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Excessive consumption of sugar-rich foods is currently one of the most important factors that has led to the development of the global pandemic of obesity. On the other hand, there is evidence that obesity contributes to reduced sensitivity to sweet taste and hormonal changes affecting appetite, leading to an increased craving for sweets. A high intake of sugars increases the caloric value of the diet and, consequently, leads to weight gain. Moreover, attention is drawn to the concept of the addictive properties of sugar and sugary foods. A potential method to reduce the energy value of diet while maintaining the sweet taste is using non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS). NNS are commonly used as table sugar substitutes. This wide group of chemical compounds features high sweetness almost without calories due to its high sweetening strength. NNS include aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, saccharin, cyclamate, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (neohesperidin DC), neotame, taumatin, and advantame. The available evidence suggests that replacing sugar with NNS may support weight control. However, the effect of NNS on the regulation of appetite and sweet taste perception is not clear. Therefore, the review aimed to summarize the current knowledge about the use of NNS as a potential strategy for weight loss and their impact on sweet taste perception. Most studies have demonstrated that consumption of NNS-sweetened foods does not increase sweetness preference orenergy intake. Nonetheless, further research is required to determine the long-term effects of NNS on weight management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a low-calorie diet, only 25% of patients succeed in maintaining the result of weight loss for a long time. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to explore whether patients undergoing intensive intervention during the maintenance phase have a greater preservation of the weight achieved during the previous slimming phase than controls. A bibliographic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases for clinical trials and randomised, controlled trials investigating the role of choice in weight-loss-maintenance strategies. Only studies with a follow-up of at least 12 months were considered. A total of eight studies, for a total of 1454 patients, was identified, each comparing a group that followed a more intensive protocol to a control group. Our metanalysis highlighted that an intensive approach even in the maintenance phase could be important to ensure greater success in the phase following the weight-loss period. However, it should be pointed out that the improvement was not so different from the trend of the respective controls, with a non-statistically significant mean difference of the effect size (0.087; 95% CI −0.016 to 0.190 p = 0.098). This finding, along with the observation of a weight regain in half of the selected studies, suggests this is a long work that has to be started within the weight-loss phase and reinforced during the maintenance phase. The problem of weight control in patients with obesity should be understood as a process of education to a healthy lifestyle and a balanced diet to be integrated in the context of a multidisciplinary approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the life stage of menopause being identified as a high risk for weight gain, there are few obesity prevention interventions for this target group, and no evidence on maintenance of intervention effects after intervention support is withdrawn. In the 40-Something Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) (ACTRN12611000064909), a five-consultation health professional (dietitian and exercise physiologist) obesity prevention intervention, using motivational interviewing principles (MI) over 12 months, achieved significantly greater weight loss than a self-directed intervention (SDI) (tailored written material) in 54 non-obese (body mass index (BMI): 18.5–29.9 kg/m2 ), premenopausal women (44–50 years). The aim of the current paper is to report on whether the intervention effects were maintained at two years. Anthropometric, biochemical and health behavior data were collected at baseline, 12 months (end of intervention) and 24 months (end of maintenance period). Forty participants (22 = MI, 18 = SDI) who completed all measures to 12 months were invited to participate in the monitoring phase and 30 (MI = 16, SDI = 14) consented. The primary outcome of weight at 24 months was assessed using intention to treat principles (n = 54), adjusting for baseline weight. The MI group had a significantly lower weight at 24 months (64.6 kg, 95% CI: 63.2, 66.6, p = 0.015) compared with the SDI group (67.3 kg, 95% CI: 65.7, 68.8), and the secondary outcomes of percentage body fat and waist circumference were also significantly lower in the MI group. The low-intensity, health professional weight control intervention utilizing MI principles was more efficacious in maintaining a significant weight loss compared to a self-directed intervention, and both were successful in preventing obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies suggest that the prevalence of wheat/gluten sensitivity and adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) are high in Latin population despite a poor diagnosis of celiac disease. However, these prevalence rates still remain unknown in most Latin American countries. Methods: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in Santa Fe, Argentina. Results: The estimated self-reported prevalence rates were (95% Confidence Interval [CI]): self-reported gluten sensitivity (SR-GS) 7.61% (6.2-9.2), SR-GS currently following a GFD 1.82% (1.2-2.7), celiac disease 0.58% (0.3-1.2), wheat allergy 0.33% (0.12-0.84), self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity (SR-NCGS) 6.28% (5.1-7.8), SR-NCGS currently following a GFD 0.91% (0.5-1.6), and adherence to a GFD 6.37% (5.1-7.9). SR-GS was more common in women (6.0%; p < 0.001) and associated with irritable bowel syndrome (p < 0.001). Among the GFD followers, 71.4% were doing it for reasons other than health-related benefits and 50.6% without medical/dietitian advice. In the non-SR-GS group, the main motivations for following a GFD were weight control and the perception that a GFD is healthier. Conclusion: In Argentina, gluten sensitivity is commonly reported and it seems that physicians/gastroenterologists are aware of celiac disease diagnosis. Trustable information about the benefits and potential consequences of following a GFD should be given to the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating disorders (EDs) are a significant health issue in combat sports. This study investigated the differences between the different types of female wrestlers and the frequency at which EDs occur in the elite population, and it also sought to establish which factors are predictors of EDs. This study was comprised of 22 elite, female wrestlers who were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: having previously been the Spanish champion, being part of the Spanish national team, participating in at least one international championship, and having a history of ED. Data collection involved five questionnaires: demographic data, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), the Bulimic Investigatory Test, the Edinburgh (BITE), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-3), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The results revealed diverse levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, with BITE scores indicating abnormal eating patterns. Group comparisons exposed significant distinctions in eating behaviors based on competition and training experience. Regression analyses showed competition and training experience as predictors of bulimia severity and symptoms. The study revealed prevalent extreme weight-control practices, including fasting, diuretic and laxative use, and binge eating. This research emphasizes the importance of EDs in Olympic wrestling, urging a comprehensive approach involving education, support, and policy implementation by coaches, health professionals, and sports organizations to prioritize athletes’ well-being and discourage unhealthy weight-control practices.

Stay-at-home orders have abruptly altered food purchasing behaviour, dietary habits, and food choice motives. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the trajectory of food choice motives and their associations with the weight status of Malaysian youths in the time of COVID-19. Socio-demographic information and anthropometric measurements were self-reported by the respondents, while the food choice motives were assessed using a validated 38-item food choice questionnaire (FCQ). Of the 1013 Malaysian youths, 48.6% gained weight due to the confinement, with an average weight gain of 3.90 ± 2.92 kg. On the other hand, 47.0% to 73.0% of the youths changed their food choice motives in the time of COVID-19. Of the 10 motives, convenience (48.5%) had the largest percentage increase, followed by weight control (47.0%) and health (45.3%). Moreover, the mean scores of health (t = −3.324, p = 0.001), convenience (t = −5.869, p < 0.001), weight control (t = −7.532, p < 0.001), natural content (t = −5.957, p < 0.001), ethical concern (t = −4.419, p < 0.001) and price (t = −3.737, p < 0.001) were significantly higher during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic. Findings from the multinomial regression model revealed that youths highly concerned for weight control were more likely to be in the weight loss category (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.633, Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.230–2.168, p = 0.001). Conversely, those who gained weight due to the pandemic confinement highly valued natural content in foods (AOR = 0.653, CI = 0.481–0.886, p = 0.006) when making their food choices in this unprecedented pandemic. In conclusion, Malaysian youths made healthier food choices to mitigate the risk of COVID-19 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic brought changes to almost every segment of our lives, including dietary habits. We present one among several studies, and the first on the Croatian population, aiming at investigating changes of food choice motives before and during the pandemic. The study was performed in June 2021 as an online-based survey, using a 36-item Food Choice Questionnaire applied for both the periods before and during the pandemic. The final sample consisted of 1232 adults living in Croatia. Sensory appeal was ranked as the number one most important food choice motive before, whereas health was ranked as the number one most important food choice motive during the pandemic. Ethical concern was reported as the least important food choice motive both before and during the pandemic. In women, natural content (p = 0.002), health, convenience, price, weight control, familiarity, and ethical concern (all p < 0.001) became more important during the pandemic, while price (p = 0.009), weight control, familiarity, and ethical concern (all p < 0.001) became more relevant for men. All together, these can be considered favorable changes toward optimal diets and may result in beneficial influences on health and lifestyle. Education strategies and efficiently tackling misinformation are prerequisites for informed food choice, which will ensure long-lasting positive effects of such changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Our study aimed to assess the associations between meal-replacement (MR) drinking and risks of all-cause, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality. Methods: The study was based on 6770 adults aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) 2003–2006 with linked mortality data from the National Death Index for linked mortality records (until 31 December 2019). Respondents were categorized into four groups according to the frequency of MR drinking: ≤1 time per month (seldom), 2–3 times per month (monthly), 1–6 times per week (weekly), and ≥1 time per day (daily). The adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of MR drinking with all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression models. Likelihood ratio tests were used to find potential interactions of MR drinking with age, sex, and BMI. Results: During a median follow-up of 14.4 years, a total of 1668 death events were recorded among the study population. Compared to respondents who seldom drank MR, daily and weekly drinkers had greater risks of all-cause mortality (aHRs and 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.52 [1.17–1.97] for daily; 1.54 [1.24–1.91] for weekly). Stratified analyses indicated that the effects of MR on all-cause mortality were different between females and males and were more substantial among females (P for interaction: 0.003; daily female drinkers vs. daily male drinkers: 2.01 [1.40–2.90] vs. 1.24 [0.85–1.81]; weekly female drinkers vs. weekly male drinkers: 1.68 [1.26–2.24] vs. 1.36 [0.97–1.91]). Conclusions: Daily and weekly MR drinking might increase the risk of all-cause mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Determinants and motives related to food selection have evolved in a globalized and changing world. The traditional and useful Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ), created in 1995, needs to be updated, adapted to new scenarios, and validated. Objectives: This study aimed to: (1) assess face validity (FV) of the original 36-item FCQ, (2) generate an Updated-FCQ (U-FCQ) and assess its content validity (CV) (instrument suitability), and (3) evaluate its construct validity and reliability in a Spanish-speaking population from Mexico. Methods: FV involved a panel of nutrition professionals (NPs) rating the original items' clarity, relevance, specificity, and representativeness. A literature review process updated the FCQ by adding new items. CV with a second NP panel allowed calculating content validity ratio (CVR). Construct validation was performed via exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA-CFA). Internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha (CA) and test–retest reliability via intra-class correlation (ICC) were assessed. Results: The FV (n = 8) resulted in the modification of 11 original items. The literature review added 36 new items (15 from previous adaptations and 21 original items). The CV (n = 13) identified nine items (non-acceptable CVR), prompting reformulation of seven and removal of two. The NPs' feedback added six new items. The EFA-CFA (n = 788) developed a 75-item U-FCQ with eight dimensions: sensory appeal, mood, health and nutritional content, price, food identity, environmental and wildlife awareness, convenience, and image management. CA ranged from 0.74–0.97 (good–excellent) and ICC from 0.51–0.78 (moderate–good). Conclusions: This study provides a useful instrument for the assessment of food choices and lays the groundwork for future cross-cultural comparisons, expanding its applicability in wider settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study investigated the effects of decreased energy availability (EA) and carbohydrate availability (CA) on reproductive and metabolic hormones in male endurance-trained athletes. Methods: Thirteen athletes (age: 26.08 ± 4.3 years; weight: 70.9 ± 6.5 kg; height: 179.9 ± 4.2 cm) participated in two training weeks with varying training volumes (low [LV] and high [HV]). The participants logged their diet and exercise for seven days and provided blood samples to measure hormone levels (Testosterone [T], insulin, leptin, cortisol, and interleukin-6 [IL-6]). Results: Results showed that 46.2% (HV) and 38.5% (LV) of participants were at risk for low EA (≤25 kcal/kg FFM·d-1), while 53.8% (HV) and 69.2% (LV) had low CA (<6 g/kg). Strong positive correlations were found between leptin and body fat percentage (DXABFP) in both weeks (HV: r(11) = 0.88, p < 0.001; LV: r(11) = 0.93, p < 0.001). Moderate correlations were observed between T and DXABFP (r(11) = 0.56, p = 0.05) and negative correlations between leptin and fat intake (r(11) = −0.60, p = 0.03). Regression analyses indicated significant relationships between DXABFP and T (F(1,11) = 4.91, p = 0.049), leptin (HV: F(1,11) = 40.56, p < 0.001; LV: F(1,11) = 74.67, p < 0.001), and cortisol (F(1,11) = 6.69, p = 0.025). Conclusions: These findings suggest that monitoring body composition and macronutrients can be clinically useful for male athletes, especially those without access to blood testing. Ultimately, a greater understanding of health and performance outcomes for male athletes is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: More than 70% of pregnant adolescents in developing countries experience inappropriate gestational weight gain (GWG). Objective: To determine the association of the number of antenatal care visits (ANC) with GWG, birth weight, and their differences between two countries. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in two cohorts of adolescents, one from Mexico and one from Colombia. The study calculated pregestational body mass index (BMI), obtained GWG and birth weight, and collected socioeconomic characteristics. Birth weight was categorized according to gestational age. A total of 690 mother-child pairs were included, of which 42.6% were Colombian and 57.4% Mexican. Results: The study found no association between socioeconomic characteristics and GWG or birth weight. Colombian adolescents were more likely to experience insufficient GWG (68%), compared with 36% of Mexican adolescents. Colombian adolescents who attended fewer than eight ANC visits were at increased risk of insufficient GWG, whereas Mexican adolescents were at increased risk of excessive GWG. Mexican adolescents who began their pregnancies overweight or obese were at increased risk of excessive GWG. Fewer than eight ANC visits were associated with small for gestational age (SGA) in the Mexican cohort. Conclusions: Inadequate numbers of ANC visits were associated with excessive and insufficient GWG, and SGA. Promoting ANC in adolescent pregnancy is essential to prevent suboptimal GWG and SGA. This study highlights the need for interventions targeting pregnant adolescents from low socioeconomic backgrounds, prioritizing early initiation of prenatal care (first trimester) and a drastic reduction in the high rates of cesarean sections in this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives. This large, longitudinal follow-up cohort study aimed to explore how being a vegetarian and related factors impacted the incident gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in a comprehensive Taiwanese cohort. Methods. The study cohort was enrolled from the Taiwan Biobank. Vegetarian status, duration of being a vegetarian, type of vegetarian diet, and whether or not the participants had GERD were recorded from self-reported surveys. Associations between vegetarian status, duration, and type of diet with incident GERD were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression with adjustments for confounding variables. Results. After excluding participants with pre-existing GERD, we included 23,714 participants into the study. Multivariable analysis showed that vegetarian status (current vs. never; hazard ratio [HR], 0.697; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.546 to 0.889; p = 0.004) was significantly inversely associated with incident GERD; conversely, ever being a vegetarian was not associated (p = 0.489). In addition, those who had been a vegetarian for 6 years or more had 0.72 times lower risk of GERD compared to those who had never been a vegetarian (HR, 0.717; 95% CI 0.558 to 0.922, p = 0.009). No significant differences were observed regarding the type of vegetarian diet with incident GERD. Conclusions. The results showed that following a vegetarian diet was an independent protective factor for incident GERD, with a significant protective effect observed in those who adhered to a vegetarian diet for at least 6 years. Future research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and whether adopting a vegetarian diet can decrease the incidence of GERD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common complication after childbirth. Weight misperception can lead to self-esteem issues and mental health problems, especially in women and adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between weight perception before and during pregnancy and the status of PPD in Southern China. Methods: From October 2021 to November 2023, a multi-stage sampling method was used to recruit 2169 eligible mothers aged 18–49 who had delivered live-born singleton infants within 3 to 180 days postpartum. Anthropometric measurements and face-to-face questionnaire surveys were conducted to collect data. The Kappa test was used to assess the agreement between actual and perceived weight. The generalized linear model incorporating multiplicative interaction analysis was applied to explore the associations among variables. Results: The prevalence of PPD status was 18.0%. Among women, 35.2% perceived their pre-pregnancy weight (PPW) as abnormal, while 33.1% perceived their gestational weight gain (GWG) as inappropriate. There was poor agreement between maternal actual and perceived PPW/GWG (Kappa = 0.366, p < 0.001; Kappa = 0.188, p < 0.001), with 27.8% of women misperceiving their PPW and 52.1% misperceiving their GWG. The results of the general linear model indicated that women who perceived their PPW as underweight (β = 0.70, p = 0.016) or overweight/obese (β = 0.86, p < 0.001), as well as those who perceived their GWG as excessive (β = 0.47, p = 0.028) were more likely to exhibit PPD status. The interaction analysis results showed that those who perceived their PPW as underweight and their GWG as insufficient (β = 1.75, p = 0.020), as well as those who perceived their PPW as overweight/obese and their GWG as excessive (β = 0.90, p = 0.001) had a positive interactive effect on the occurrence of PPD status, while underestimating PPW and GWG may be a protective factor against PPD status (β = −1.03, p = 0.037). Conclusion: These findings support that maternal weight perception plays a role in the development of PPD status. Further improvement is needed in personalized health education for weight management, both prior to and throughout the pregnancy period. This can help women reduce weight anxiety, better understand their body image, and potentially lower the risk of developing PPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary fats influence gene expression and several metabolic pathways. Therefore, it is crucial to study the role of personal genotypes in the interaction between fat consumption and cardiometabolic markers. This research aimed to determine the interaction of the rs708272 polymorphism of CETP and the fatty acid intake with changes in the HOMA-IR in adults living with overweight or obesity. The current study was a secondary analysis of an 8-week controlled clinical trial. The final sample for this analysis comprised 78 Mexican adults with the Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) rs708272 polymorphism who followed a dietary intervention. Using an interaction analysis, we evaluated the fatty acid intake and the genotypes of rs708272, with changes in blood glucose, insulin, and the HOMA-IR from baseline to endpoint. Our findings suggest a significant interaction between the trans fatty acid intake and the GG genotype with changes in glucose (p = 0.024), insulin (p = 0.004), and the HOMA-IR (p = 0.002). The higher the consumption of trans fatty acids, the less these markers of glucose metabolism were reduced. carriers of the GG genotype may benefit from limiting dietary trans fatty acid intake, as there was no reduction in plasma glucose and insulin despite a hypocaloric dietary intervention in adults with overweight and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity has become a significant global health issue. This multifaceted condition is influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, significantly influenced by nutrition. Aim: The study's objective is to elucidate the relationship between obesity-related genes, nutrient intake, and the development of obesity and the importance of other metabolic diseases. Methods: A comprehensive literature review spanning the past two decades was conducted to analyze the contributions of genetic variants—including FTO, MC4R, and LEPR—and their associations with dietary habits, highlighting how specific nutrients affect gene expression and obesity risk and how the coexistence of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis may modulate these factors. Moreover, the role of epigenetic factors, such as dietary patterns that encourage the development of obesity, was explored. Discussion and Conclusions: By understanding the intricate relationships among genetics, nutrients, and obesity development, this study highlights the importance of personalized dietary strategies in managing obesity. Overall, an integrated approach that considers genetic predispositions alongside environmental influences is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment methodologies, ultimately contributing to better health outcomes in diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the dietary patterns, health behaviors, and related determinants among young people in Poland, amid increasing lifestyle-related health concerns like obesity and poor nutrition. Understanding the factors influencing these behaviors is crucial for crafting effective public health strategies. The objective was to analyze young Poles' eating habits, their perceptions of health, and the role of various determinants in shaping these behaviors. Methods: A survey was conducted among a representative sample of young Poles, gathering data on eating habits, health perceptions, and lifestyle choices. The survey focused on the respondents' understanding of healthy eating, sources of nutrition knowledge, and the influence of family, social media, and public health campaigns. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and correlations between health behaviors and socio-demographic factors were examined. Results: The study revealed that 88% of young respondents prioritize health, with 73% acknowledging a link between nutrition and health. While most participants accurately described healthy eating and reported adherence to dietary guidelines, 43% engaged in emotional eating, which often led to compulsive behaviors associated with obesity. Social media, internet articles, and family were primary sources of nutrition knowledge. Despite their knowledge, fruit and vegetable consumption was below recommended levels, and physical activity levels were insufficient in nearly half of the respondents. Only 36% regularly read food labels, with many choosing products containing additives. Appearance-related stress was prevalent among 52% of respondents, while sleep deficits and lack of sufficient physical activity were common. Conclusions: The findings suggest that while young Poles possess a high level of awareness regarding healthy eating, gaps remain in the application of this knowledge, particularly concerning emotional eating and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption. Public health campaigns should be more effectively targeted to address these gaps and promote sustainable health behaviors from early childhood. Addressing emotional eating, enhancing physical activity, and improving nutrition education through effective channels like social media are key to improving public health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: Obesity, clinically defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or higher, is a medical condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of body fat, which can lead to adverse health consequences. As a global public health issue with an escalating prevalence, controlling appetite and satiety is essential for regulating energy balance and managing body weight. Dietary proteins and peptides have gained interest in their potential to prevent and treat obesity by modulating satiety signals. This narrative review analyzes scientific evidence highlighting the role of dietary proteins and peptides in regulating satiety signals and investigates their therapeutic potential in preventing and treating obesity. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search focused on articles examining the impact of dietary proteins and peptides on satiety and obesity, encompassing both preclinical and clinical trials. Results: Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between the intake of specific proteins or peptides from plant and animal sources and satiety regulation. These investigations identified mechanisms where amino acids and peptides interact with enteroendocrine cell receptors, activating intracellular signaling cascades that promote the release of anorexigenic gut hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY). Both in vitro and in vivo assays have shown that these interactions contribute to appetite regulation and the sensation of satiety. Conclusions: Using proteins and peptides in the diet may be an effective strategy for regulating appetite and controlling body weight. However, more research—including clinical trials—is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms better and optimize the application of these bioactive compounds in preventing and treating obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Energy availability (EA) is essential for maintaining physiological functions, significantly influencing athletes' health and performance. Nutritional behaviors, however, vary across sports. This study aims to assess EA levels in athletes from different disciplines, focusing on the relationship between EA and body composition in endurance athletes compared to rugby players. Methods: This study involved 18 endurance athletes (15 men, 3 women) and 36 rugby players (all men). Data were gathered through interviews, questionnaires, and bioimpedance analysis. Energy intake (EI) was measured with a 24 h dietary recall, and exercise energy expenditure (EEE) was calculated using the IPAQ questionnaire. EA was calculated as EA = (EI − EEE)/fat-free mass (FFM), with results categorized into clinical, subclinical, and optimal ranges. Results: The endurance group had a lower average FFM (57.81 kg) compared to the rugby players (67.61 kg). EA was also significantly lower in endurance athletes (11.72 kcal/kg FFM) than in rugby players (35.44 kcal/kg FFM). Endurance athletes showed more restrictive nutritional behavior with lower EI and higher EEE, but both groups maintained body composition within normal ranges. Conclusions: Endurance athletes exhibit greater nutritional restrictions compared to rugby players, though their body composition remains healthy. Further research is required to investigate the long-term effects of low EA on performance, injury risk, and potential impairment when EA falls below the optimal threshold of 45 kcal/kg FFM/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver diseases are among the most commonly diagnosed conditions, with the main risk factors being inappropriate lifestyles, including poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption, low physical activity and smoking, including electronic cigarettes. Non-communicable chronic liver diseases also often develop as a result of accompanying overweight and obesity, as well as type 2 diabetes. Methods: The literature on risk factors for non-communicable chronic liver diseases, which show a high strong influence on their occurrence, was analysed. Results: Measures to prevent non-communicable chronic liver disease include the selection of suitable food ingredients that have proven protective effects on the liver. Such ingredients include dietary fibre, probiotics, herbs, various types of polyphenols and fatty acids (omega-3). Conclusions: Because of their liver-protective effects, nutritionists recommend consuming vegetables, fruits, herbs and spices that provide valuable ingredients with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. These components should be provided with food and, in the case of probiotics, supplementation appears to be important. As a preventive measure, a diet rich in these nutrients is therefore recommended, as well as one that prevents overweight and other diseases that can result in liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the factorial structure, psychometric properties and association with anthropometric and clinical variables of the Modified Yale Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) in a Spanish university population. Methods: A cross-sectional study of n = 270 university students in Spain was conducted. Variables measured: mYFAS 2.0, Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ), Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), Pittsburg Sleep Quality index (PSQI) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). In mYFAS 2.0 were performed an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), an Unweight Least Square (ULS), a model fit using comparative fit index (CFI) and nomological validity. Results: EFA revealed that a two-factor structure is the most appropriate in a non-clinical population of Spanish university students. The factors accounted for 18.54% and 16.33% of the variance, and the correlation between them was moderate—0.487 (p < 0.001). This different structure from that reported in the original scale could be derived from the cultural characteristics and intrinsic eating habits of the study population. The correlation matrix reported an inverse association of mYFAS 2.0 with Body Mass Index (BMI). In addition, participants with a BMI below 25 showed a higher mYFAS 2.0 and EEQ score. Conclusions: These results suggest some changes in the psychometric assessment structure of the mYFAS 2.0 in a non-clinical population of university students, as well as the usefulness of this questionnaire to identify individuals with an adequate BMI but with compensatory behaviours that predispose to different eating disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Caregivers play an important role in supporting care recipients to navigate their health needs, including adherence to dietary recommendations, which are complex and multifaceted. This study aims to (i) describe the nutrition knowledge of caregivers of people with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and (ii) explore caregivers' perceptions of their role in providing healthy meals and nutrition support for care recipients. Methods: A cross-sectional study design employed a multi-strategy research approach. Caregivers (n = 78) of people with stage 1–5 CKD or post-transplant were recruited from a single centre. Their nutrition knowledge was assessed quantitatively with the revised General Nutrition Knowledge questionnaire. Theory-informed semi-structured interviews of a sub-sample (n = 12) qualitatively explored caregiver perceptions. Results: Most caregivers were female (75.6%) and cared for a male care recipient (87%; aged 74 (66; 80) yrs.). The caregivers (75.6%) provided a meal ≥6 times/week to their care recipient and had moderate nutrition knowledge (66.1 (60.5; 73.9)%). Four themes emerged describing the caregivers' perceptions of meal provision and nutrition support, including the following: (i) food literacy skills are valued; (ii) social support is important; (iii) caregivers' sense of social responsibility; and (iv) the management of complex and multifaceted dietary needs. Conclusions: The caregivers had moderate nutrition knowledge; they wanted to provide healthy meals and support to their care recipients to adhere to dietary recommendations. Targeted, co-designed nutrition education programs for caregivers may enhance nutrition care delivery to people with CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Eating disorders (EDs) pose a significant health issue affecting athletes, with risk factors varying by sport level, sex, and social media use. This study assesses the risk of EDs among professional and amateur football players, considering these factors, and compares findings with a control group of non-athletes. Methods: The study involved 170 participants, including non-athletes as a control group, categorized by sex and sport level. The mean age of participants was 24.3 ± 4.20, with an age range of 18–36. The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and body mass index (BMI) assessments were used to determine ED risk. Results: Results showed a higher prevalence of ED risk among professional athletes, especially women, compared to amateurs and non-athletes. Social media use and body comparisons were linked to increased ED risk, with professional athletes exhibiting higher vulnerability due to performance pressures. Women, particularly those in professional sports, showed a higher risk of EDs than men, influenced by social and aesthetic pressures. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions, promoting healthier body image perceptions and addressing social media's role in shaping body dissatisfaction. Psychological support and sex-specific strategies should be integrated into athlete care programs to mitigate these risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: This study examined the effects of a specially designed energy-restricted diet with alternate carbohydrate intake on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults. The aim was to assess whether the intervention could lead to significant weight loss, improve body composition, and reduce cardiometabolic risks. Methods: Sixty-five participants (34 women, 31 men) with an average BMI of 31.8 ± 9.1 kg/m2 (women) and 34.1 ± 6.4 kg/m2 (men) participated in a 14-week intervention. The diet included different days of carbohydrate intake and a 20% reduction in total daily energy consumption. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters, including predictive indices of cardiometabolic risk, were determined at baseline and after the intervention. Results: The intervention resulted in a significant reduction in body weight (mean weight loss of 17%, p < 0.001), with 64.6% of participants achieving a weight loss of at least 10%. Muscle mass as a percentage of total body weight increased. Cardiometabolic improvements were observed in fasting blood glucose (from 5.4 to 4.9 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and LDL cholesterol (from 3.38 to 2.81 mmol/L, p < 0.001). Gender-specific differences were found, particularly in HDL-C, which decreased significantly in women (p = 0.013), while there was a non-significant increase in men. Cardiometabolic indices, including the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) and the Cardiometabolic Index (CMI), also improved significantly. Conclusions: The alternate carbohydrate diet improved body composition, cardiometabolic health, and treatment adherence through metabolic flexibility. However, the short duration of this study and the lack of a control group suggest that further research is needed to assess long-term sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Accumulating research suggests that metabolites produced by gut microbiota are essential for maintaining a balanced gut and immune system. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), one of tryptophan metabolites from gut microbiota, is critical for gut health through mechanisms such as activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Delivery of IAA to colon is beneficial for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, and one promising strategy is IAA esterified starch, which is digested by gut microbes in colon and releases loaded IAA. Amylose content is a key structural characteristic that controls the physicochemical properties and digestibility of starch. Methods: In the current study, IAA was esterified with three typical starches with distinct amylose content to obtain indolyl acetylated waxy maize starch (WMSIAA), indolyl acetylated normal maize starch (NMSIAA), and indolyl acetylated high-amylose maize starch (HAMSIAA). The study comparatively analyzed their respective physicochemical properties, how they behave under in vitro digestion conditions, their ability to deliver IAA directly to the colon, and their effects on the properties of the gut microbiota. Results: The new characteristic peak of 1H NMR at 10.83 ppm, as well as the new characteristic peak of FTIR spectra at 1729 cm−1, represented the successful esterification of IAA on starch backbone. The following in vitro digestion study further revealed that treatment with indolyl acetylation significantly elevated the resistant starch content in the starch samples. In vivo experimental results demonstrated that WMSIAA exhibited the most significant increase in IAA levels in the stomach, whereas HAMSIAA and NMSIAA demonstrated the most remarkable increases in IAA levels in the small intestine and colon, respectively. The elevated IAA levels in the colon are conducive to promoting the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria and significantly alleviating DSS-induced colitis. Conclusions: This research presents innovative insights and options for the advancement of colon-specific drug delivery systems aimed at preventing and curing gastrointestinal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a circadian rhythm-based intermittent fasting intervention that has been used to treat obesity. However, the efficacy and safety of TRE for fat loss have not been comprehensively examined and the influences of TRE characteristics on such effects are unknown. This systematic review and meta-analysis comprehensively characterized the efficacy and safety of TRE for fat loss in adults with overweight and obese, and it explored the influence of TRE characteristics on this effect. Methods: A search strategy based on the PICOS principle was used to find relevant publications in seven databases. The outcomes were body composition, anthropometric indicators, and blood lipid metrics. Twenty publications (20 studies) with 1288 participants, covering the period from 2020 to 2024, were included. Results: Compared to the control group, TRE safely and significantly reduced body fat percentage, fat mass, lean mass, body mass, BMI, and waist circumference (MDpooled = −2.14 cm, 95% CI = −2.88~−1.40, p < 0.001), and increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (MDpooled = 2.70, 95% CI = 0.17~5.22, p = 0.037), but it did not alter the total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides (MDpooled = −1.09~1.20 mg/dL, 95% CI −4.31~5.47, p > 0.05). Subgroup analyses showed that TRE only or TRE-caloric restriction with an eating window of 6 to 8 h may be appropriate for losing body fat and overall weight. Conclusions: This work provides moderate to high evidence that TRE is a promising dietary strategy for fat loss. Although it may potentially reduce lean mass and increase LDL, these effects do not pose significant safety concerns. This trial was registered with PROSPERO as CRD42023406329. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Adherence to pediatric obesity treatment can be challenging. Monetary incentives improve adherence to lifestyle interventions, with incentives framed as loss often more effective than those framed as gain. The objectives of this study were to determine if monetary incentives in the form of gift cards would improve adherence to an obesity treatment intervention and whether framing the incentive as either loss or gain affected adherence. Methods: Sixty adolescents with obesity (body mass index of ≥95th percentile for age and sex) were recruited from our pediatric obesity treatment program. They were randomized into one of three groups and given a monthly adherence score (AS) of up to 100 points. These points were based on completing a medical visit, reporting on diet intake, and measuring daily steps on a wearable tracker. The Gain Group (GG), N = 20, started each month with USD 0 in a virtual account and increased their monetary reward up to USD 100 depending on AS. The Loss Group (LG), N = 21, began each month with USD 100 in their virtual account, which decreased based on adherence. The Control Group (CG), N = 19, received USD 10 monthly. Results: Adherence was highest in the GG, with 66.0 points, compared to the LG, with 54.9 points, and CG, with 40.6 points, with p < 0.01. The GG had greater adherence to their step goal (14.6) and dietary reporting (18.7) compared to the LG (10.0 and 13.9) and the CG (3.9 and 8.1), p < 0.005. Conclusions: Gain-framed incentives are superior to loss-framed ones in improving adherence to pediatric obesity treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: Assessing perinatal diet and its determinants in Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women remains challenging, given the paucity of tools that incorporate Aboriginal ways of knowing, being, and remembering within a quantitative framework. This study aimed to explore the determinants of perinatal nutrition in this population and to evaluate the efficacy of the Nutrition Education and Screening Tool (NEST) in collecting diet-related data in this population. Methods: This study employed a Participatory Action Research approach using the NEST as a foundation for structured research inquiry. Self-reported diet and determinants were collected from a cross-sectional cohort of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women from Far North Queensland. Results: Participants (n = 30) declared excess consumption of meat and alternatives, fruit, vegetables and legumes, and dairy and alternatives. Grain and cereal consumption aligned with recommendations; wild-harvested foods comprised a mean 19.75% of their protein intake. Food frequency data were supported by participants' descriptions of how they eat, combine, rotate, and cook these foods. Conclusions: Standard food frequency questionnaires are challenging for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders as their concepts of time and ways of remembering are different from Western understanding. Use of the NEST allowed food frequency items to be explored, clarified, and cross-referenced; yarning provided a degree of support for quantitative data. The results of this study translate to future public health research, practice, and policy. Alternative quantitative measures to determine food frequency should be considered in future studies. These may include the cyclical approach to time that is well understood and integrated by Indigenous cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Digital educational technologies in health have been an important instrument for promoting learning, self-care, self-esteem, and security regarding prevention and health promotion actions that lead to changes in behavior, mainly for non-communicable disease patients, such as type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM 2). Objective: This study aimed to describe a protocol for evaluating the effect of an app for cell phones and tablets on the blood glucose of older adults with DM 2. Methods: The protocol will be used to compare the effectiveness of an application for mobile devices concerning the educational booklet in reducing Glycated Hemoglobin in older adults with DM 2 in Primary Health Care. This protocol is part of a Randomized Clinical Trial project entitled Effectiveness of a Mobile Device Application on Glycated Hemoglobin in Elderly People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Randomized Clinical Trial. Results: The protocol was structured in the following phases: (i) sample calculation, (ii) invitation to participate in the study according to the eligibility criteria; (iii) participant registration; (iv) randomization and allocation of participants into groups (double blinding); (v) application of the intervention; (vi) post-intervention procedures (post-test); (vii) data analysis. Conclusion: It is expected that encouraging studies on the impact of a mobile application will improve and enhance health education focused on self-care for older adults with DM 2, potentially influencing the local health system by reducing hospitalizations due to conditions that are sensitive to primary care, since health promotion and prevention of DM-related illnesses will be the main focus of the application and booklet developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate primiparous women's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the physical home food environment (PHFE) and to assess if the first pregnancy provides a teachable opportunity to enhance the PHFE of first-time pregnant couples. Design: Longitudinal in-depth qualitative study involving questionnaires and individual interviews during and after pregnancy. Participants: Fifteen primigravida women. Main outcome measures: Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors concerning PHFE; lifestyle and dietary habits; and interest in guidance regarding healthy PHFE during the first pregnancy and the transition to motherhood. Analysis: Thematic analysis for qualitative data and descriptive statistics. Results: Key findings include the significance of health, nutrition, and spousal support in the transition to motherhood. The first pregnancy was recognized as a critical period for establishing a healthy PHFE, while noting the physical and emotional challenges involved. A gap was found in guidance regarding PHFE for first-time pregnant women despite their interest in practical advice. Conclusions and Implications: The first pregnancy presents a significant opportunity to improve PHFE. 'Nestrition' (nutritional nesting), a new health-promotion strategy, incorporates nutrition education to enhance this process. These data support future research encompassing partners and diverse at-risk populations prior to the development of effective nutrition education for PHFE in the first pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Severe caloric restriction interventions (such as very-low-calorie diets) are effective for inducing significant weight loss and remission of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, suggestions of associated significant muscle mass (MM) loss create apprehension regarding their widespread use. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a quantitative assessment of their effect on measures of MM in individuals with, or without, T2DM. Methods. EMBASE, Medline, Pubmed, CINAHL, CENTRAL and Google Scholar were systematically searched for studies involving caloric restriction interventions up to 900 kilocalories per day reporting any measure of MM, in addition to fat mass (FM) or body weight (BW). Results. Forty-nine studies were eligible for inclusion, involving 4785 participants. Individuals with T2DM experienced significant reductions in MM (WMD −2.88 kg, 95% CI: −3.54, −2.22; p < 0.0001), although this was significantly less than the reduction in FM (WMD −7.62 kg, 95% CI: −10.87, −4.37; p < 0.0001). A similar pattern was observed across studies involving individuals without T2DM. MM constituted approximately 25.5% of overall weight loss in individuals with T2DM, and 27.5% in individuals without T2DM. Subgroup analysis paradoxically revealed greater BW and FM reductions with less restrictive interventions. Conclusions. Our review suggests that caloric restriction interventions up to 900 kilocalories per day are associated with a significant reduction in MM, albeit in the context of a significantly greater reduction in FM. Furthermore, MM constituted approximately a quarter of the total weight loss. Finally, our data support the use of less restrictive interventions, which appear to be more beneficial for BW and FM loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze research studies focused on orthorexia nervosa (ON) as a spectrum of eating disorders, and to summarize potential risk factors in different age and social groups. ON is characterized by an obsession with healthy eating, which leads to a restrictive diet and health problems. Methods: Due to a lack of comprehensive analyses, this review re-examined studies from 2006 to 2023, initially retrieving 53,134 articles. Upon refining the criteria and risk factors for eating disorders, 34 notable records were identified. These studies employed diagnostic tools such as ORTO and BOT, focusing on risk factors for ON. Results: Results indicate that individuals suffering from eating disorders, losing weight, exercising heavily, developing relationship problems, and suffering from body dysmorphic disorder are at high risk of developing ON. A significant correlation was found between ON, BMI, and gender, but not between ON and OCD. Interestingly, ON symptoms appear to overlap with those of other eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia, especially in terms of obsessive control over dieting and fear of gaining weight, indicating a close relationship between the two. Conclusions: Interestingly, orthorexia nervosa may serve as a coping mechanism for anorexia, providing a sense of control. However, further research on its long-term effects is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research into the pivotal role of potassium in chronic diseases and their comorbidities remains scarce. Our aim is to elucidate the relationship between potassium and chronic diseases, including comorbid conditions, and to provide evidence-based recommendations for potassium intake in patients. Methods: This study is anchored in a representative, population-based survey conducted in Zhejiang Province, China, in 2017, encompassing participants aged 18 to 69 years. Data collection included questionnaire responses, physical measurements, and biological samples, obtained through a multistage cluster random sampling method. A subset of 1496 participants provided complete 24 h urine samples. Results: The median age of the participants was 48.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 24.0), with 51.1% being female, and hypertension was identified in more than one third (35.6%) of the participants. The prevalence of diabetes was approximately 9.0%, dyslipidemia was found in 34.2%, and microalbuminuria in 8.8%. The 24 h urinary excretion levels were 3613.3 mg/24 h (IQR 2161.7) for sodium and 1366.0 mg/24 h (IQR 824.9) for potassium, respectively. Potassium excretion exhibited an inverse relationship with blood pressure. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between potassium excretion and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, with an elevation of 0.03 mmol/L (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00 to 0.05). In binary logistic regression analysis, individuals in the fourth quartile of potassium excretion (Q4) exhibited an odds ratio (OR) of 0.56 (95% CI 0.36–0.87) for hypertension compared to those in the first quartile (Q1). Urinary potassium excretion was inversely associated with low HDL-C levels, with Q4 individuals having 0.62 times the odds of having low HDL-C levels (OR, 0.62; 95% CI 0.39–1.00) compared to Q1. Conclusions: Potassium excretion demonstrated a direct negative correlation with certain comorbidities. This study underscores the pivotal role of potassium in the management of chronic diseases and associated comorbidities, thereby highlighting the significance of potassium in both public health initiatives and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The global obesity issue is growing increasingly serious, impacting personal health, economic development, and the sustainability of medical systems. There is an urgent need for effective weight loss strategies that can be widely implemented. This study conducted a 90-day randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of meal replacement products on weight management and glycolipid metabolism in adults with obesity. Methods: Adults with obesity meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided into three groups: the meal replacement group (n = 19), the diet control group (n = 19), and the normal diet group (n = 22). The meal replacement group used specially formulated meal replacement products for dinner, and the diet control group reduced the intake of staple food at lunch, both controlling daily energy intake between 1200 kcal and 1300 kcal, while the normal diet group maintained their regular dietary habits. Relevant indicators were measured at baseline and after 45 and 90 days of intervention. Results: The results showed that both the meal replacement group and the diet control group experienced significant decreases in weight, BMI, and body fat percentage, with the meal replacement group showing a more pronounced weight loss effect. The weight loss of the meal replacement group at 45 and 90 days was 4.44 ± 1.84 kg and 7.38 ± 3.24 kg, the diet control group was 2.62 ± 2.28 kg and 4.08 ± 2.94 kg, and the normal diet group was 0.66 ± 1.73 kg and 0.97 ± 2.02 kg. The decrease in BMI at 45 and 90 days for the meal replacement group was 1.08 ± 0.78 kg/m2 and 2.17 ± 1.57 kg/m2, for the diet control group was 0.82 ± 0.80 kg/m2 and 1.39 ± 1.16 kg/m2, and for the normal diet group was 0.19 ± 0.71 kg/m2 and 0.21 ± 0.96 kg/m2. The decrease in body fat percentage at 45 and 90 days for the meal replacement group was 1.76 ± 0.68% and 3.67 ± 2.62%, for the diet control group was 1.02 ± 1.11% and 1.52 ± 1.79%, and for the normal diet group was 0.81 ± 1.09% and 0.53 ± 0.93%. In addition, the decrease in BMI and body fat percentage in the meal replacement group was also significantly higher than in the other two groups. In terms of metabolic indicators, there were no significant differences in the changes of blood pressure, blood lipids, blood sugar, and ALT levels among the three groups during the intervention period. Conclusions: In summary, the results indicate that meal replacement products can significantly reduce weight and body fat percentage without affecting metabolic health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The current gender-specific nutritional assessment methods for the transgender population may not cover the unique physiological characteristics of the gender transition process. Considering the potential effects of hormone therapy (HT), it has become relevant to review current evidence on the nutritional status of the transgender population. This systematic review aims to provide an updated report of the characteristics of the nutritional status, including food habits, and eating disorders in transgender individuals undergoing HT. Methods: Five databases were researched (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Scielo, and Cochrane Library) from database inception to May 2024. The PRISMA 2020 statement was used. Studies focusing on adult transgender individuals (18 to 65 years old) that included outcomes related to nutritional status, HT, and food habits were considered for this review. The NOS and NIH tools were chosen to perform the risk of bias and quality assessment. Results: A total of 122 studies were identified, and 27 were included in this review. These studies comprised sixteen cohorts, seven cross-sectional, and four case studies, with a combined number of 8827 participants. BMI was the most referenced parameter, varying between low weight and overweight. High food insecurity frequency, restricted eating behaviors, high fat intake, and low levels of vegetable, grain, and fruit consumption were also observed. Conclusions: While nutritional status was perceived as a relevant factor when administering HT, the relationship between HT with both nutritional status and food habits has been insufficiently explored and warrants further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the correlation of gestational weight gain (GWG) with pregnancy and perinatal outcomes in a cohort of obese women class I-III receiving standard care (SC) or lifestyle intervention (LI). Methods: This is a prospective cohort study including singleton obese women (body mass index, BMI ≥ 30) who delivered between 2016 and 2020. Women exposed to a LI were referred to an obesity weight management ad hoc clinic. Women followed by family centers or private settings represented the SC group. The LI started between the 9 and 12th week, consisting of a low-calorie diet and physical activity program. Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes were prospectively collected. Women included in the SC group were followed, simply checking their pregnancy and health status, providing general recommendations on a healthy lifestyle in pregnancy. GWG was categorized as insufficient, adequate, or excessive according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Results: A total of 1874 obese singleton women delivered in the study period. Among them, 565 (30.1%) were included in the LI while 1309 received SC. Women in SC showed a higher rate of GWG out of the IOM recommendations (excessive/insufficient), while women in the LI group showed higher adequate GWG. The small-for-gestational-age (SGA) rate resulted to be higher in the SC group. Once adjusting for age, BMI, country of origin, provider, and gestational hypertension, the risk for SGA was increased by insufficient GWG (OR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.03–1.59), while it was reduced by LI (OR = 0.67, 95%CI: 0.42–0.98). Conclusions: In a cohort of obese women, the exposure to an LI was associated with more adequate GWG, reduced insufficient weight gain, and a decreased risk of SGA infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Methyltransferase EZH2-mediated H3K27me3 is involved in liver inflammation and fibrosis, but its role in hepatic metabolic derangements is not yet clearly defined. We investigated if a high-fat diet (HFD) induced early changes in EZH2 expression and H3K27 me3 in the liver of mice. Methods: Five-week-old mice were fed an HFD or a low-fat diet (Control) for 2 weeks (2 W) or 8 weeks (8 W). Body weight was recorded weekly. Glycemia and oral glucose tolerance were assessed at baseline and after 2 W–8 W. Finally, livers were collected for further analysis. Results: As expected, mice that received 8 W HFD showed an increase in body weight, glycemia, and liver steatosis and an impairment in glucose tolerance; no alterations were observed in 2 W HFD mice. Eight weeks of HFD caused hepatic EZH2 nuclear localization and increased H3 K27me3; surprisingly, the same alterations occurred in 2 W HFD mice livers, even before overweight onset. We demonstrated that selective EZH2 inhibition reduced H3K27me3 and counteracted lipid accumulation in HUH-7 cells upon palmitic acid treatment. Conclusions: In conclusion, we point to EZH2/H3K27me3 as an early epigenetic event occurring in fatty-acid-challenged livers both in vivo and in vitro, thus establishing EZH2 as a potential pharmacological target for metabolic derangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Food cravings involve a strong drive to consume palatable foods irrespective of nutritional status. Importantly, cravings contribute substantially to the obesity epidemic. Managing hunger alone is insufficient for weight management as this relates only to homeostatic eating and does not address the complex aetiology of hedonic eating and its crucial role in food cravings. Medical weight management clinics and anti-obesity medication trials do not routinely identify and address food cravings. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of the literature consisting of 115 peer-reviewed articles (original articles and reviews). We included articles focused on food craving pathophysiology, assessment, and management strategies providing contrasts against the current medical model of weight management seen in obesity pharmacotherapy trials as well as the current standard of practise. Results: We outline the neurohormonal and psychological drivers of cravings, which lead to a spectrum of eating behaviours, from comfort food eating to binge eating disorders. We provide an overview of ways of identification and measurement options, including their strengths and weaknesses, and an overview of management strategies and their cravings control efficacy, spanning lifestyle modifications like nutrition and sleep, psychological therapies (i.e., cognitive behavioural therapy [CBT], acceptance-based therapies such as mindfulness) and, last but not least, medications that not only are approved for weight reduction but reduce cravings. Finally, based on these findings, we provide a proposed integrated and iterative model that is able to evolve and adapt to the individual over time in tackling cravings for long-term weight loss maintenance. Conclusions: The findings emphasise the importance of cravings management and provide a synthesis on how cravings can be identified in a medical weight management setting, which can be practically implemented in an integrated iterative model spanning anti-obesity medications that have craving control data to evidence-based lifestyle and psychological interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Obesity is a major risk factor for knee osteoarthritis (OA), and weight loss is crucial for its management. This pilot study explores the effects of a Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) in women with obesity and symptomatic knee OA. Methods: Women with symptomatic knee OA and obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, were eligible for the VLCKD protocol. The intervention included a ketogenic phase from baseline (T0) to the 8th week (T8), followed by a progressive reintroduction of carbohydrates over the next 12 weeks, ending at the 20th week (T20). Body mass index (BMI), the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index, the EuroQol 5D (EQ-5D), and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were assessed at all time points. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the association between BMI and patient-reported outcomes across the study period. Results: Twenty participants started the study, but four discontinued the intervention, with two of these being due to adverse effects. The mean age of the 16 patients who completed the 20-week program was 57.3 ± 5.5 years, and their mean BMI was 40.0 ± 4.8 kg/m2. The mean BMI significantly decreased to 37.5 ± 4.5 at T4, 36.3 ± 4.6 at T8, and 34.8 ± 4.8 at T20 (all p < 0.001 compared to baseline). The total WOMAC score improved from a mean of 43.6 ± 16.9 at T0 to 30.2 ± 12.8 at T4 (p = 0.005) and further to 24.7 ± 10.6 at T8 (p = 0.001) and to 24.8 ± 15.9 at T20 (p = 0.005). The reduction in BMI was significantly correlated with the improvements in WOMAC, EQ-5D, and SF-36 over time. No major adverse effects were observed. Conclusions: A 20-week VLCKD in women with obesity and knee OA significantly reduced their weight and improved their outcomes, warranting further research. This trial is registered with number NCT05848544 on ClinicalTrials.gov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project aims to establish the acceptability and satiety of a hybrid snack containing plant protein and a small percentage of animal protein compared to a meat-based snack. Design: Randomised, crossover, double-blind, controlled post-prandial trial involving 24 participants (18–30 years), with two interventions: (a) a hybrid snack containing plant protein derived from chickpeas and 6.6% lean high-quality pork meat; and (b) a meat-based snack containing 90% lean pork meat. Methods: General, life-style, sensory acceptability questionnaire, and the following laboratory analyses were performed: lipid profile, endocannabinoids, and related compounds. Results: Sensory questionnaires showed in general good acceptability for both bars. Additionally, there was a greater increase in glycemia at 30, 60, and 90 min after consuming the hybrid snack compared to the meat-based snack, with no changes in the lipid profile. Regarding the endocannabinoid compounds and related compounds, the compound N-palmitoleoyl ethanolamine in the acylethanolamide group showed higher levels overall following the consumption of the hybrid snack compared to the meat-based snack, particularly at 2 h. Conclusions: The hybrid snack was associated with changes in endocannabinoid-like compounds. Therefore, it may provide a lasting satiating effect, while complementing the protein profile of plant-based foods with the quality of animal protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive body weight is associated with many chronic metabolic diseases and weight loss, so far, remains the gold standard treatment. However, despite tremendous efforts exploring optimal treatments for obesity, many individuals find losing weight and maintaining a healthy body weight difficult. Weight loss is often not sustainable resulting in weight regain and subsequent efforts to lose weight. This cyclic pattern of weight loss and regain is termed "yoyo dieting" and predisposes individuals to obesity and metabolic comorbidities. How yoyo dieting might worsen obesity complications during the weight recurrence phase remains unclear. In particular, there is limited data on the role of the gut microbiome in yoyo dieting. Gut health distress, especially gut inflammation and microbiome perturbation, is strongly associated with metabolic dysfunction and disturbance of energy homeostasis in obesity. In this review, we summarise current evidence of the crosstalk between the gastrointestinal system and energy balance, and the effects of yoyo dieting on gut inflammation and gut microbiota reshaping. Finally, we focus on the potential effects of post-dieting weight loss in improving gut health and identify current knowledge gaps within the field, including gut-derived peptide hormones and their potential suitability as targets to combat weight regain, and how yoyo dieting and associated changes in the microbiome affect the gut barrier and the enteric nervous system, which largely remain to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic weight loss and subsequent regain after dieting and non-dieting periods, a phenomenon termed yoyo dieting, places individuals at greater risk of metabolic complications and alters gut microbiome composition. Resistant starch (RS) improves gut health and systemic metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effect of yoyo dieting and RS on the metabolism and gut microbiome. C57BL/6 mice were assigned to 6 diets for 20 weeks, including control, high fat (HF), yoyo (alternating HF and control diets every 5 weeks), control with RS, HF with RS, and yoyo with RS. Metabolic outcomes and microbiota profiling using 16S rRNA sequencing were examined. Yoyo dieting resulted in short–term weight loss, which led to improved liver health and insulin tolerance but also a greater rate of weight gain compared to continuous HF feeding, as well as a different microbiota profile that was in an intermediate configuration between the control and HF states. Mice fed HF and yoyo diets supplemented with RS gained less weight than those fed without RS. RS supplementation in yoyo mice appeared to shift the gut microbiota composition closer to the control state. In conclusion, yoyo dieting leads to obesity relapse, and increased RS intake reduces weight gain and might help prevent rapid weight regain via gut microbiome restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: "Blue food" is a recently coined term referring to seafood, emphasizing health benefits and sustainability. This study compares nutrient intake levels between Koreans who consume fish and shellfish and those who do not. (2) Methods: Data from the eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2020) were used. A total of 9442 individuals were analyzed (≥1 year old). A complex sample design was applied. (3) Results: Younger individuals aged 9 to 29 consumed less fish and shellfish, while those with higher education and income levels consumed more. Compared with the non-consumption group, individuals in the fish and shellfish consumption group exhibited a higher nutrient density in their diets, excluding total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and riboflavin (p < 0.01). They also had a higher proportion of nutrient intakes relative to the Recommended Nutrient Intake level for all nutrients than the non-consumption group (p < 0.001), particularly in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intakes. Conversely, the non-consumption group had a higher proportion of nutrient intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement compared with the consumption group. (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Individuals consuming blue food exhibited higher levels of nutrient intake. Developing strategies to promote the consumption of blue food, considering factors such as age, education, and income, is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Study Aim: Adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) face a multitude of chronic health risks related to obesity, including diabetes and heart disease. Day adult service programs offer unique opportunities for improving and monitoring the health of this vulnerable group. To promote exercise and healthy eating habits among adults with IDD, the Eat and Exercise to Win Program (EE-2-Win) was offered weekly at two locations over 8–9 months. (2) Methods: Using daily logs, staff assessed outcomes of 26 program participants, including changes in knowledge, eating and exercise habits, and water consumption. Participants' weights were measured, and their lunches were photographed at baseline and 3 months. (3) Results: While participants' weights did not significantly differ at 3 months, assessing photographs indicated that participants' lunches included more fruits and vegetables. Staff surveys indicated that participants had greater knowledge of MyPlate and were consuming more water at three months. Survey responses indicated that staff perceived the program to be valuable overall, and challenges in learning and assessment were reported given differences in the cognitive abilities of adults with IDD. Staff also suggested engaging home caregivers in the program, as they often make dietary decisions. (4) Conclusions: Overall, results confirmed that the EE-2-Win Program positively impacted healthy eating and exercise. Future work, however, with both staff and caregivers is needed to further optimize the program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with food restriction and significantly low body weight, but the neurobiology of food avoidance in AN is unknown. Animal research suggests that food avoidance can be triggered by conditioned fear that engages the anterior cingulate and nucleus accumbens. We hypothesized that the neural activation during food avoidance in AN could be modeled based on aversive goal value processing. Nineteen females with AN and thirty healthy controls matched for age underwent functional magnetic resonance brain imaging while conducting a food avoidance task. During active control free-bid and computer-generated forced-bid trials, participants bid money to avoid eating food items. Brain activation was parametrically modulated with the trial-by-trial placed bids. During free-bid trials, the AN group engaged the caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, ventral anterior cingulate, and inferior and medial orbitofrontal cortex more than the control group. High- versus low-bid trials in the AN group were associated with higher caudate nucleus response. Emotion dysregulation and intolerance of uncertainty scores were inversely associated with nucleus accumbens free-bid trial brain response in AN. This study supports the idea that food avoidance behavior in AN involves aversive goal value computation in the nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, anterior cingulate, and orbitofrontal cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the last two decades, the consumption of plant-based dairy substitutes in place of animal-based milk has increased in different geographic regions of the world. Dairy substitutes of vegetable origin have a quantitative composition of macronutrients such as animal milk, although the composition of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, as well as bioactive components, is completely different from that of animal milk. Many milk components have been shown to have relevant effects on the intestinal microbiota. Methods: Therefore, the aim of this review is to compare the effects obtained by previous works on the composition of the gut microbiota after the ingestion of animal milk and/or vegetable beverages. Results: In general, the results obtained in the included studies were very positive for animal milk intake. Thus, we found an increase in gut microbiota richness and diversity, increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids, and beneficial microbes such as Bifidobacterium, lactobacilli, Akkermansia, Lachnospiraceae or Blautia. In other cases, we found a significant decrease in potential harmful bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Erysipelotrichaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae or Clostridium perfingens after animal-origin milk intake. Vegetable beverages have also generally produced positive results in the gut microbiota such as the increase in the relative presence of lactobacilli, Bifidobacterium or Blautia. However, we also found some potential negative results, such as increases in the presence of potential pathogens such as Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella and Fusobacterium. Conclusions: From the perspective of their effects on the intestinal microbiota, milks of animal origin appear to be more beneficial for human health than their vegetable substitutes. These different effects on the intestinal microbiota should be considered in those cases where the replacement of animal milks by vegetable substitutes is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the synergistic impact of time-restricted feeding (TRF) combined with resistance training (RT) (TRF + RT) on body composition and metabolic health in adults, contrasting it with habitual eating patterns (CON) and RT (CON + RT). Methods: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, five databases were searched up to 28 April 2024. Randomized controlled trials or crossover trials assessing the effects of TRF + RT for at least 4 weeks in adults were selected. Data were pooled as standardized mean differences (SMDs) or weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The risk of bias was evaluated using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Results: Seven studies with 164 participants were included in the final analysis. TRF + RT significantly reduced body mass (WMD −2.90, 95% CI: −5.30 to −0.51), fat mass (WMD −1.52, 95% CI: −2.30 to −0.75), insulin (SMD −0.72, 95% CI: −1.24 to −0.21), total cholesterol (WMD −9.44, 95% CI: −13.62 to −5.27), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD −9.94, 95% CI: −13.47 to −6.41), and energy intake (WMD −174.88, 95% CI: −283.79 to −65.97) compared to CON + RT. No significant changes were observed in muscle mass, strength, or other metabolic markers. Conclusions: TRF + RT, in contrast to CON + RT, significantly improved body composition, insulin, and cholesterol levels without affecting muscle mass or strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the high prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst educators, this study investigated the feasibility of the 16-week Health4LIFE weight loss intervention for primary school educators living with overweight/obesity in low-income settings in Cape Town, South Africa. The research comprised two sub-studies, a pilot randomised controlled trial testing the intervention (10 intervention, n = 79 and 10 control schools, n = 58), and an investigation of the perceptions of participating educators and principals. Feasibility outcomes included reach, applicability, acceptability, implementation integrity, and a hypothesis-generating signal of effect on lifestyle factors and weight. The intervention consisted of a wellness day, weight loss manual, and text messages. Results indicated acceptable reach, with positive feedback on intervention components from principals and educators. Implementation was largely successful, though three schools dropped out due to scheduling issues. Barriers included interruption of teaching time and busy school schedules. The intervention group (n = 42) showed favourable shifts in belief patterns, stages of change, and lifestyle behaviours, with a trend towards weight loss. Control group (n = 43) changes were limited to dietary intake. The triangulation of results supported the intervention's feasibility in terms of primary and secondary outcomes. Recommendations for enhancement include adding in-person follow-up sessions and an app-based element to potentially increase impact on lifestyle indicators and weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional intake during pregnancy can affect gestational length, fetal development, and impact postnatal growth and health in offspring. Perturbations in maternal nutrition with either an excess or deficiency in nutrients during pregnancy may have harmful effects on the offspring's development and increase the risk of developing chronic diseases later in life. In pregnancy, nutrients transfer from the mother to the fetus via the placenta. Essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA) and alpha linoleic acid (ALA), can only be obtained in the diet. In Western countries, the ratio of LA and ALA in the diet has increased dramatically in recent decades. Some animal and human studies have found a correlation between maternal intake of LA and birth weight; however, the association varies. In contrast, some human studies have demonstrated inconclusive findings regarding the correlation between cord blood levels of LA and birth outcomes. In addition, high dietary LA intake in animal studies in pregnancy increased the production of inflammatory markers such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. This review aims to highlight the effect of high dietary LA intake during pregnancy on birth outcomes, obesity, maternal inflammatory markers, and the transfer of fatty acids across the placenta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychological states of hunger and satiety play an important role in regulating human food intake. Several lines of evidence suggest that these states rely upon declarative learning and memory processes, which are based primarily in the medial temporal lobes (MTL). The MTL, and particularly the hippocampus, is unusual in that it is especially vulnerable to insult. Consequently, we examine here the impact on hunger and satiety of conditions that: (1) are central to ingestive behaviour and where there is evidence of MTL pathology (i.e., habitual consumption of a Western-style diet, obesity, and anorexia nervosa); and (2) where there is overwhelming evidence of MTL pathology, but where ingestive behaviour is not thought central (i.e., temporal lobe epilepsy and post-traumatic stress disorder). While for some of these conditions the evidence base is currently limited, the general conclusion is that MTL impairment is linked, sometimes strongly, to dysfunctional hunger and satiety. This focus on the MTL, and declarative learning and memory processes, has implications for the development of alternative treatment approaches for the regulation of appetite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiota constitutes a complex ecosystem, comprising trillions of microbes that have co-evolved with their host over hundreds of millions of years. Over the past decade, a growing body of knowledge has underscored the intricate connections among diet, gut microbiota, and human health. Bioactive polysaccharides (BPs) from natural sources like medicinal plants, seaweeds, and fungi have diverse biological functions including antioxidant, immunoregulatory, and metabolic activities. Their effects are closely tied to the gut microbiota, which metabolizes BPs into health-influencing compounds. Understanding how BPs and gut microbiota interact is critical for harnessing their potential health benefits. This review provides an overview of the human gut microbiota, focusing on its role in metabolic diseases like obesity, type II diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases. It explores the basic characteristics of several BPs and their impact on gut microbiota. Given their significance for human health, we summarize the biological functions of these BPs, particularly in terms of immunoregulatory activities, blood sugar, and hypolipidemic effect, thus providing a valuable reference for understanding the potential benefits of natural BPs in treating metabolic diseases. These properties make BPs promising agents for preventing and treating metabolic diseases. The comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which BPs exert their effects through gut microbiota opens new avenues for developing targeted therapies to improve metabolic health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]