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Aims: The aims of this integrative review were to describe leadership styles from the nursing literature in Saudi Arabia and to identify the current state of evidence about relationships between leadership styles and nurse, patient and organization outcomes in Saudi Arabia. Design: Integrative review was used as a design for this study. Methods: The following search terms were used with databases: 'Saudi Arabia', 'leadership theory*', 'leadership style*', 'leadership model*', 'management style' and 'nurse*'. Methodological quality was assessed using two different quality rating tools for quantitative and qualitative studies. Databases used for this review included Nursing & Allied Health Database, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. Results: Nine manuscripts representing eight studies were included in this review. The papers reviewed included quantitative (n = 6), qualitative (n = 2) and mixed methods studies (n = 1). Results were grouped into different themes, identified as nursing leadership styles in Saudi Arabia, leadership styles and nurses' outcomes, and demographics and leadership styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the impact of the COVID‐19 lockdown on sleep patterns and quality among nursing students in our college. Design: A cross‐sectional study was carried out. Methods: A total of 302 nursing students aged 18–25 years, representing both genders and various academic levels, participated in this study. A pre‐validated, self‐administered questionnaire was used to assess sleep quality during COVID‐19 and it was distributed through various social media platforms for data collection. Results: Female students comprised the majority (92.1%) of participants. Of 332 nursing students, 302 completed the questionnaire, yielding a 91% response rate. Statistically significant differences were observed before and during the COVID‐19 lockdown regarding the need to sleep after waking, feeling refreshed upon waking, satisfaction with individual sleep patterns and experiencing restless and troubled sleep (p = 0.001). Additionally, approximately one‐third of nursing students (32.9%) reported poor sleep quality during the COVID‐19 pandemic, with minimal impact on the total sleep hours among the studied cohorts. Public Contribution: The COVID‐19 pandemic has statistically significant impacted nursing students' sleep quality and levels. Acknowledging these challenges and planning for providing supporting measurements is essential to ensuring that nursing students can maintain their physical and mental health, which is critical for their ability to provide quality healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to explore the perception of nursing students regarding their engagement in digital learning environments. Design: At one of universities in Saudi Arabia, a qualitative descriptive study design was used among nursing students from various academic levels. Methods: Data were collected using focus group discussions among a sample of 23 participants. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The COREQ Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research were used to report this study. Results: While sharing their perceptions the nursing students reflected on the behavioural and cognitive aspects of engagement, yet they did not include emotional aspects of engagement in their conceptualization. However, the results showed that, while they reflected on their experiences they tended to reflect on emotional aspects of engagement. According to the study's results, self‐paced studying, reflective exercises, and interaction with audiovisual and dynamic content all encourage the activation of past knowledge in online learning. The learning modality also was found to be a safe and convenient approach among the participating students. Digital learning presents as a promising educational approach that extends beyond the pandemic yet, efforts should be put in place to facilitate the optimal student engagement to meet learning outcomes. Further research is needed to measure its impact on engagement and other pertinent indicators objectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore pressure injury prevention practices and evaluate the impact of an educational intervention on PI prevalence before and after an educational intervention. Design: A multi‐centre observational study. Method: Data were collected at two time points in May 2021 and April 2022 using a Qualtrics® online form. Two Registered Nurses at each site collected observational data at each time point by diagnosing and staging any identified pressure injuries as part of a prevalence study. Patients admitted to participating units were included. Results: A total of 181 patients in critical care units were included at the two‐time points. Pressure injury prevalence was 60.9% at the outset, with 52.9% hospital‐acquired, 37.9% unit‐acquired and 23.0% medical device‐related. Post‐intervention prevalence decreased significantly to 28.7%, including 21.3% hospital‐acquired, 14.9% unit‐acquired, and 8.5% medical device‐related. Pressure injuries were prominent in the sacral region, head area, and heels. Stages I and II pressure injuries were the most common. Increased age and longer ICU stays are linked to a heightened risk of pressure injury development in critically ill patients, whereas higher haemoglobin levels show an inverse relationship with the development of both pressure injury and severe stages in the univariate analysis. The predictive models revealed that increased age and longer ICU stays are predictors for both pressure injury development and progression to severe stages, while Braden scores predict the likelihood of developing severe stages of pressure injuries. Conclusions: This study has identified a benchmark for pressure injury prevalence in critical care units in Saudi Arabia. The results demonstrate that pressure injuries can be prevented in critically ill patients when evidence‐based education strategies are implemented. Patient Care Impact: Pressure injuries are an important issue for critically ill patients and can be prevented with proper investments. Strategies to prevent pressure injuries from admission will result in fewer pressure injuries. Reporting Method: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines and the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To identify barriers to conducting and publishing research among nursing faculty members at Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia. Design: A qualitative descriptive design was used. Methods: This qualitative descriptive study was conducted on 12 nursing faculty members from two nursing colleges at Shaqra University, a public university located in Riyadh region, SA, under the supervision of the Ministry of Education. Data were collected between September and October 2021 using semi‐structured interviews and analysed thematically using content analysis. Results: Three themes emerged in the study, namely (I) individual/personal barrier, (II) institutional barrier and (III) external factors. Barriers to conducting and publishing research included lack of time due to a high teaching load and lack of administrative and financial support. The present findings suggest that nursing faculty members in SA are facing many barriers hindering them from carrying out and publishing research activities. Such barriers need to be urgently addressed through different strategies, including allocating facilities and funds for research, motivating faculty members towards research, and ongoing education and training on research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Diabetes Self‐Efficacy Scale (A‐DSES). Design: This study used a cross‐sectional design. Methods: This study recruited 154 Saudi adults with type 2 diabetes at two primary healthcare centres in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Its instruments were the Diabetes Self‐Efficacy Scale and the Diabetes Self‐Management Questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the A‐DSES were assessed for reliability, including internal consistency and validity using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and criterion validity. Results: The item‐total correlation coefficients were >0.30 for all items, ranging from 0.46 to 0.70. The Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency was 0.86. One factor was extracted from the exploratory factor analysis (self‐efficacy for diabetes self‐management), and the one‐factor model showed an acceptable fit to the data in the confirmatory factor analysis. Diabetes self‐efficacy levels were positively correlated with diabetes self‐management skills (r = 0.40, p < 0.001), indicating criterion validity. Conclusions: The results indicate that the A‐DSES is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing self‐efficacy related to diabetes self‐management. Relevance to Clinical Practice: The A‐DSES could be used in clinical practice and research to provide a reference for assessing self‐efficacy levels in areas of diabetes self‐management. No Patient or Public Contribution: Participants were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting or dissemination plans of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To explore the factors associated with the nurses' well‐being at work. Design: A sequential explanatory mixed‐methods design. Methods: The quantitative part of the study included a conveniently sampled 271 nurses employed in healthcare facilities in the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia. A purposive sample of 21 nurses were interviewed in the qualitative part of the study. Data collection was performed from May to August 2021. This article followed the STROBE checklist. Results: Nurses working in private hospitals reported higher level of self‐efficacy than nurses in public hospitals. Being a Filipino, working in private hospital, and having higher self‐efficacy were associated with better well‐being at work among nurses during the pandemic. The thematic analysis revealed four important themes in understanding their well‐being at work: safe work environment, ensuring staff nurses' health, leadership support, and solidarity in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of poststroke depression (PSD) in Saudi Arabia and its association with socio‐demographic and clinical factors. Design: A predictive correlational cross‐sectional study. Methods: The study adopted a non‐probability convenience sampling method to recruit 211 stroke survivors between April and October 2021 from the neurology outpatient departments of two main governmental hospitals in Saudi Arabia. PSD was measured using a self‐assessment reliable and valid scale (The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]). Results: More than two‐thirds (70.6%) of the study sample (Mean age = 53 years, SD = 8.5, 51.2% were males) experienced some degree of depression (Score ≥8); of these, approximately half (48.8%) were in severe depression. The final prediction model was statistically significant (χ2 [15] = 31.39, p ˂.01). PSD is a statistically significant health issue and requires immediate attention by healthcare providers to improve the health outcomes of stroke survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims at exploring Saudi newly graduated nurses' perspectives on the facilitators and barriers for successful transition from being a student to being a nurse. Design: A phenomenological qualitative methodology was employed. Methods: Focus group discussions were carried out among 35 Saudi nurses at one major university hospital in Saudi Arabia. Results: Under the theme of barriers to transition three main subthemes emerged, namely "Fear of making medical errors," "Intense Workload and Expectations," "Bullying and lack of support," while under the facilitators of transition the subthemes which emerged were "Supportive preceptor," "Training workshops," "Need for transition programs." This research found that formal and informal techniques for strengthening institutional variables and improving individual factors are critical for new graduate nurses' effective transition into professional responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore the clinical working experiences of Saudi nurses during the novel Coronavirus outbreak, identify the challenges and determine how these challenges affect their nursing practice. Background: From the current experience of working during the novel Coronavirus outbreak, it is statistically significant to identify the challenges that nurses in Saudi Arabia face in their clinical practice and determine how these challenges affected their practice. Designs: A qualitative descriptive study. Methods: An in‐depth interview with eight Registered Nurses in Saudi Arabia who worked in areas where the novel Coronavirus patients are treated were conducted between 10 and 23 April. Results: The following eight major themes were identified from this study: physical exhaustion, fear of infection, providing care with uncertainty, uncomfortable use of personal protective equipment, missed nursing care, prolonged procedures, lack of guidance during the outbreak and lack of managerial support. Conclusion: The results suggest that nurses' leaders should take active roles in empowering nursing staff. The absence of direct monitoring for nursing performance during their practice compromises patient safety and jeopardises the quality of care through missed nursing care. This study also revealed that nurses who worked during the outbreak need psychological support that can enhance their emotional resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes is a serious medical condition that may cause blindness, renal failure and amputation of the lower limbs, stroke and myocardial infarction. The global incidence of diabetes increases continuously. The self‐management of diabetes can be problematic and burdensome, especially if employed individuals choose not to reveal their illness. The workplace has been highlighted as an important element that may impact how employed individuals, diagnosed with diabetes and managed their illness. Aim: To describe the influence of diabetes disclosure on the cognitive, physical ability and diabetes self‐management of employed adults with diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Design: A descriptive correlational study. Methods: This study used a self‐administered questionnaire, including the Checklist Individual Strength and Perceived Diabetes Self‐Management Scale, for data collection. The sample size was 250 employed adults with diabetes. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlation coefficient and bivariate analysis. Results: A significant correlation was found between diabetes self‐management and support from co‐workers (r =.55, p <.05), and the employees who received more support from their co‐workers were able to perform diabetes self‐management. The results also indicate that employees who received support at their workplace reported improved concentration, motivation and activity (r =.41, p <.05). Conclusion: It is essential for top management and policymakers to implement supportive programmes in the workplace, and considering a constant, not rotating, work schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To systematically review and comprehensively analyse findings of studies reporting oncology nurses' compassion satisfaction (CS), burnout (BO) and secondary traumatic stress (STS), measured by the professional quality of life (ProQOL) scale, and explore CS and CF related factors. Design: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of cross‐sectional and interventional studies. Method: Electronic databases were searched using keywords, and the review followed PRISMA guidelines. The prevalence of CS, BO and STS and their instrumental ratings were pooled using random effects meta‐analyses. Meta‐regression studies explored the effects of variables. Results: Fifteen studies (sample size 2,509) were reviewed, and nine were in the meta‐analysis. The prevalence of CS, BO, and STS were 22.89%, 62.79% and 66.84%, respectively. No substantial correlation was found for independent variables, possibly due to sample size. There was a weak negative correlation between CS and BO [−0.06(0.90)] and a weak positive correlation between CS and STS [0.20(0.70)]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To measure the competence and characteristics of nurses in Saudi Arabia delivering health care with significant correlations. Design: A cross‐sectional correlational study. Methods: Data were collected in 2019 using a standardized questionnaire, Competency Inventory for Registered Nurses (CIRN), that included a purposive sample of 621 nurses working in Saudi Arabia. Results: A positive evaluation of nurses' overall core competency components is recognizably measured with greater competency levels in their workplace, scoring highest in "legal/ethical practice" while "critical thinking and research aptitude" represented the lowest dimension. Nurses' marital status, years of graduation, length of service, duty hours and nurse–patient ratio affect their competency level. Nurses' competence and their sociodemographic characteristics are significantly correlated attributes. Medical ward nurses are likely to have the greatest competence in delivering safe nursing care within training's legal borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This research investigated the perceptions of Saudi nursing students regarding self‐compassion and examined its influence on their caring behaviour and compassion competence. Design: This is a quantitative and cross‐sectional study. Methods: This multiuniversity study surveyed a convenience sample of 961 nursing using the Self‐compassion Scale, Compassion Competence Scale and Caring Behavior Inventory‐16 version. Standard multiple analysis was performed separately for caring behaviour and compassion competence as dependent variables. For both models, the self‐compassion dimensions and the demographic variables were considered predictor variables. Results: The students reported their self‐compassion moderately, with mindfulness receiving the highest mean and self‐judgment receiving the lowest mean. Significant differences were observed on self‐compassion of students between universities. Caring behaviour and compassion competence were also rated moderately by the students. "Self‐kindness" and "common humanity" were identified as significant predictors of caring behaviour, whereas "self‐kindness," "self‐judgment," "common humanity" and "mindfulness" were significant predictors of compassion competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Nurses working in highly demanding areas, such as intensive care units, are more likely to experience burnout and low job satisfaction than nurses working in less demanding areas. This review aims to assess the degree of well‐being of nurses working in critical care settings in Saudi Arabia by evaluating their levels of burnout and job satisfaction, as well as the factors that contribute to them. Design: A scoping review. Method: Seven databases were searched for published research that examined the levels and factors of burnout and job satisfaction in intensive care units nurses in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as well as literature in which terminology other than "burnout" or terms related to burnout (such as "stress," "compassion fatigue" and "moral distress") were used that were conducted within Saudi Arabia. Data extraction and synthesis were performed by one reviewer and verified by a second reviewer. The present review was undertaken between January 2020 and December 2020. Results: Eleven studies related to burnout and job satisfaction, and their contributing factors were identified. Evidence from this review indicated that intensive care units nurses in Saudi Arabia are suffering from moderate to high levels of burnout while experiencing only moderate levels of job satisfaction. Three categories of factors were found to be associated with burnout and nursing job satisfaction: intrapersonal, interpersonal and extra‐personal factors. The review highlights important findings for policy and nursing practice that can inform future studies and the development of burnout management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Hospitals operate on a 24‐hr basis, with shiftwork being unavoidable for most nurses. This study aims to explore the impact of night shiftwork rotations on nurses' physiological status, work performance and patient safety concerns among nurses in public hospitals. Design: A descriptive predictive correlational design using a self‐administered questionnaire. Methods: Electronic and printable survey questionnaires were distrusted among nurses working in public hospitals in multiple regions of Saudi Arabia. The study recruited 1,256 nurses from different nationalities, hospital work units and work experience. Results: A large proportion of nurses on night shiftwork encountered patient safety issues (85.7%) and physiological consequences (93.6%). Counselling sessions and programmes to support at‐risk nurses are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]