1. A Systematic Review of Bisphenol A from Dietary and Non-Dietary Sources during Pregnancy and Its Possible Connection with Fetal Growth Restriction: Investigating Its Potential Effects and the Window of Fetal Vulnerability
- Author
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Dionysios Vrachnis, Nikolaos Loukas, Vasilios Pergaliotis, Nikolaos Antonakopoulos, D Zygouris, Christos Iavazzo, George Mastorakos, Aggeliki Kοlialexi, Zoi Iliodromiti, and Nikolaos Vrachnis
- Subjects
Amniotic fluid ,bisphenol A ,Physiology ,Review ,010501 environmental sciences ,Endocrine Disruptors ,01 natural sciences ,fetal growth restriction ,Dietary Exposure ,Fetal Development ,small for gestational age ,Pregnancy ,Risk Factors ,Fetal growth ,Medicine ,Birth Weight ,TX341-641 ,endocrine-disrupting chemical ,0303 health sciences ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Fetal Growth Retardation ,Food Packaging ,Female ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists ,endocrine system ,Birth weight ,Food Contamination ,Gestational Age ,Risk Assessment ,03 medical and health sciences ,Phenols ,Animals ,Humans ,Benzhydryl Compounds ,Fetal vulnerability ,030304 developmental biology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Fetus ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,business.industry ,urogenital system ,food ,Infant, Newborn ,Environmental Exposure ,medicine.disease ,Canned foods ,Small for gestational age ,business ,Food Science - Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), is increasingly hypothesized to be a factor contributing to changes in fetal growth velocity. BPA exposure may be environmental, occupational, and/or dietary, with canned foods and plastic bottles contributing significantly. Our systematic review aims to evaluate the current literature and to investigate the role of BPA in abnormal fetal growth patterns. A search was conducted in the PubMed and Cochrane databases. A total of 25 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review. Eleven of them failed to show a clear relationship between BPA and abnormal fetal growth. The majority of the remaining studies (9/14) found an inverse association of BPA with indicators of fetal growth, whereas three studies suggested increased fetal growth, and two studies produced contradictory findings. Of note, both of the studies that collected a sample (amniotic fluid) directly reflecting BPA concentration in the fetus during the first half of pregnancy revealed an inverse association with birth weight. In conclusion, there is mounting evidence that combined exposure to BPA from dietary and non-dietary sources during pregnancy may contribute to abnormal fetal growth; a tendency towards fetal growth restriction was shown, especially when exposure occurs during the first half.
- Published
- 2021