1. Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment: an observational field based study
- Author
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Volker Scheer, Vera Camões-Costa, C.D. Thake, Ricardo Jose Da Costa, Jessica P Waterman, Ana Maria Teixeira, Benjamin Lee, Lisa D Hardy, Abigail J M Swancott, Andrew D. Murray, Luís Rama, Edel Barrett, Encarna Valero-Burgos, Samantha Kirsty Gill, Emily C Freeth, Joanne Hankey, and Slawomir Marczak
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Carbohydrate ,Sodium ,Body water ,Drinking ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,lcsh:TX341-641 ,Urine ,Running ,Cohort Studies ,Beverages ,Animal science ,Blood serum ,Body Water ,Internal medicine ,Euhydration ,medicine ,Ingestion ,Humans ,Plasma Volume ,lcsh:RC620-627 ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Dehydration ,business.industry ,Research ,Hyponatraemia ,Water ,Sodium, Dietary ,Feeding Behavior ,Middle Aged ,Water-Electrolyte Balance ,Plasma osmolality ,lcsh:Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Blood chemistry ,Asymptomatic Diseases ,Urine osmolality ,Physical Endurance ,Total body water ,Female ,business ,lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Hyponatremia - Abstract
Background Anecdotal evidence suggests ultra-runners may not be consuming sufficient water through foods and fluids to maintenance euhydration, and present sub-optimal sodium intakes, throughout multi-stage ultra-marathon (MSUM) competitions in the heat. Subsequently, the aims were primarily to assess water and sodium intake habits of recreational ultra-runners during a five stage 225 km semi self-sufficient MSUM conducted in a hot ambient environment (Tmax range: 32°C to 40°C); simultaneously to monitor serum sodium concentration, and hydration status using multiple hydration assessment techniques. Methods Total daily, pre-stage, during running, and post-stage water and sodium ingestion of ultra-endurance runners (UER, n = 74) and control (CON, n = 12) through foods and fluids were recorded on Stages 1 to 4 by trained dietetic researchers using dietary recall interview technique, and analysed through dietary analysis software. Body mass (BM), hydration status, and serum sodium concentration were determined pre- and post-Stages 1 to 5. Results Water (overall mean (SD): total daily 7.7 (1.5) L/day, during running 732 (183) ml/h) and sodium (total daily 3.9 (1.3) g/day, during running 270 (151) mg/L) ingestion did not differ between stages in UER (p vs. CON). Exercise-induced BM loss was 2.4 (1.2)% (p p > 0.05 vs. CON pre-stage). Asymptomatic hyponatraemia (n = 8 UER, corresponding to 42% of sampled participants. Pre- and post-stage urine colour, urine osmolality and urine/plasma osmolality ratio increased (p p Conclusion Water intake habits of ultra-runners during MSUM conducted in hot ambient conditions appear to be sufficient to maintain baseline euhydration levels. However, fluid over-consumption behaviours were evident along competition, irrespective of running speed and gender. Normonatraemia was observed in the majority of ultra-runners throughout MSUM, despite sodium ingestion under benchmark recommendations.
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