers 1.61 [1.25, 2.82] P =.007 ng/mg creatinine; P =.005) and nonsmoking controls 1.12 [0.76, 1.57] ng/mg creatinine; P <.0001). The 8-isoprostane F 2α concentrations in the placebo group did not vary significantly over the duration of the study. Although parenteral vitamin C administration significantly increased the vitamin C status of the patients within 24 hours, this did not affect their 8-isoprostane F 2α concentrations. In conclusion, patients with septic shock have elevated 8-isoprostane F 2α excretion, which short-term parenteral vitamin C administration is unable to attenuate. If vitamin C is to work by antioxidant mechanisms, then early administration, before the development of shock, may be required. This trial was registered at anzctr.org.au (ACTRN12617001184369). ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiome plays important roles in the maintenance of host health and the pathogenesis of many diseases. Diet is a key modulator of the gut microbiome. There is increasing evidence that nutrients other than fermentable fiber affect the gut microbial composition. In this review, we discuss the effects of vitamins on the gut microbiome, and related gastrointestinal health, based on in vitro , animal and human studies. Some vitamins, when provided in large doses or when delivered to the large intestine, have been shown to beneficially modulate the gut microbiome by increasing the abundance of presumed commensals (vitamins A, B 2 , D, E, and beta-carotene), increasing or maintaining microbial diversity (vitamins A, B 2 , B 3 , C, K) and richness (vitamin D), increasing short chain fatty acid production (vitamin C), or increasing the abundance of short chain fatty acid producers (vitamins B 2 , E). Others, such as vitamins A and D, modulate the gut immune response or barrier function, thus, indirectly influencing gastrointestinal health or the microbiome. Future research is needed to explore these potential effects and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and host health benefits. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic high sodium intake is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease as it impairs vascular function through an increase in oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the acute effects of a high-sodium meal (HSM) and antioxidant (AO) cocktail on vascular function. We hypothesized that a HSM would impair endothelial function, and increase arterial stiffness and wave reflection, while ingestion of the AO cocktail would mitigate this response. Healthy adults ingested either an AO cocktail (vitamin C, E, alpha-lipoic acid) or placebo (PLA) followed by a HSM (1500 mg) in a randomized crossover blinded design. Blood pressure (BP), endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation; FMD) and measures of arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity; PWV) and wave reflection (augmentation index; AIx) were made at baseline and 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after meal consumption. Forty-one participants (20M/21W; 24 ± 1 years; BMI 23.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2) completed the study. Mean BP increased at 120 min relative to 60 min (60 min: 79 ± 1; 120 min: 81 ± 1 mmHg; time effect P =.01) but was not different between treatments (treatment × time interaction P =. 32). AIx decreased from baseline (time effect P <.001) but was not different between treatments (treatment × time interaction P =. 31). PWV (treatment × time interaction, P =. 91) and FMD (treatment × time interaction P =. 65) were also not different between treatments. In conclusion, a HSM does not acutely impair vascular function suggesting young healthy adults can withstand the acute impact of sodium on the vasculature and therefore, the AO cocktail is not necessary to mitigate the response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of vitamin C on polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell functions in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with poor glycemic control. We hypothesized that oral vitamin C treatment improves PMN cell functions. Patients (14) received either a vitamin C (1000 mg/d) or placebo (anhydrous calcium hydrogen phosphate) tablet for 6 weeks and were subjected to a 6-week washout period followed by a 6-week treatment crossover period. Blood samples were collected at pretreatment and posttreatment for PMN cell functions (by flow cytometry) and plasma vitamin C concentration. Phagocytosis was examined by incubating whole blood samples with fluorescein isothiocyanate–labeled Staphylococcus aureus , and oxidative burst was simultaneously evaluated by adding hydroethidine. In comparison with placebo, vitamin C increased both PMN cell phagocytosis (pretreatment: placebo, 17.8% ± 1.6% and vitamin C, 19.0% ± 3.4%, P =.70; posttreatment: placebo, 16.6% ± 1.7% and vitamin C, 27.1% ± 2.9%, P =.005) and oxidative burst (pretreatment: placebo, 6.4% ± 0.8% and vitamin C, 7.1% ± 1.2%, P =.60; posttreatment: placebo, 6.9% ± 1.3% and vitamin C, 12.1% ± 1.6%, P =.02). The plasma vitamin C concentration was elevated after vitamin C treatment as compared with that before treatment (P <.001) and was higher than that observed in the placebo treatment group (P <.01). Plasma vitamin C concentration and PMN cell functions were not significantly different before both treatments. We conclude that the 6-week 1000-mg/d vitamin C increased PMN phagocytosis and oxidative burst in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with poor glycemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Oxidative stress (OS) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients, and the consumption of fruits seems to improve OS due to their antioxidant properties. Therefore, we hypothesized that Fuji apple intake improves OS markers in HD patients due to its polyphenolic compounds without increasing serum potassium levels. This trial was a 1-group, pre- and posttest comparison between 16 patients who had been on hemodialysis for at least 3 months without any acute illness or hyperkalemia. Each volunteer consumed 2 Fuji apples (~360 g) per day for 1 week. Blood samples were collected at the baseline period and after 8 days for the measurement of total antioxidant status, ascorbic acid, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, potassium, phosphorus, uric acid, glucose, and fructosamine. For tolerance evaluation, participants were asked about their bowel habits. Apple intake increased glutathione peroxidase (P =.006) and superoxide dismutase activities (P =.006) and ascorbic acid levels (P =.002). No significant changes were observed in uric acid, potassium, phosphorus, glucose, and fructosamine levels. Additionally, there was a decrease in the catalase activity (P =.021) and in the total antioxidant status values (P =.004). However, increased total oxidant status (P =.003) and oxidative stress index (P =.033) levels were observed after apple intake. In conclusion, the intake of 2 Fuji apples per day for 1 week was well tolerated and improved antioxidant parameters in HD patients without affecting serum potassium levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Vitamin C is an essential nutrient with important antioxidant properties. Higher vitamin C intake appears to be associated with positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors in cohort studies, whereas large randomized controlled clinical trials did not confirm the benefits of supplemental vitamin C on cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. In this overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, an "umbrella review," we investigated the effects of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, that is, arterial stiffness, blood pressure, endothelial function, glycemic control, and lipid profile. In addition, we assessed the strength of the evidence and the methodological qualities of available studies. Two independent investigators searched 4 databases (Medline, Embase, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library databases) from inception until February 2018. After full text examination, 10 systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included in the umbrella review which included 6409 participants. Three systematic reviews investigated the effects of vitamin C on endothelial function with contrasting results (2 reviews reported a significant effect, and all 3 showed a high heterogeneity [ I 2> 50%]); 1 systematic review reported significant improvement for each of the following risk factors: blood pressure, and blood concentrations of glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. There were no overall effects of vitamin C on arterial stiffness and blood concentration of insulin, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but subgroup analyses revealed some evidence for significant improvements in subpopulations with higher body mass index, higher plasma concentrations of glucose or cholesterol, and low plasma concentration of vitamin C. Results from this umbrella review emphasize the weakness of the current evidence base about effects of vitamin C supplementation on markers of CVD risk. There is limited evidence that some population subgroups (older people, the obese, those with lower vitamin C status at baseline, and those at higher CVD risk) may be more responsive to vitamin C supplementation and offer opportunities for tailored nutritional interventions to improve cardiometabolic health. Future studies should implement a selective recruitment strategy that is informed by evidence-based literature synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary supplementation of oats has been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and gastrointestinal disorders. The role of oat extract as prophylactic in treating acute liver injury is not thoroughly established. We, therefore, hypothesized that oat extract would exert protective effect against alcohol-induced acute liver injury in a mouse model. To test this hypothesis, male C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with phenolic-enriched ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of oats (prepared by fractionating aqueous ethanolic extract with solvents of increasing polarity) at dosages of 125 and 250 mg kg −1 d −1 for 12 consecutive days. Acute liver injury was induced by administering 5 doses of 50% ethanol intragastrically (10 g/kg body weight) to mice at an interval of 12 hours. The alcohol-induced liver injury was evaluated by measuring serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, antioxidant parameters, mitochondrial function, and histology of liver tissue. Our results demonstrated that pretreatment with EA fraction at 250 mg kg −1 d −1 significantly ( P < .001 for aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and thiobarbituric acid–reactive species and P < .01 for lactate dehydrogenase and nitrites) reduced the levels of liver injury markers and significantly ( P < .001 for glutathione reductase and glutathione S -transferase; P < .01 for catalase, superoxide dismustase, and vitamin C; P < .05 for reduced glutathione and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1) increased the levels of antioxidant defenses. Furthermore, EA-pretreated mice showed mechanistic inhibition of nuclear factor κB signaling pathway through decreased phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. We conclude that phenolic-enriched EA fraction of oats has immense potential to serve as dietary intervention against alcohol-induced liver damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants have been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects, but there is a lack of research comparing food to supplement antioxidant sources. The aim of this study was to determine if increases in intake of foods naturally rich in antioxidants would lower blood levels of inflammatory markers more than consuming antioxidant supplements among adults with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Eighty-eight generally healthy adults with ≥1 elevated risk factor for cardiovascular disease were randomized in a single-blind (diets)/double-blind (supplements), parallel-group study for 8 weeks. Participants consumed (1) usual diet and placebo pills (n = 29), (2) usual diet and antioxidant supplements (n = 29), or (3) antioxidant-rich foods closely matched to antioxidant content of supplements and placebo (n = 30). Usual diet combined with antioxidant supplements or increased antioxidant-rich food intake was designed to approximately double daily habitual antioxidant intake. Antioxidant pills included carotenoids, mixed tocopherols, vitamin C, and selenium. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for inflammatory marker concentrations of interleukin-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Participants in the intervention groups successfully doubled most antioxidants as verified by diet records and elevated blood concentrations in treatment groups. Baseline levels of inflammatory markers for the entire study group were 110 ± 65 pg/mL for monocyte chemotactic protein-1, 0.9 ± 0.7 pg/mL for interleukin-6, and 217 ± 56 ng/mL for soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (means ± standard deviation) and did not differ by treatment arm. After 8 weeks, there were no significant within-group changes or between-group 8-week change differences in inflammatory marker concentrations. In conclusion, no beneficial effects were detected on the inflammatory markers investigated in response to antioxidants from foods or supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking is a major risk factor in the development of preventable disease which may be due to a poorer diet and the reduced nutrient intake of smokers. Our objective was to compare and evaluate the reported intake of current smokers with that of nonsmokers among participants of a study evaluating stress and smoking. We hypothesized (1) that overall energy and nutrient intake would be reduced in smokers compared with nonsmokers and (2) that smokers would have increased noncompliance with Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Men and women (smokers n = 138, nonsmokers n = 46) completed a 3-day diet record at baseline. Mean energy and nutrient intakes were stratified by smoking status and compared with DRI levels. The mean body mass index was 28.3 ± 0.5 kg/m 2 for smokers and 27.2 ± 1.0 kg/m 2 for nonsmokers. Compared with nonsmokers, the smokers reported lower intakes of energy, total polyunsaturated fatty acids, linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, total sugars, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin A, and vitamin E. Smokers reported reduced compliance with the DRIs for iron, phosphorus, vitamin C, riboflavin, and folate compared with nonsmokers. Unlike other evaluations of smokers vs nonsmokers, we observed no difference in body weight between groups. Smokers and nonsmokers alike reported dietary intakes lower than the DRIs for many nutrients. However, the reported nutrient intake of the smokers was substantially lower than nonsmokers for key nutrients, and they were more likely to not comply with the DRIs for essential nutrients, placing them at increased risk of chronic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inappropriate dietary intake and poor nutritional status are reported to be associated with metabolic syndrome and psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. We hypothesized that inappropriate dietary habits and insufficient dietary intake of specific nutrients are associated with schizophrenia. To test the hypothesis, we assessed the dietary habits and nutritional intake of patients with schizophrenia and then developed suitable dietary guidelines. In total, 140 subjects (73 controls and 67 patients with schizophrenia from community mental health centers) were included, and dietary intakes were analyzed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. As a result, the proportion of overweight or obese patients was significantly higher in schizophrenia subjects (64.2%) compared with control subjects (39.7%) ( P = .004). The male schizophrenia patients had significantly lower dietary intakes of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamin K, niacin, folate, and vitamin C than the male control subjects. In all multiple logistic regression models, subjects with the “low” dietary intake of protein, n-3 PUFAs, niacin, folate, and vitamin C had a significantly higher odds ratios for schizophrenia compared with those with the “high” dietary intake category of each nutrient. Therefore, maintenance of a healthy body weight and sufficient dietary intake of protein, PUFAs, niacin, folate, and vitamin C are recommended for Korean patients with schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of endogenous vitamin C (VC) in emotion and psychiatric measures has long been uncertain. We aimed to investigate how an individual's VC status impacts his or her mental health. Our hypothesis is that body VC levels modulate anxiety, anorexia, and depressive phenotypes under the influence of psychosocial rearing environments and sex. The VC status of senescence marker protein–30/gluconolactonase knockout mice, which lack the ability to synthesize VC, were continuously shifted from adequate (VC+) to depleted (VC−) by providing a water with or without VC. Despite weight loss in both sexes, suppressed feeding was specifically seen in males only during the VC− phase. Anxiety responses in the novelty-suppressed feeding paradigm were worse during the VC−, especially in females. Sensitivity to the forced swim test as determined by the initial latency was significantly shorter in the socially stable animals compared with socially unstable animals during the VC+ condition. The stress coping underlying depressive phenotypes was assessed by immobility duration in a series of forced swim tests. No significant differences were apparent between contrasting VC status. Homeostatic symptoms following stressful behavioral tests consisted of a great loss of appetite during the VC−. It should be noted that anorexia is extremely serious for the females. We conclude that endogenous VC status is critical for determining vulnerability to anxiety and anorexia in a sex-specific manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The actions of nutrients and related compounds on age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are explained in this review. The findings from 80 studies published since 2003 on the association between diet and supplements in AMD were reviewed. Antioxidants and other nutrients with an effect on AMD susceptibility include carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin, β-carotene), vitamins (vitamin A, E, C, D, B), mineral supplements (zinc, copper, selenium), dietary fatty acids [monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA both omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA), saturated fatty acids and cholesterol], and dietary carbohydrates. The literature revealed that many of these antioxidants and nutrients exert a protective role by functioning synergistically. Specifically, the use of dietary supplements with targeted actions can provide minimal benefits on the onset or progression of AMD; however, this does not appear to be particularly beneficial in healthy people. Furthermore, some supplements or nutrients have demonstrated discordant effects on AMD in some studies. Since intake of dietary supplements, as well as exposure to damaging environmental factors, is largely dependent on population habits (including dietary practices) and geographical localization, an overall healthy diet appears to be the best strategy in reducing the risk of developing AMD. As of now, the precise mechanism of action of certain nutrients in AMD prevention remains unclear. Thus, future studies are required to examine the effects that nutrients have on AMD and to determine which factors are most strongly correlated with reducing the risk of AMD or preventing its progression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Using archival data, we conducted a secondary analysis to examine race differences in the relation of serum vitamins A, C, E and β-carotene to insulin resistance (IR), fasting insulin and glucose, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and leukocyte count in 176 non-smoking, healthy, white, and African American (AA) adults aged 18 to 65 years (48% women, 33% AA). We hypothesized that micronutrient concentrations would be associated with early risk markers of cardiometabolic diseases in a race-dependent manner. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for micronutrients, insulin, glucose, hs-CRP, and leukocyte count. Insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostatic model assessment. After adjusting for age, body mass index, gender, educational level, use of vitamin supplements, alcohol intake, leisure time physical activity, menopausal status, and total cholesterol, we observed that β-carotene was significantly associated with insulin resistance and fasting insulin in a race-dependent manner. Among AA, lower β-carotene levels were associated with higher estimates of insulin resistance and fasting insulin; whereas, these same associations were not significant for whites. Race also significantly moderated the relation of vitamin C to leukocyte count, with lower vitamin C being associated with higher leukocyte count only in AA but not whites. For all subjects, lower β-carotene was associated with higher hs-CRP. In AA, but not whites, lower levels of β-carotene and vitamin C were significantly associated with early risk markers implicated in cardiometabolic conditions and cancer. Whether or not lower levels of micronutrients contribute uniquely to racial health disparities is a worthwhile aim for future research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We hypothesized that α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and β-carotene, either applied individually or in combination, would modulate redox homeostasis and affect the regulation of genes involved in DNA repair under stress conditions. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the influence of these vitamins, either supplied individually or in combination, on the plasma lipid peroxide level and the hepatic level of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in rats. We also evaluated the expression of p53 and Mdm2 protein in the intestinal epithelium, as these proteins are involved in the cellular regulation of DNA damage repair. Male Wistar rats (n = 112) were supplemented with α-tocopherol (2 mg), ascorbic acid (12 mg), and β-carotene (1 mg), both individually and in combination, for 14 days; 32 control rats were treated with placebo. Half of the animals in each group (n = 8) were subjected to 15-minute treadmill running at 20 m/min to cause exercise-induced oxidative stress. A statistically significant reduction in lipid peroxide levels was observed in the plasma of rats subjected to exercise and given 2 or 3 of the antioxidants (P < .0001). Exercise, as well as coadministration of the antioxidants, had no significant effect on the amount of DNA damage. Downward trends in the level of p53 protein expression were observed both in exercised and nonexercised animals, especially when the studied vitamins were administered in combination. Our findings suggest that α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and β-carotene, when given concurrently, have primarily antioxidant effects on lipids under stress but do not significantly affect the regulation of p53 gene expression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Paclitaxel is used extensively as a chemotherapeutic agent against a broad range of tumors but often leads to the early termination of treatment due to severe toxic side effects. In this study, we hypothesized that ascorbic acid could reduce the toxic side effects without interfering with the anticancer effect of paclitaxel. To demonstrate this, we examined the effect of the combinational treatment of ascorbic acid and paclitaxel using H1299 (a non-small cell lung cancer cell line) and BALB/c mice implanted with or without sarcoma 180 cancer cells. In H1299 cells, the anticancer effects of the combinational treatment with paclitaxel and ascorbic acid were up to 1.7-foldhigher than those of single-agent paclitaxel treatment. In addition, it was shown that the viability of the HEL299 normal cells was up to 1.6-fold higher with the combinational treatment than with paclitaxel treatment alone. In vivo mouse experiments also showed that mice co-treated with paclitaxel and ascorbic acid did not exhibit the typical side effects induced by paclitaxel, such as a reduction in the numbers of white blood cells and red blood cells and the level of hemoglobin (P < .05). The analysis of cancer-related gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry revealed that the combinational treatment suppressed cancer cell multiplication. Taken together, these results suggest that combinational chemotherapy with ascorbic acid and paclitaxel not only does not block the anticancer effects of paclitaxel but also alleviates the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in vivo and in vitro. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nutritional antioxidants interact with cells in an active mode, including retrieving and sparing one another, to diminish oxidative stress. However, the intracellular balance of prooxidants and antioxidants becomes unbalanced, favoring prooxidants during the aging process. One hypothesis is that an aging-associated increase in oxidative stress is the primary cause of aging. Hence, the research hypothesis for this study is that Korean red ginseng reduces oxidative stress in vivo. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of Korean red ginseng water extract (GWE) in reducing aging-associated oxidative stress by measuring lipid peroxidation and antioxidant levels in older rats compared with young rats. We observed a significant increase in the markers for oxidative damage (eg, lipid peroxidation) and markers for vital organ damage (eg, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, and creatinine levels) in aged rats. The oxidative damage was accompanied by a significant decrease in enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase, and nonenzymatic antioxidants such as reduced glutathione, vitamin E, and vitamin C. Aged rats fed a diet supplemented with Korean red ginseng water extract had significantly less oxidative damage, possibly by enhancing the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants status. Our data suggest that consumption of Korean red ginseng reduces lipid peroxidation and restores antioxidant capacity by suppressing oxidative stress in rats. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It is hypothesized that apples of 2 Brazilian cultivars with different content of sugars and antioxidant compounds promote similar effects on the antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in human serum after acute intake. Nine healthy women ingested 300 mL of Golden Delicious or Catarina apple juice (AJ) or water, and blood samples were collected before and 1 hour after intake. After intake of both AJ, a similar and significant increase in serum antioxidant capacity and ascorbic and uric acid levels and a significant decrease in serum lipid peroxidation was observed. The increase in serum antioxidant capacity after consumption of both AJ was correlated directly with the uric acid levels and inversely with serum lipid peroxidation. In summary, the acute intake of AJ of 2 cultivars promoted a similar effect on the antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in human blood serum. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the association of 100% orange juice (OJ) consumption by children 2 to 18 years of age (n = 7250) participating in the 2003 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with intakes of select nutrients, MyPyramid food groups, diet quality—measured by the Healthy Eating Index–2005, weight status, and associated risk factors. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the usual intake of 100% OJ consumption, selected nutrients, and MyPyramid food groups. Percentages of the population below the Estimated Average Requirement were determined. Covariate adjusted logistic regression was used to determine if consumers had a lower odds ratio of being overweight or obese. Usual per capita intake of 100% OJ was 1.7 oz/d. Among consumers, the usual intake of 100% OJ for children (n = 2183; 26.2% of population) was 10.2 oz/d. Consumers had higher (P < .05) energy intakes than nonconsumers (9148 ± 113 vs 8625 ± 473 kJ). However, there were no differences in weight or body mass index in consumers and nonconsumers, and there was no significant difference in the risk of being overweight or obese between consumers and nonconsumers (odds ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-1.05). Compared with nonconsumers, consumers had a higher (P < .01) percentage (% ± SE) of the population meeting the Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin A (19.6 ± 2.0 vs 30.2 ± 1.4), vitamin C (0.0 ± 0.0 vs 29.2 ± 1.2), folate (1.3 ± 0.3 vs 5.1 ± 0.6), and magnesium (25.5 ± 2.0 vs 39.0 ± 11). The Healthy Eating Index–2005 was significantly (P < .01) higher in consumers (52.4 ± 0.4 vs 48.5 ± 0.3). Consumers also had higher intakes of total fruit, fruit juice, and whole fruit. Moderate consumption of 100% OJ should be encouraged in children as a component of a healthy diet. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine if the dietary quality of patients with cerebral infarction (CI) was comparatively worse than those of non-CI subjects in Korea. This case-control study included 146 subjects recruited between May and July 2007 from Kyung Hee University Medical Center (Seoul, Korea). The eating habits, nutritional adequacies, dietary patterns, and overall dietary quality of the subjects were investigated. Patients with CI more frequently skipped meals, had more irregular meal times, and preferred saltier and spicier foods than non-CI subjects. Nutritional densities (vitamin C, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, folate, and calcium) and overall dietary quality measures of CI subjects were lower than for non-CI subjects. Frequencies in omission of food groups, particularly the fruit and dairy groups, and the number of food items consumed daily by CI subjects were significantly lower than non-CI subjects (P < .01). After controlling for age, sex, disease, and other health-related factors, high dietary quality scores, especially the variety and adequacy components (desirable diet patterns and quality) had a lower CI incidence (P < .05). In conclusion, we found that Korean patients with CI had a comparatively worse diet quality. Therefore, we suggest active medical nutrition therapy for patients with CI in clinical settings to manage diet quality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Fruit and vegetable consumption reduces the risk for cardiovascular disease development. The postprandial state is an important contributor to chronic disease development. Orange flavonoids may reduce postprandial oxidation. It was hypothesized that a mixture of orange flavonoids would reduce postprandial oxidation better than a single orange flavonoid or orange sugar and ascorbic acid, but not as well as orange juice, when consumed with a typical breakfast. A placebo-controlled crossover trial (16 male and female participants, 4 treatments, 4 visits) was carried out. Treatments were placebo (ascorbic acid and sugar equivalent to orange juice); placebo plus hesperidin; placebo plus hesperidin, luteolin, and naringenin (mixture; found to have synergistic antioxidant properties in vitro in previous work); and orange juice (positive control). Serum oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), total plasma phenolics (TP), and serum lipoprotein oxidation (LO) were measured after a 12-hour baseline fast and at 1, 2, and 3 hours after sample consumption. The placebo plus mixture and orange juice groups were significantly increased in ORAC and LO lag time. Data for TP were inconsistent with ORAC and LO. Contrary to previous studies attributing the protective postprandial effect to fructose and ascorbate in other fruit trials, orange phenolic compounds contribute directly to the postprandial oxidative protection of serum, despite an inconsistent change in serum TP. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Opuntia humifusa stem (OHSt) contains high levels of antioxidants including vitamin C, flavonoids, and polyphenols that may prove beneficial in treating diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that intake of the OHSt regulates blood glucose levels and hypolipidemic responses in rats with diabetes mellitus induced by injection of streptozotocin. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats (6 weeks of age) were assigned to 5 groups: normal control, rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM), DM treated with OHSt 150 mg/kg per day, DM treated with OHSt 250 mg/kg per day, and DM treated with OHSt 500 mg/kg per day. Powdered OHSt was suspended in distilled water and administered orally through the sonde once daily. After 7 weeks of treatment, the fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels of the OHSt groups were significantly lower when compared with the DM group (P < .05). Treatment with the OHSt also resulted in a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < .05). Decreases in both total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were accompanied by a significant increase in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < .05). Furthermore, levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly lower in the OHSt groups than in the DM group (P < .05). In addition, a significant increase in relative beta cell volume of pancreas was observed in rats treated with 500 mg/kg of OHSt when compared with the untreated DM rats (P < .05). The overall results suggest that the OHSt possesses potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Osteoporosis, which has become a serious public health concern, is influenced by diet, especially calcium intake. Dairy products are a good source of calcium, but plant calcium may also be important in populations that do not consume a large amount of milk. The purpose of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that calcium from vegetable sources is associated with osteoporosis risk and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Korean women with osteoporosis and age-matched controls (N = 144). The results of multivariate-adjusted regression analyses indicated that the intake of calcium, plant calcium, potassium, vitamin A, carotene, vitamin B1, niacin, vitamin E, vitamin C, and vegetables was associated with significantly reduced risk of osteoporosis after adjusting for age, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy, and energy intake. In addition, intake of vegetables alone, as well as calcium, plant calcium, potassium, and antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene), which are abundant in vegetables, was significantly and positively associated with bone mineral density. However, in this population of low-dairy consumers, intake of calcium from meat and dairy products was not related to risk of osteoporosis and bone mineral density. Our results suggest that high dietary intake of calcium, especially plant calcium, reduces the risk of osteoporosis and increased bone mineral density in postmenopausal Korean women. Vegetables may be an important source of calcium and may also provide vitamins and minerals that exert additional beneficial effects on the bone. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Combined antioxidant deficiencies of selenium and vitamin E or vitamin E and vitamin C in guinea pigs result in clinical illness. We hypothesized that combined selenium and vitamin C deficiency would have clinical consequences because in vitro interactions of these antioxidant nutrients have been reported. Because guinea pigs are dependent on dietary vitamin C, weanling male guinea pigs were fed selenium-deficient or control diet for 15 weeks before imposing vitamin C deficiency. Four dietary groups were formed and studied 3 weeks later: controls, vitamin C deficient, selenium deficient, and doubly deficient. Deficiencies were confirmed by determinations of glutathione peroxidase activity and vitamin C concentration in liver and skeletal muscle. Plasma creatine phosphokinase activity and liver, kidney, heart, and quadriceps histopathology were determined. Doubly deficient animals had moderately severe skeletal muscle cell death as judged by histopathology and plasma creatine phosphokinase activity of 6630 ± 4400 IU/L (control, 70 ± 5; vitamin C deficient, 95 ± 110; selenium deficient, 280 ± 250). Liver, kidney, and heart histology was normal in all groups. Muscle α-tocopherol levels were not depressed in the doubly deficient group, but muscle F2 isoprostane concentrations were elevated in them and correlated with markers of cell death. We conclude that combining selenium and vitamin C deficiencies in the guinea pig causes cell death in skeletal muscle that is more severe than the injury caused by selenium deficiency. The elevation of muscle F2 isoprostanes is compatible with the cell death being caused by oxidative stress. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study compared the effects of placebo with a carotenoid compound, crocetin, as well as an antioxidant, ascorbic acid, on physical fatigue in humans. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-way crossover study, 14 Japanese healthy volunteers (7 men and 7 women) were randomized to oral administration of crocetin (15 mg), ascorbic acid (3,000 mg), or placebo for 8 days. Subjects performed workload tests on a bicycle ergometer at fixed workloads for 120 minutes at 2 times (a total of 240 minutes) as a fatigue-inducing physical task. During the physical task, subjects performed nonworkload tests at maximum velocity (MV) of 10 seconds at 30 minutes (30-minute test) after the start of the physical task and at 30 minutes before the end of the task (210-minute test). The change in MV from the 30- to the 210-minute test was significantly higher in men who received crocetin compared with men who received placebo (P < .05). This effect of crocetin was specific to males. Administration of ascorbic acid did not change in MV from the 30-minute to the 210-minute test on males or females. These results suggest that daily administration of crocetin may attenuate physical fatigue in men. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Although antioxidant nutrients and oxidative DNA damage have been associated with carcinogenesis, few studies have investigated the factors that influence antioxidant intake and oxidative DNA damage in racially diverse populations. Demographic, behavioral, and diet-related psychosocial correlates of plasma antioxidant (carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E) concentrations and oxidative DNA damage were examined using data from a cross-sectional study of 147 generally healthy, nonsmoking African American and white adults in North Carolina, aged 20 to 45 years. All participants completed self-administered demographic, diet, and health questionnaires and provided semifasting (≥6 hours) blood samples. Multivariate regression analyses were computed separately for each race to determine associations between the potential correlates with plasma antioxidant concentrations and oxidative DNA damage, separately. Our findings suggest appreciable differences by race. Only a few factors (age, supplement use, and several psychosocial factors) were associated with antioxidant concentrations in African Americans, whereas these and additional factors, including physical activity, waist circumference, and passive smoke exposure, were associated with antioxidant concentrations in whites. For oxidative DNA damage, passive smoke exposure was significantly associated with oxidative DNA damage in African Americans, and age and alcohol were significant in whites. In addition, the regression models generally explained more of the variance in plasma antioxidant concentrations and oxidative DNA damage in whites than in African Americans. Considering the salient correlates differed by race, this work has important implications for the design and implementation of future research studies investigating antioxidant nutrients and/or oxidative stress, especially those in racially diverse populations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Memory impairment is observed in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with further acute deficits after meal ingestion. This study explored whether postprandial oxidative stress was a contributor to these meal-induced memory deficits. Sixteen adults with T2DM (mean age, 63.5 ± 2.1 years) who were not regularly taking high-dose antioxidant supplements were fed a high-fat meal, the same test meal with vitamins C (1000 mg) and E (800 IU) tablets, or water on 3 separate occasions. After meal ingestion, a battery of cognitive tests were administered, which included measures of delayed verbal memory, assessed at 60 and 105 minutes after meal ingestion. Relative to water consumption, the high-fat meal resulted in poorer performance at 105 minutes postingestion on measures of delayed verbal recall (word list and paragraph recall) and working memory (Digit-Span Forward). Coconsumption of antioxidant vitamins and high-fat meal prevented this meal-induced deficit such that performance on these tasks was indistinguishable from that after water intake. At the same time point, a small but significant improvement on the word-naming and color-naming components of Stroop was observed after meal ingestion, relative to water, irrespective of whether antioxidants were consumed, demonstrating the specificity of meal-induced impairments to memory function. Executive function, assessed by Trails Parts A and B, was not influenced by meal or antioxidant ingestion. In adults with T2DM, coconsumption of antioxidant vitamins minimizes meal-induced memory impairment, implicating oxidative stress as a potential contributor to these decrements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the present study, 26 elderly subjects were recruited and randomly divided into 2 groups, that is, apple (low in antioxidant capacity) and pomegranate (high in antioxidant capacity) groups, and 250 mL of juice was consumed daily for 4 weeks. Changes in plasma antioxidant capacity, activity of antioxidant enzymes, contents of ascorbic acid, vitamin E, reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde, oxidized low-density lipoprotein and carbonyls, and the degree of DNA damage in mononuclear blood cells were measured. Urine samples were collected for determination of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine content. Increased plasma antioxidant capacity and decreased plasma carbonyl content were demonstrated after daily consumption of pomegranate juice. In comparison, apple juice consumption presented a less significant effect on antioxidant function in elderly subjects. It is concluded that daily consumption of pomegranate juices is potentially better than apple juice in improving antioxidant function in the elderly. Because the plasma ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and reduced glutathione contents did not differ significantly between the 2 groups in this study, the phenolics may be the functional components contained in pomegranate juice that accounted for the observations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The vitamin C, selenium, and carotenoid intakes and the plasma concentrations of a group of apparently healthy preschool children living in Lincoln, Neb, were determined. Twenty-two 2- to 5-year-old children from 3 daycare centers served as subjects. Trained dietary interviewers obtained two 24-hour dietary recalls from parents and daycare providers. No significant differences by gender were observed for vitamin C and carotenoid intakes and plasma concentrations of vitamin C, selenium, and carotenoids. Mean intakes of the children were 48.1 mg/d for dietary vitamin C, 69.6 mg/d for dietary plus supplemental vitamin C, 55.2 μg/d for selenium, 147.2 μg/d for α-carotene, 678.0 μg/d for β-carotene, 28.3 μg/d for β-cryptoxanthin, 430.2 μg/d for lycopene, and 448.2 μg/d for lutein/zeaxanthin. Thirty-two percent of the subjects had plasma vitamin C concentrations indicative of inadequacy. All subjects had plasma selenium concentrations indicative of adequate selenium status. The findings of this study indicate that a national population-based study on the vitamin C requirements of young children is warranted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To elucidate possible associations between dietary factors and colorectal cancer in the context of the Korean diet, a case-control study was conducted in Seoul, Korea. Cases (n = 136) were patients either newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer or with large bowl adenomatous polyps. Control patients (n = 134) included those with no history of cancer and conditions potentially unrelated to nutritional status and digestive tract diseases from the same hospitals. Intakes of nutrients and food groups were assessed by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and analyzed by the logistic regression model adjusted for possible confounding variables. Significant trends of decreasing risk of colorectal cancer emerged with more frequent intakes of vitamin A (odds ratio [OR] = 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.15-0.65 for the highest tertile), β-carotene (OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.12-0.52), and vitamin C (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.14-0.61). The protective associations were also observed for calcium (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.21-0.86) and fiber (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.25-1.05). Energy consumption was associated with an increased risk in the highest tertile of consumption (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.01-4.12). The highest tertiles of rice, cake, and fish intakes were related to higher colorectal cancer risk (OR = 3.12, 95% CI = 1.41-6.91; OR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.13-5.03; OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.21-5.26, respectively). Inverse associations of risk were found for milk (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.15-0.58), kimchi (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.20-0.84), vegetable (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.16-0.71), and fruit (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.24-1.02) intakes. This study further supports the protective effects of antioxidant vitamins and calcium associated with vegetable and milk consumptions and confirms a relevant role of dietary intake against colorectal cancer risk for Koreans. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the effects of vitamins C and E combinations on oxidative stress in erythrocytes from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Concentrations of malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were compared in 3 groups of 10 rats each (control nondiabetic rats [group I], untreated diabetic rats [group II], and diabetic rats treated with vitamins C and E [group III]). Diabetes developed 3 days after intraperitoneal administration of a single 60 mg/kg dose of streptozotocin in groups II and III. Thereafter, the rats in group III began to receive a combination of vitamins C and E. Six weeks later, the rats in groups II and III had significantly lower body weights and higher blood glucose levels than the rats in group I (all P &#60; .001). Malondialdehyde levels in erythrocytes from group II rats were higher and glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase levels were lower than those from rats in groups I and III (P &#60; .01, P &#60; .01, P &#60; .001, and P &#60; .01, respectively). The treatment with vitamins C and E lowered malondialdehyde levels and increased the antioxidant levels to near control values. The results verify the presence of oxidative stress in diabetes and suggest beneficial effects of vitamins C and E combinations in combating the oxidative stress in this disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to obtain data about the nutritional intake of adolescent girls from Edirne, Turkey. In a sample of 940 healthy adolescent girls aged between 12 and 17 years, intake of macronutrients and micronutrients was assessed from 3-day self-reported food records. In general, macronutrient intake was found to be adequate whereas micronutrient intake was lower than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). The percentage of energy distribution of the subjects derived from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats was 53.6%, 10.9%, and 35.5%, respectively. Compared with the RDA, reported intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and fiber were most likely to be inadequate; those of folic acid and potassium were adequate; and those of vitamins A and C were well above. Adolescent girls living in the rural area consumed lower amounts of energy, carbohydrate, protein, niacin, folic acid, vitamin C, and sodium and higher amounts of thiamin compared with those living in the urban area. Based on the findings of this study, a preventive nutritional concept for Turkish adolescent girls was proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study examined whether blueberries or vitamin C consumed for 7 days in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design would attenuate oxidative stress and cytokine changes versus placebo. Nine subjects ran at 70% VO2max in a hyperthermic environment (35°C, 70% relative humidity [RH]) until a core temperature of 39.5°C was reached, and for an equivalent time and intensity in the two remaining treatments. Blood samples were drawn before exercise and immediately, 15 minutes, and 30 minutes after exercise. Plasma samples were analyzed for F2-isoprostanes, lipid hydroperoxides, vitamin C, ferric reducing antioxidant potential, urate, interleukin-1ra, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interleukin-10. The pattern of change between treatments was significant for lipid hydroperoxides but not for any other marker. Significant correlations were found between F2-isoprostanes, lipid hydroperoxides, ferric reducing antioxidant potential, and urate. This study indicates that blueberry supplementation may be beneficial for athletes exercising in hot environments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The prevalence of vitamin supplement use and its relationship with nutritional knowledge was assessed in a cross-sectional study conducted between October 1998 and January 1999 in a sample of 610 health science students (179 men and 431 women) from a private institution in Portugal. Overall, the prevalence of vitamin supplement use was 16% (20% in men and 14% in women, P <0.05). Vitamin C was the supplement most frequently consumed, followed by B vitamins. Vitamin supplements were acquired in pharmacies and seldom in dietary product stores. No differences were found between vitamin supplement users and nonusers regarding anthropometric data, smoking status, or nutritional intake. Male users of vitamin supplements had a lower level of overall nutritional knowledge than did nonusers, whereas no differences were found among women; the level of nutritional knowledge was, however, very low in all groups. Finally, among both sexes, no differences were found between users and nonusers regarding nutritional knowledge of vitamin intake–associated risks or benefits. The results indicate that the prevalence of vitamin supplement use is relatively modest among Portuguese health science students and is not related to a better nutritional knowledge or healthier lifestyle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study investigated the effects of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) and folic acid supplementation on the levels of enzymes activities such as paraoxonase (PON1) and arylesterase and metabolites in the plasma of heat-stressed Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) kept at 34°C. A total of 150 Japanese quails (10 days old) were randomly assigned to five treatment groups, with three replicates of 10 birds each. The birds, which were kept at 34°C (09.00 to 17.00; for 8 hours) were fed either a basal diet (high-temperature basal diet, HS group) or the basal diet supplemented with either 250 mg of L-ascorbic acid/kg of diet (Vit C group), 1 mg of folic acid/kg of diet (FA group), or 250 mg of L-ascorbic acid plus 1 mg of folic acid/kg of diet (Vit C + FA group), whereas birds kept at 22°C were fed a basal diet (thermo-neutral-basal diet, TN group). Supplemental vitamin C and folic acid significantly increased paraoxonase, arylesterase, creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities compared with the HS group. Serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were not influenced by dietary vitamin C or folic acid (P > 0.05). Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL)–cholesterol, and glucose concentrations decreased, whereas total protein and albumin concentrations increased with dietary vitamin C and folic acid supplementation (P < 0.05) compared with the HS group. However, the combination of vitamin C and folic acid provided the greatest results. Serum values were also greatest for PON1 and arylesterase and lowest for cholesterol, trygliceride, HDL-cholesterol and glucose (P < 0.05) for the TN group. The results of the study show that, separately or in combination, vitamin C and folic acid supplementation improved increased PON1 and arylesterase; the results also suggest that vitamin C and folic acid, especially in combination, may offer a potential protective management practice in preventing heat-stress–related depression in the performance of broiler quails. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the interrelationship of L-ascorbic acid, L-cysteine and Zn for amelioration of Cu toxicity in chicks. Chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal diet with 1,000 mg Cu (CuSO4 · 5H2O)/kg to produce Cu toxicity. Single dietary additions and two-way combinations of ascorbic acid (1,000 mg/kg), cysteine (0.5 g/100 g) and Zn (1,000 mg/kg) reduced liver Cu accumulation, with cysteine resulting in the largest response. Although supplemental Zn from ZnSO4 · 7H2O reduced liver Cu concentrations, it also reduced chick weight gain and food intake. Experiment 2 tested a range of cysteine and Zn levels to determine their effects on Cu toxicity in chicks. Supplemental Zn levels as low as 500 mg/kg reduced growth, but a cysteine level as low as 0.1 g/100 g increased chick weight gain and reduced liver Cu. Experiment 3 evaluated two Zn sources to determine if Zn source was affecting weight gain of chicks fed high Cu diets. There was a reduction in chick weight gain with 1,000 mg Zn/kg from Zn sulfate, but no reduction in weight gain with the same level of Zn from Zn oxide. In Experiment 4, 1,000 mg ascorbic acid/kg, 0.05 g/100 g cysteine and 1,000 mg Zn/kg from Zn oxide were tested in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial. As in Experiment 1, ascorbic acid, cysteine and Zn were all effective in reducing liver Cu. The results suggested that L-cysteine was more effective than either L-ascorbate or Zn in ameliorating Cu toxicity, but a lower dose of cysteine together with pharmacologic additions of ascorbate and Zn (from ZnO) may be just as effective. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The antioxidant activities of peel, pulp and seed fractions of 28 fruits commonly consumed in China were determined using the ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay (FRAP assay). The contribution of vitamin C to the antioxidant activity of fruit pulps was also calculated. The results showed that hawthorn pulp had the highest FRAP value among all fruit pulps and followed by date, guava, kiwifruit, purple mulberry, strawberry, white pomegranate, lukan and honey tangerine pulps and etc. Most of fruit peel and seed fractions were stronger than the pulp fractions in antioxidant activity based on their FRAP values. The contribution of vitamin C to the FRAP value of fruit pulps varied greatly from fruit to fruit as calculated. We concluded that peel and seed fractions of some fruits, such as pomegranate peel, grape seed, hawthorn peel, longan and lychee seeds possessed relatively high antioxidant activity and might be rich sources of natural antioxidants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ascorbic acid (AA) is an important antioxidant in the plasma and has the tendency to postoperatively reduced values. This could be caused by an increased antioxidative activity of AA as a radical scavenger since operations are a well-known scenario of oxidative stress with increased radical production. There is some evidence for an intraoperative onset of oxidative stress which could be related to an increased antioxidative activity of AA. Therefore, the total clearance (Cltot) of AA was calculated pre- and intraoperatively in 20 neurosurgical patients. At both times plasma samples were taken before, and 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after an iv. AA-bolus of 4 mg/kg AA/body weight.Cltot of AA in plasma was significantly elevated (p < .005) intraoperatively. This result shows an significant increase in AA activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study a 12 week clinical trial was conducted with Enzogenol®, a commercially available proanthocyanidin-rich flavonoid extract derived from the bark of Pinus radiata that was formulated with vitamin C. The study was to determine whether the oxidative injury markers of protein and DNA damage could be affected by the product. Twenty four (14 males and 10 females) subjects aged between 55-75 years completed the study. The group was given a twice daily dose of 240 mg of Enzogenol® and 120 mg vitamin C for 12 weeks and blood samples were collected at the start of the study before supplementation, 6 weeks and 12 weeks. Plasma samples were analysed for protein carbonyl concentrations as a measure of protein oxidation by an ELISA method. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analysed for DNA damage using the alkaline comet assay. Protein carbonyl concentration reductions were highly significant after 6 and 12 weeks of supplementation. DNA damage reduction, as measured by the comet assay, was not significant after 6 weeks but highly significant after 12 weeks of supplementation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this study was to determine relative iron absorption from reduced iron-fortified Corn Flakes and the role of vitamins A and C improving absorption. The protocol included 87 subjects who received 4 meals composed of cereal, milk and sugar. Iron and different concentrations and combinations of vitamins A and C were added. Iron absorption was measured calculating radioactive iron incorporation into the blood of subjects. There was a significant 3.6-times increase in iron absorption when both vitamins were administered together. In vitro solubility tests with ferric chloride, electrolytic and reduced irons showed an important role of vitamins A and C enhancing iron solubility at pH 6 to the values found at pH 2. Addition of vitamins A and C to a ready-to-eat cereal significantly improves iron absorption by a process at least partially due, to the solubilyzing effect of these vitamins on reduced iron. Addition of both vitamins in the same meal produced an increment in absorption corresponding to the additive factor of each vitamin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of chromium (chromium picolinate, CrPic) and vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, and serum concentrations of T3 (Triiodothyronine), T4 (Thyroxine), insulin, corticosterone, glucose, cholesterol, MDA as indicator of lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde), vitamin C, and vitamin E in broiler chickens (Ross) reared under heat stress (32°C). One day-old 120 male broilers were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups, 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The birds were fed either a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with either 400 mg of Cr/kg of diet, 250 mg of L-ascorbic acid/kg of diet, or 400 mg of Cr plus 250 mg of L-ascorbic acid/kg of diet. Separately or as a combination, supplemental chromium and vitamin C increased body weight gain (P < 0.01) and feed intake (P < 0.01), and improved feed efficiency (P < 0.05). The supplements also increased hot and chilled carcass weights and yields (P < 0.05) as well as liver, heart, spleen, and gizzard weights (P < 0.05). However, abdominal fat decreased (P < 0.05) upon dietary chromium and vitamin C supplementation. Separately or as a combination, supplemental chromium and vitamin C resulted in an increase in serum insulin, T3, T4, but a decrease in corticosterone (P < 0.05), glucose and cholesterol (P < 0.05) concentrations. Supplemental chromium and vitamin C also increased serum concentrations of vitamin C and vitamin E (P < 0.05) but, decreased MDA concentrations (P < 0.01). The results of the study show that, separately or as a combination, vitamin C and chromium supplementation resulted in an improved live weight gain, feed efficiency, and carcass traits, as well as a decrease in serum corticosterone and MDA concentrations. The results of the present study also suggest that vitamin C and chromium have similar effects and that a combination of vitamin C (250 mg/kg of diet) and chromium (400 mg Cr/kg of diet) may offer a potential protective management practice in preventing heat stress-related depression in performance of broiler chickens. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]