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Objective: To evaluate nutricional adequacy of students of compulsory secondary education (ESO) in Badajoz, Spain. Methods: We included 1197 students of ESO from 12 to 18 years old, 49.9% male and 50.1% female, which is a representative sample of this population. They filled in a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) self-administered and previously validated in a pilot study. Nutrients were quantified from FFQ with a food composition table (Novartis, 2004) and nutritional Adequacy Index (AI) was calculated according to Spanish Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). Nutritional adequacy of a nutrient was measured by the following relation: mean daily intake of the nutrient / RDA of that nutrient * 100. Results: Average caloric intake of secondary education students is not very high, protein AI is over 200%, and cholesterol over 150%, being appropriate the intake of carbohydrates and lipids. The intake of fiber, vitamin E and iodine was lower than 50% in both genders; the one of iron less than 90% in females and there were no other differences between both genders. Only 1% to 3% of students reach RDA of fiber, iodine and vitamin E, and 37.3% of female reach RDA of iron. Cholesterol dietary intake of 17.2 % males and 25.3 % females is high, and saturated fatty acids intake is high in 46.1% males and 50.0% females. Conclusions: Diet of students of secondary education in Badajoz is normocaloric, hyperproteic, appropriate in carbohydrates and lipids, without differences between genders; it is very deficient in fiber, iodine and vitamin E in both genders and deficient in iron in females. We can see their diet is far from Mediterranean diet, and this is why education plans about food intake are advised to the students and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study is to evaluate if the administration of glutamine in parenteral nutrition (PN) solution reduces the need for antibiotics, the risk of liver disease and the duration of hospital stay in bone marrow transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study in 68 adult patients undergoing a bone marrow transplantation who required PN for mucositis. Of these patients, 40 were given PN with 2,063 +/- 294 kcal/day and 98.6 +/- 13.9 g of amino acids/day, supplemented with Lglutamine (13.5-27 g/day), and 28 were given isocaloric (1,966 +/- 307 kcal/day) and isonitrogenated (92 +/- 16.3 g of amino acids/day) PN with standard glutamine-free amino acid solution. Antibiotic consumption and duration of hospital stay were analysed. Of the total cohort, hepatic profile was studied at the beginning and on day 7 of PN in 50 patients without liver disease at the start of PN. RESULTS: There were no differences between both groups with regard to total number and duration of antibiotics prescribed or hospital stay. Of the 50 patients without hepatic alterations at the beginning of PN, 2 patients in the control group and 5 in the glutamine group developed a hepatic profile compatible with liver disease secondary to PN. Comparing both groups, there were no differences in hepatic enzyme values. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with PN glutamine does not improve the variables studied, but the actual clinical use of glutamine in this haematological treatment should be studied further and its potential advantages identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study is to evaluate if the administration of glutamine in parenteral nutrition (PN) solution reduces the need for antibiotics, the risk of liver disease and the duration of hospital stay in bone marrow transplantation. Material and methods: Retrospective observational study in 68 adult patients undergoing a bone marrow transplantation who required PN for mucositis. Of these patients, 40 were given PN with 2,063 ± 294 kcal/day and 98.6 ± 13.9 g of amino acids/day, supplemented with L-glutamine (13.5-27 g/day), and 28 were given isocaloric (1,966 ± 307 kcal/day) and isonitrogenated (92 ± 16.3 g of amino acids/day) PN with standard glutamine-free amino acid solution. Antibiotic consumption and duration of hospital stay were analysed. Of the total cohort, hepatic profile was studied at the beginning and on day 7 of PN in 50 patients without liver disease at the start of PN. Results: There were no differences between both groups with regard to total number and duration of antibiotics prescribed or hospital stay. Of the 50 patients without hepatic alterations at the beginning of PN, 2 patients in the control group and Sin the glutamine group developed a hepatic profile compatible with liver disease secondary to PN. Comparing both groups, there were no differences in hepatic enzyme values. Conclusions: Supplementation with PN glutamine does not improve the variables studied, but the actual clinical use of glutamine in this haematological treatment should be studied further and its potential advantages identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To communicate the results from the registry of Home-Based Enteral Nutrition of the NADYA- SENPE group in 2007. Material and methods: We included every patient in the registry with home enteral nutrition any time from January 1st to December 31st of 2007. Results: The number of patients with home enteral nutrition in 2007 was 5,107 (52% male) from 28 different hospitals. 95.4% of them were 15 yr or older, with a mean age of 67.96 ± 18.12, and 4.2 ± 3.38 among patients aged 14 yr or less. The most common underlying diseases were neurological (37.8%) and neoplastic diseases (29.3%). Enteral nutrition was administered p.o. in most patients (63.5%), followed by nasogastric tube (25.9%), while gastrostomy was only used in 9.2%. The mean time in enteral nutrition support was 9.4 months and the most common reasons for withdrawal were death (58.7%) and switching to oral intake (32%). Activity was limited in 31.4% of patients and 36.01% were house-bound. Most patients needed partial (26.51%) or total (37.68%) care assistance. Enteral formula was provided by hospitals to 69.14% of patients and by pharmacies to 30.17% of them, while disposable material was provided by hospitals to 81.63% and by Primary Care to the remaining patients. Conclusions: In 2007, there has been an increase of more than 30% of patients registered with home enteral nutrition comparing with 2006, without any big difference in other data, but a higher proportion of patients with enteral nutrition p.o. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo analiza la eficacia del octreótide en el tratamiento de quilotórax, una aflicción del pulmón. Los autores comentan sobre la importancia del octreótide en pacientes que necesitan nutrición parenteral total (NPT). También se describen algunos estudios sobre la utilidad del octreótide, incluyendo su seguridad en general y cualquier efectos adversos que se observaron.

Objective: To describe the results of the home enteral nutrition (HEN) registry of the NADYA-SENPE group in 2011 and 2012. Material and methods: We retrieved the data of the patients recorded from January 1st 2011 to December 31st 2012. Results: There were 3021 patients in the registry during the period from 29 hospitals, which gives 65.39 per million inhabitants. 97.95% were adults, 51.4% male. Mean age was 67.64 ± 19.1, median age was 72 years for adults and 7 months for children. Median duration with HEN was 351 days and for 97.5% was their first event with HEN. Most patients had HEN because of neurological disease (57.8%). Access route was nasogastric tube for 43.5% and gastrostomy for 33.5%. Most patients had limited activity level and, concerning autonomy, 54.8% needed total help. Nutritional formula was supplied from chemist's office to 73.8% of patients and disposables, when necessary, was supplied from hospitals to 53.8% of patients. HEN was finished for 1,031 patients (34.1%) during the period of study, 56.6% due to decease and 22.2% due to recovery of oral intake. Conclusions: Data from NADYA-SENPE registry must be explained cautiously because it is a non-compulsory registry. In spite of the change in the methodology of the registry in 2010, tendencies regarding HEN have been maintained, other than oral route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Selenium is an essential micronutrient for human health, being a cofactor for enzymes with antioxidant activity that protect the organism from oxidative damage. An inadequate intake of this mineral has been associated with the onset and progression of chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary diseases, asthma, and cancer. For this reason, knowledge of the plasma and erythrocyte selenium levels of a population makes a relevant contribution to assessment of its nutritional status. Objetive: The objective of the present study was to determine the nutritional status of selenium and risk of seleniumdeficiency in a healthy adult population in Spain by examining food and nutrient intake and analyzing biochemical parameters related to selenium metabolism, including plasma and erythrocyte levels and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymatic activity. Material and methods: We studied 84 healthy adults (31 males and 53 females) from the province of Granada, determining their plasma and erythrocyte selenium concentrations and the association of these levels with the enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and with life style factors. We also gathered data on their food and nutrient intake and the results of biochemical analyses. Correlations were studied among all of these variables. Results: The mean plasma selenium concentration was 76.6 ± 17.3 [mu]g/L (87.3 ± 17.4 [mu]g/L in males, 67.3 ± 10.7 [mu]g/L in females), whereas the mean erythrocyte selenium concentration was 104.6 [mu]g/L (107.9 ± 26.1 [mu]g/L in males and 101.7 ± 21.7 [mu]g/L in females). The nutritional status of selenium was defined by the plasma concentration required to reach maximum GPx activity, establishing 90 [mu]g/L as reference value. According to this criterion, 50% of the men and 53% of the women were selenium deficient. Conclusions: Selenium is subjected to multiple regulation mechanisms. Erythrocyte selenium is a good marker of longerterm selenium status, while plasma selenium appears to be a marker of short-term nutritional status. The present findings indicate a positive correlation between plasma selenium concentration and the practice of physical activity. Bioavailability studies are required to establish appropriate reference levels of this mineral for the Spanish population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarizes the main results and conclusions presented in the Symposium "Nutritional supplementation: evidences and experiences" that took place in the XXIIIrd SENPE Congress (2008). Protein energy malnutrition, that can affect 30-50% of hospitalized patients, increases both time of hospitalization and costs of medical care of this kind of patients. There is a lot of scientific evidences demonstrating that the use of nutritional supplementation improves nutritional status or prevents malnutrition in those patients who do not meet their nutritional needs with a conventional diet or an adapted one with no replacing intake from normal food. This is strengthened by the results that demonstrate the rol of nutritional supplements improving nutritional and functional parameters. Current bibliographic reviews focused on certain clinical frameworks (i.g. geriatrics, oncology), prove that nutritional supplements reduce complications related to pathology and to nutritional status, and also reduce length of hospitalization and mortality. More studies regarding to efficacy of oral nutritional supplements are needed. These studies should be carried out with a period of follow-up longer than the current published studies have. As well as effective, nutritional supplements become a save therapeutic intervention with no important adverse events that, according to bibliography, improve patient's functionality and quality of life. It is worth mentioning that nutritional supplements can be effective on certain kind of patients, for instance, malnourished elderly or elderly in risk of malnourishment, and hospitalized surgical patients. Scientific literature refers that it is necessary to carry out more studies, with an accurate methodology, which assess the effect of nutritional supplements on quality of life and its cost-effectiveness on malnourished patients regarding specific clinical situations. That would allow physicians to make clinical decisions based on evidences and cost analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The quality assessment in health activities requires the choice of indicators in line with the results we want to measure. Of all possible, we should prioritize those that allow us to obtain the most relevant information without overloading the regular work of our units. Objective: To determine the opinion of the members of SENPE regarding the relevance and feasibility of using a selection of quality indicators designed for use in clinical nutrition. Methods: E-mail survey sent to members of SENPE asking them their views on 12 quality indicators, evaluating each in terms of their relevance and feasibility of implementation in their environment. Results: 40 respondents answered from 40 centers in 12 different regions. In general, the indicators were considered more relevant than feasible. The indicators best rated were: "identification in artificial nutrition bags, "semi-recumbent position in patient with nasogastric tube feeding" and "basic clinical protocols". Considering the type of indicator: "patient identification in the bags of artificial nutrition (structure)," a semi-incorporated "and" basic clinical protocols (process), and "fulfillment of the caloric goal" (result). Conclusion: The results of the survey can make a selection of indicators that could be considered for first-line introduction in a Nutrition Unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Cancer and its oncological treatment cause symptoms which increase the patients risk to suffer from malnutrition. This affects the patients health status negatively by increasing the number of complications, reducing the tolerance to the oncology treatment and a decrease of the patients quality of life. Motivated by this, a group of health professionals from several spanish regions met with the backing of the Sociedad Española de Nutrición Básica y Aplicada (SENBA) to address strategies to improve the quality of nutritional intervention in cancer patients. METHODS: This multidisciplinary group developed a protocol describing nutritional assessment and intervention in form of algorithms based on literature and personal experience. The patients are classified in a three step process: 1. type of their oncology treatment (curative or palliative); 2. nutritional risk of the antineoplastic therapy (low, medium or high risk) and 3. depending on the Subjective Global Assessment patient-generated (SGA-pg). The patients are classified as: A. patients with adequate nutritional state, B. patients with malnutrition or risk of malnutrition and C. patients suffering from severe malnutrition. During one year, the protocol has been used for 226 randomly chosen female and male patients older than 18 years. They were treated by the Medical and Radiotherapy Oncology outpatient clinic. RESULTS: More than a half of the patients were suffering from malnutrition (64%) increasing up to 81% for patients undergoing palliative treatment. Most of them were treated curatively (83%) and received oncology treatment with moderate or high nutritional risk (69%). 68% of patients were affected by some feeding difficulty. The mean percentage of weight loss has been 6.64% +/- 0.87 (min 0%, max 33%). Albumin values of 32% of the patients were between 3 and 3.5 g/dl and negatively correlated with feeding difficulties (p = 0.001). The body mass index (BMI) has not found to be a significant parameter for detecting malnutrition (only in 10% of the patients, the value was below 19.9 kg/m2). But a significant linear tendency when compared to feeding problems could be shown, such that in patients with less feeding problems a higher BMI has been found (p = 0.001). More than a half of the patients required nutritional counselling to control symptoms which made food intake difficult. One third of the patients needed oral nutritional supplementation. Following the nutritional intervention the weight of about 60% of the patients could be maintained and of one sixth it could be increased. CONCLUSION: The application of this protocol is useful, easy and could help detecting malnutrition in oncology patients. It provides the possibility to select those patients who can benefit from a specific nutritional intervention. If possible, the application of the protocol should be started immediatly after cancer is diagnosed. Nutritional support proves efficient for most of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cancer and its oncological treatment cause symptoms which increase the patients risk to suffer from malnutrition. This affects the patients health status negatively by increasing the number of complications, reducing the tolerance to the oncology treatment and a decrease of the patients quality of life. Motivated by this, a group of health professionals from several spanish regions met with the backing of the Sociedad Española de Nutrición Básica y Aplicada (SENBA) to address strategies to improve the quality of nutritional intervention in cancer patients. Methods: This multidisciplinary group developed a protocol describing nutritional assessment and intervention in form of algorithms based on literature and personal experience. The patients are classified in a three step process: 1. type of their oncology treatment (curative or palliative); 2. nutritional risk of the antineoplastic therapy (low, medium or high risk) and 3. depending on the Subjective Global Assessment patient-generated (SGApg). The patients are classified as: A. patients with adequate nutritional state, B. patients with malnutrition or risk of malnutrition and C. patients suffering from severe malnutrition. During one year, the protocol has been used for 226 randomly chosen female and male patients older than 18 years. They were treated by the Medical and Radiotherapy Oncology outpatient clinic. Results: More than a half of the patients were suffering from malnutrition (64%) increasing up to 81% for patients undergoing palliative treatment. Most of them were treated curatively (83%) and received oncology treatment with moderate or high nutritional risk (69%). 68% of patients were affected by some feeding difficulty. The mean percentage of weight loss has been 6.64% ± 0.87 (min 0%, max 33%). Albumin values of 32% of the patients were between 3 and 3.5 g/dl and negatively correlated with feeding difficulties (p = 0.001). The body mass index (BMI) has not found to be a significant parameter for detecting malnutrition (only in 10% of the patients, the value was below 19.9 kg/m²). But a significant linear tendency when compared to feeding problems could be shown, such that in patients with less feeding problems a higher BMI has been found (p = 0.001). More than a half of the patients required nutritional counselling to control symptoms which made food intake difficult. One third of the patients needed oral nutritional supplementation. Following the nutritional intervention the weight of about 60% of the patients could be maintained and of one sixth it could be increased. Conclusion: The application of this protocol is useful, easy and could help detecting malnutrition in oncology patients. It provides the possibility to select those patients who can benefit from a specific nutritional intervention. If possible, the application of the protocol should be started immediatly after cancer is diagnosed. Nutritional support proves efficient for most of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: 1) To assess the nutritional status of able elderly, institutionalized at a nursing home; 2) To propose the required nutritional interventions; 3) To establish a consensus protocol for nutritional assessment and follow-up at the Center. Method: Cross-sectional study on all able residents, carrying out: 1) Mini Nutritional Assessment Test; 2) Anthropometrical assessment; 3) Biochemical assessment; and 4) an additional questionnaire (gathering information on dental prostheses, swallowing difficulties, and special diets or oral supplements). Analysis of these data to implement appropriate recommendations and elaborating a nutritional protocol. Results: The mean age of the 50 residents assessed was 84 years [66-97], mean weight 62 kg [35-87], mean height 154 cm [140-175], mean body mass index 26 [15.6-36], mean tricipital fold 18.1 mm [4-36], and mean muscle arm circumference 20.6 cm [14.7-27.1]. By using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Test we identified 3/50 (6% [95% CI: 1-16]) malnourished residents, and 6/50 (12% [95% CI: 4-24]) residents at risk for malnourishment. The body mass index allowed to identify 11/50 (22% [95% CI: 11-35]) overweighed residents-body mass index 27-29-, 10/50 (20% [95% CI: 10-33]) with grade I obesity -body mass index 30-35 and 1/50 (2% [95% CI: 0-10]) with grade II obesity-body mass index > 35-. None of them presented values below the 5th percentile for both the tricipital fold and the muscle arm circumference. Values above the 95th percentile were found in 10/50 (20% [95% CI: 10-33]) residents for the tricipital fold and in 7/50 (14% [95% CI: 5-26]) for the muscle arm circumference, both criteria being present in 3 residents. In all of them the body mass index mayor was > 27. When analyzing the biochemical parameters, the results were not concordant, since laboratory workups analyzed were not always done at the same time as the interview. After analyzing the data obtained, a nutritional assessment and follow-up protocol was elaborated in collaboration with the physicians in charge of the Center, in which five categories were defined according to the nutritional status. Conclusions: 1) 3/50 malnourished residents were identified, 6/50 at risk for malnourishment, and 22/50 with overweight. 2) We proposed the performance of a whole laboratory work-up in these residents, reviewed their dietary habits in order to correct them or prescribe oral supplements, and recommended adapted physical exercise. 3) A nutritional assessment and follow-up protocol was elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: 1) To assess the nutritional status of able elderly, institutionalized at a nursing home; 2) To propose the required nutritional interventions; 3) To establish a consensus protocol for nutritional assessment and follow-up at the Center. Method: Cross-sectional study on all able residents, carrying out: 1) Mini Nutritional Assessment Test; 2) Anthropometrical assessment; 3) Biochemical assessment; and 4) an additional questionnaire (gathering information on dental prostheses, swallowing difficulties, and special diets or oral supplements). Analysis of these data to implement appropriate recommendations and elaborating a nutritional protocol. Results: The mean age of the 50 residents assessed was 84 years [66-97], mean weight 62 kg [35-87], mean height 154 cm [140-175], mean body mass index 26 [15.6-36], mean tricipital fold 18.1 mm [4-36], and mean muscle arm circumference 20.6 cm [14.7-27.1]. By using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Test we identified 3/50 (6% [95% CI: 1-16]) malnourished residents, and 6/50 (12% [95% CI: 4-24]) residents at risk for malnourishment. The body mass index allowed to identify 11/50 (22% [95% CI: 11-35]) overweighed residents —body mass index 27-29—, 10/50 (20% [95% CI: 10-33]) with grade I obesity —body mass index 30-35— and 1/50 (2% [95% CI: 0-10]) with grade II obesity —body mass index > 35—. None of them presented values below the 5th percentile for both the tricipital fold and the muscle arm circumference. Values above the 95th percentile were found in 10/50 (20% [95% CI: 10-33]) residents for the tricipital fold and in 7/50 (14% [95% CI: 5-26]) for the muscle arm circumference, both criteria being present in 3 residents. In all of them the body mass index mayor was > 27. When analyzing the biochemical parameters, the results were not concordant, since laboratory workups analyzed were not always done at the same time as the interview. After analyzing the data obtained, a nutritional assessment and follow-up protocol was elaborated in collaboration with the physicians in charge of the Center, in which five categories were defined according to the nutritional status. Conclusions: 1) 3/50 malnourished residents were identified, 6/50 at risk for malnourishment, and 22/50 with overweight. 2) We proposed the performance of a whole laboratory work-up in these residents, reviewed their dietary habits in order to correct them or prescribe oral supplements, and recommended adapted physical exercise. 3) A nutritional assessment and follow-up protocol was elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wernicke's encephalopathy is an acute neurological syndrome due to thiamine deficiency, which is characterized by a typical triad of mental status changes, oculomotor dysfunction and ataxia. Despite the fact that Wernicke's encephalopathy, in developed countries, is frequently associated with chronic alcoholism, there have been a number of published cases associating this encephalopathy with parenteral feeding without vitamin supplementation. Diagnosis is primarily a clinical one, and can be supported by laboratory tests and imaging studies; treatment should start as soon as possible, for the morbidity and mortality (almost 20%) associated with this syndrome is high. Thiamine supplementation, along with other vitamins, is recommended for patients in risk of developing this syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: sports nutrition and supplementation (SD) are commonly used by road and mountain runners to achieve their goals and increased performance. However, sometimes sports practice can become an obsession and/or addiction, although the literature on the use of DS and sports addiction (SD) is scarce., Objective: to describe and analyse the relationship between SD use and AD in asphalt and mountain runners in the Canary Islands., Methodology: a cross-sectional observational study in a sample of 613 adult athletes, using a self-administered online questionnaire that assessed SD use and AD, disseminated by federations, sports clubs, race organisers and social networks., Results: 75.7 % of participants reported taking some form of SD and being younger was associated with a higher likelihood of taking SD. On the total SD scale (SAS-15) the mean was 9.19 (SD = 3.24), above the midpoint of the theoretical range (0-15). Among participants taking and not taking DS, there is higher AD in those taking versus those not; and among those taking DS, AD is significantly higher in those taking weight management recoverers and supplements., Conclusions: the sample had indicators of WD and, for the most part, were consuming some form of DS. In addition, there is a significant relationship between the use of DS and WD in road and mountain runners, with the level of WD being a predictor of DS consumption.

Introduction: Objective: to evaluate the association between depression symptoms and frequency of unhealthy food consumption, and to explore the mediation effect of emotional eating in this relationship in college men. Method: a cross-sectional study was performed on 764 men at a public university in Mexico City. To assess emotional eating (EE), a validated Spanish-language version of the Eating and Appraisal Due to Emotions and Stress Questionnaire (EADES) was applied. Depression symptoms were evaluated using the scale elaborated by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D) and a Questionnaire of Frequency of Food Consumption was used to measure frequency of food consumption. Path and mediation analysis were applied. Results: one-fifth (20.42 %) of college men reported depression symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16). Students with depression symptoms had a higher mean EE score (p < 0.001), a higher frequency of fried food (p = 0.049), sweetened beverages (p = 0.050), and sweet foods consumption (p = 0.005) than students with low CES-D score. According to the mediation analysis, the effect of depression symptoms on the frequency of sweet foods consumption was partially mediated by EE (23.11 % of the total effect). Conclusion: the prevalence of depression symptoms was high. EE is an important mediator in the relationship between depression symptoms and the consumption of sweet foods. Understanding the manifestation of eating behaviors in men and their relationship with depression symptoms may help clinicians and health authorities develop treatment and prevention programs aimed to decrease the risk of obesity and eating disorders.

Objective: To evaluate nutricional adequacy of students of compulsory secondary education (ESO) in Badajoz, Spain., Methods: We included 1197 students of ESO from 12 to 18 years old, 49.9% male and 50.1% female, which is a representative sample of this population. They filled in a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) self-administered and previously validated in a pilot study. Nutrients were quantified from FFQ with a food composition table (Novartis, 2004) and nutritional Adequacy Index (AI) was calculated according to Spanish Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). Nutritional adequacy of a nutrient was measured by the following relation: mean daily intake of the nutrient / RDA of that nutrient * 100., Results: Average caloric intake of secondary education students is not very high, protein AI is over 200%, and cholesterol over 150%, being appropriate the intake of carbohydrates and lipids. The intake of fiber, vitamin E and iodine was lower than 50% in both genders; the one of iron less than 90% in females and there were no other differences between both genders. Only 1% to 3% of students reach RDA of fiber, iodine and vitamin E, and 37.3% of female reach RDA of iron. Cholesterol dietary intake of 17.2% males and 25.3% females is high, and saturated fatty acids intake is high in 46.1% males and 50.0% females., Conclusions: Diet of students of secondary education in Badajoz is normocaloric, hyperproteic, appropriate in carbohydrates and lipids, without differences between genders; it is very deficient in fiber, iodine and vitamin E in both genders and deficient in iron in females. We can see their diet is far from Mediterranean diet, and this is why education plans about food intake are advised to the students and their families.

Introduction: The quality assessment in health activities requires the choice of indicators in line with the results we want to measure. Of all possible, we should prioritize those that allow us to obtain the most relevant information without overloading the regular work of our units., Objective: To determine the opinion of the members of SENPE regarding the relevance and feasibility of using a selection of quality indicators designed for use in clinical nutrition., Methods: E-mail survey sent to members of SENPE asking them their views on 12 quality indicators, evaluating each in terms of their relevance and feasibility of implementation in their environment., Results: 40 respondents answered from 40 centers in 12 different regions. In general, the indicators were considered more relevant than feasible. The indicators best rated were: "identification in artificial nutrition bags, "semi-recumbent position in patient with nasogastric tube feeding" and "basic clinical protocols". Considering the type of indicator: "patient identification in the bags of artificial nutrition (structure)," a semi-incorporated "and" basic clinical protocols (process), and "fulfillment of the caloric goal" (result)., Conclusion: The results of the survey can make a selection of indicators that could be considered for first-line introduction in a Nutrition Unit.

Wernicke's encephalopathy is an acute neurological syndrome due to thiamine deficiency, which is characterized by a typical triad of mental status changes, oculomotor dysfunction and ataxia. Despite the fact that Wernicke's encephalopathy, in developed countries, is frequently associated with chronic alcoholism, there have been a number of published cases associating this encephalopathy with parenteral feeding without vitamin supplementation. Diagnosis is primarily a clinical one, and can be supported by laboratory tests and imaging studies; treatment should start as soon as possible, for the morbidity and mortality (almost 20%) associated with this syndrome is high. Thiamine supplementation, along with other vitamins, is recommended for patients in risk of developing this syndrome.

Objective: To communicate the results from the registry of Home-Based Enteral Nutrition of the NADYASENPE group in 2007., Material and Methods: We included every patient in the registry with home enteral nutrition any time from January 1st to December 31st of 2007., Results: The number of patients with home enteral nutrition in 2007 was 5,107 (52% male) from 28 different hospitals. 95.4% of them were 15 yr or older, with a mean age of 67.96 +/- 18.12, and 4.2 +/- 3.38 among patients aged 14 yr or less. The most common underlying diseases were neurological (37.8%) and neoplastic diseases (29.3%). Enteral nutrition was administered p.o. in most patients (63.5%), followed by nasogastric tube (25.9%), while gastrostomy was only used in 9.2%. The mean time in enteral nutrition support was 9.4 months and the most common reasons for withdrawal were death (58.7%) and switching to oral intake (32%). Activity was limited in 31.4% of patients and 36.01% were house-bound. Most patients needed partial (26.51%) or total (37.68%) care assistance. Enteral formula was provided by hospitals to 69.14% of patients and by pharmacies to 30.17% of them, while disposable material was provided by hospitals to 81.63% and by Primary Care to the remaining patients., Conclusions: In 2007, there has been an increase of more than 30% of patients registered with home enteral nutrition comparing with 2006, without any big difference in other data, but a higher proportion of patients with enteral nutrition p.o.

Aim: In spite of the increasing number of home enteral nutrition (HEN) patients, only few articles had reported the frequency of complications related to this treatment. Our multicentric study analyzes the HEN complications in relation to access device and time of treatment., Method: 92 HEN patients from 8 hospitals were randomly selected. Patients were distributed in relation to the time of treatment and access device (nasogastric tube and percutaneous or surgical gastrostomies). After an educational program, they were filled in an initial questionnaire and repeated it the days 15 and 30. They received a mean of 1650 Kcal of enteral solution. A total of 2760 HEN prospective days were analyzed., Results: In prospective study 42% of patients had some complication (112 episodes). The most frequent were gastrointestinal (55%) and mechanical (29%); 0.16 complications of patient-year were registered. The most common complications were: extraction (15%), constipation (13%), vomiting (12%) and diarrhoea (10%). The gastrostomy group had more gastrointestinal complications. In retrospective evaluation, percutaneous gastrostomy group had the lowest ratio of complications and nasogastric tube group required more tube replacements (4 vs 2) and had 1.96 episodes/patient (percutaneous group 1.85 and surgical gastrostomy 3.1 episodes/patient)., Conclusion: HEN is safe with low incidence of complications. An adequate educational program is very important and we expect, in the future, to establish an proper National Home Care System.

Recent and progressive knowledge on parenteral nutrition has not been accompanied by due attention to the methodology for clinical testing in this therapeutical field. Although many different laws, guidelines or norms do exist which can be applied to any clinical test, in the case of parenteral nutrition several characteristic aspects arise that should be taken into account in the design of clinical tests. This review places special emphasis on the definition of clinical testing, the role of the researcher and the ethical, methodological and design-related requirements to be considered when preparing a protocol for study. Not only is the importance of the selection and the size of the sample mentioned, but also the different variables normally used in parenteral nutrition. The correct follow-up, measurement, evaluation and statistical analysis of these variables makes it possible to reach valid conclusions, and provide the basic information for later study. The application of ethical norms and the control of adverse conditions guarantees the correct undertaking of this type of clinical research.