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Egg is a very nutritious food since it contains almost all the essential nutrients for humans. In addition, it can be considered as a functional food due to the numerous bioactive compounds it contains, with important beneficial effects on health. Although some of them are well known and there are many researches about them, such as the role of lutein and zeaxanthin in ocular health, others such as egg-derived bioactive peptides or phospholipids are less known, and for this reason they are not less important, since the studies carried out until now point out that those could have a very important role in the prevention and development of some chronic diseases such as hypertension, obesity or metabolic syndrome, among others. The inclusion of the egg in the diet is necessary not only from the nutritional point of view but also sanitary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral medications are often administered through enteral feeding tubes in patients with complex chronic diseases. It is important to consider possible interactions between drugs and enteral nutrition that might lead to unsuccessful treatment or tube occlusion. These patients become subjects for higher risk of problems and errors such as drug incompatibility with enteral nutrition and inappropriate dosage form selection. It is possible to minimize the risk of tube occlusion and incompatibilities problems by recognizing potential medication errors, selecting the most appropriate drug and dosage form and using appropriate administration techniques. In this context, high-alert medications for patients with chronic diseases deserve special attention. Furthermore, risk exposure should be considered among healthcare professionals and patient caregivers handling hazardous drugs. Therefore, main incompatibility problems between drugs and enteral nutrition have been reviewed, including general recommendations for administration of oral medications through enteral feeding tubes and safe handling of hazardous drugs. Specific recommendations for administration of high-alert medications for patients with chronic diseases are also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generalmente, un estudiante cambia de estilo de vida cuando ingresa a la Universidad, esta modificación puede conducir a hábitos alimentarios diferentes que podrían convertirse en factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT). Objetivo: Evaluar la presencia de factores de riesgo de ECNT en estudiantes de la carrera de medicina de la Universidad de Carabobo. Metodología: Se evaluaron 120 personas, cursantes del tercero al sexto año de la carrera de Medicina, Universidad de Carabobo, año 2006. Se estudiaron antecedentes familiares, hábitos nutricionales, consumo de alcohol y tabaco. Se realizaron medidas antropométricas, presión arterial, glicemia y lípidos séricos. Resultados: De los estudiantes evaluados 68 pertenecían al sexo femenino y 52 al masculino, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 26 años. El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue el sedentarismo (72,49%), seguido de hábitos alcohólicos (68,3%), tabáquicos (34,16%). Un 37,5% tuvo alto consumo de aceites y grasas, 58,3% de almidones y azúcares. Se encontró 33,34% de sobrepeso u obesidad; 3,33 % presentó hipertensión arterial y síndrome metabólico. El antecedente familiar predominante fue hipertensión arterial (60%) y obesidad (28,2%). Conclusión: En esta población estudiantil existen factores de riesgo para ECNT, lo cual alerta sobre la necesidad de instaurar planes de educación y medidas de prevención primaria a fin de disminuir a futuro la presencia de ECNT en los estudiantes de la carrera de medicina de la Universidad de Carabobo.Generally, a student changes lifestyle when enters to the University, this can lead to different alimentary habits that could become as risk factors of nontransmissible chronic diseases (NTCD). Objective: To evaluate the presence of risk factors of NTCD in students of medicine race in Carabobo University. Methodology: 120 people were evaluated, students of third to the sixht year of the medicine race, Carabobo University, year 2006. Family records, nutritional habits, alcohol and tobacco consumption were studied. Anthropometric measures, arterial pressure, glycemia and lipids sérics, were determined. Results: Of evaluated students 68 they belonged to feminine sex and 52 masculine, age between 18 and 26 years old. The risk factor more frequent was the sedentary (72.49%), followed of alcoholic habits (68.3%) and smoking tobacco (34.16%). A 37.5% had high consumption of oils and fats, 58.3% starches and sugars. A 33.34% was overweight or obesity; 3.33% with high blood pressure and metabolic syndrome. The family antecedent predominant was high blood pressure (60%) and obesity (28.2%). Conclusion: In this student population risk factors for NTCD exist, which alerts on the necessity to restore plans of education and measures of primary prevention in order to diminish to future the appearance of NTCD in the students of the medicine race in Carabobo University.

Las enfermedades crónicas (EC) representan la principal causa de mortalidad en los países desarrollados. El aumento de la prevalencia de las enfermedades crónicas está asociado a cambios en los hábitos de vida, incluidos el aumento del consumo de los alimentos procesados. En estos se desarrollan compuestos avanzados de la glicación (AGE) y de la lipoxidación (ALE) como consecuencia de la reactividad de hidratos de carbono, proteínas, lípidos y otros componentes. El objetivo de la presente revisión es ofrecer una perspectiva de cómo estos compuestos afectan la fisiología y el desarrollo de las EC. La ingesta continuada de AGE y ALE contribuye al acúmulo corporal de estos productos e influencia negativamente el sistema inmunológico innato, la respuesta inflamatoria y la resistencia a la enfermedad a través de la interacción con los denominados receptores de AGE (RAGE), los cuales actúan como interruptores master en el desarrollo de las EC. Las moléculas de vida larga tales como el colágeno y la mielina y los tejidos de recambio pequeño como el conectivo, óseo y neural son las principales dianas de los AGE y ALE, originando compuestos insolubles que alteran la función celular. Se han establecido asociaciones entre los AGE y ALE con enfermedades alérgicas y autoinmunes, enfermedad de Alzheimer y otras enfermedades neurodegenerativas, cataratas, aterosclerosis, cáncer, diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, así como varias alteraciones endocrinas, gastrointestinales, esquelético-musculares y urogenitales. El control de todas estas enfermedades pasa por el establecimiento de medidas dietéticas que contribuyan a limitar la ingesta de AGE y ALE derivada de los alimentos procesados, así como evitar la aparición de dichos compuestos a través de la mejora de los procesos tecnológicos aplicados en alimentación.Chronic diseases (CD) represent the main cause of mortality in developed countries. The increase in the prevalence of of CD is associated with changes in lifestyle habits, including those related to the consumption of processed foodstuffs. In these foods advanced glycation end products (AGE) and advanced lipoperoxydation products (ALE) are formed as a consequence of the reactivity of proteins, carbohydrates, lipid and other components. The aim of the present review is to offer a perspective of how AGE and ALE affect the physiology and development of CD. Continous intake of AGE and ALE contributes to the exccesive accumulation of these products into body tissues, which in turn negatively influence the innate immune system, inflammatory responses, and resistance to diseases. This is achieved by direct interaction of AGE and ALE with specific cell AGE receptors (RAGE) that have a key role as master switches regulating the development of CD. Long-life molecules, namely collagen and myelin, and low-turnover tissues, e.g. connective, bone and neural tissues, are the main targets of AGE and ALE. In these tissues, AGE and ALE lead to the synthesis of insoluble compounds that severely alter cellular functionality. It has been reported associations of AGE and ALE with allergic and autoimmune diseases, Alzheimer disease and other degenerative disorders, catarats, atherosclerosis, cancer, and diabetes mellitus type 2, as well as a number of endocrine, gastrointestinal, skeleton-muscle, and urogenital alterations. Controlling all those pathologies would need further dietary recommendations aiming to limit the intake of processed foods rich in AGE and ALE, as well as to reduce the formation of those products by improving technological processes applicable to foods.

Cow's milk is a staple food for human consumption at all stages of life. Industrial processing has allowed widespread access to its consumption by the population, which has helped to significantly improve their health. From its composition point of view, milk is a complete and balanced food that provides high nutrient content in relation to its calorie content, so its consumption should be considered necessary from childhood to elderly. The benefits of cow's milk are not limited to its nutritional value, but extend beyond and are a factor of prevention in certain non communicable pathologies as cardiovascular disease, some cancers, high blood pressure or bone or dental pathology. It can also help in the fight against childhood overweight and obesity. In recent years we have seen a worrying decline in milk consumption among the Spanish population, at least in part influenced by misconceptions about its consumption and of other dairy products. This consensus document aims to review the current state of the topic regarding the effects of milk consumption on health, while making a call to the institutions and scientific societies to develop programs and information campaigns about the benefits of milk and dairy products consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, a student changes lifestyle when enters to the University, this can lead to different alimentary habits that could become as risk factors of nontransmissible chronic diseases (NTCD). Objective: To evaluate the presence of risk factors of NTCD in students of medicine race in Carabobo University. Methodology: 120 people were evaluated, students of third to the sixth year of the medicine race, Carabobo University, year 2006. Family records, nutritional habits, alcohol and tobacco consumption were studied. Anthropometric measures, arterial pressure, glycemia and lipids sérics, were determined. Results: Of evaluated students 68 they belonged to feminine sex and 52 masculine, age between 18 and 26 years old. The risk factor more frequent was the sedentary (72.49%), followed of alcoholic habits (68.3%) and smoking tobacco (34.16%). A 37.5% had high consumption of oils and fats, 58.3% starches and sugars. A 33.34% was overweight or obesity; 3.33% with high blood pressure and metabolic syndrome. The family antecedent predominant was high blood pressure (60%) and obesity (28.2%). Conclusion: In this student population risk factors for NTCD exist, which alerts on the necessity to restore plans of education and measures of primary prevention in order to diminish to future the appearance of NTCD in the students of the medicine race in Carabobo University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic diseases (CD) represent the main cause of mortality in developed countries. The increase in the prevalence of CD is associated with changes in lifestyle habits, including those related to the consumption of processed foodstuffs. In these foods advanced glycation end products (AGE) and advanced lipoperoxydation products (ALE) are formed as a consequence of the reactivity of proteins, carbohydrates, lipid and other components. The aim of the present review is to offer a perspective of how AGE and ALE affect the physiology and development of CD. Continuous intake of AGE and ALE contributes to the excessive accumulation of these products into body tissues, which in turn negatively influence the innate immune system, inflammatory responses, and resistance to diseases. This is achieved by direct interaction of AGE and ALE with specific cell AGE receptors (RAGE) that have a key role as master switches regulating the development of CD. Long-life molecules, namely collagen and myelin, and low-turnover tissues, e.g. connective, bone and neural tissues, are the main targets of AGE and ALE. In these tissues, AGE and ALE lead to the synthesis of insoluble compounds that severely alter cellular functionality. It has been reported associations of AGE and ALE with allergic and autoimmune diseases, Alzheimer disease and other degenerative disorders, cataracts, atherosclerosis, cancer, and diabetes mellitus type 2, as well as a number of endocrine, gastrointestinal, skeleton-muscle, and urogenital alterations. Controlling all those pathologies would need further dietary recommendations aiming to limit the intake of processed foods rich in AGE and ALE, as well as to reduce the formation of those products by improving technological processes applicable to foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]