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An effective large-scale model of interacting boson gas at low temperatures is constructed from first principles. The starting point is the generating function of time-dependent Green functions at finite temperature. The perturbation expansion is worked out for the generic case of finite time interval and grand-canonical density operator with the use of the S-matrix functional for the generating function. Apparent infrared divergences of the perturbation expansion are pointed out. Regularization via attenuation of propagators is proposed and the relation to physical dissipation is studied. Problems of functional-integral representation of Green functions are analyzed. The proposed large-scale model is explicitly renormalized at the leading order.

The 6-vertex model with appropriately chosen alternating inhomogeneities gives the so-called light-cone lattice regularization of the sine-Gordon (Massive-Thirring) model. In this integrable lattice model we consider pure hole states above the antiferromagnetic vacuum and express the norm of Bethe-wave functions in terms of the hole's positions and the counting-function of the state under consideration. In the light-cone regularized picture pure hole states correspond to pure soliton (fermion) states of the sine-Gordon (massive Thirring) model. Hence, we analyze the continuum limit of our new formula for the norm of the Bethe-wave functions. We show, that the physically most relevant determinant part of our formula can be expanded in the large volume limit and turns out to be proportional to the Gaudin-determinant of pure soliton states in the sine-Gordon model defined in finite volume., Comment: 39 pages, 3 figures

We calculate the Adler D-function for N = 1 SQCD in the three-loop approximation using the higher covariant derivative regularization and the NSVZ-like subtraction scheme. The recently formulated all-order relation between the Adler function and the anomalous dimension of the matter superfields defined in terms of the bare coupling constant is first considered and generalized to the case of an arbitrary representation for the chiral matter superfields. The correctness of this all-order relation is explicitly verified at the three-loop level. The special renormalization scheme in which this all-order relation remains valid for the D-function and the anomalous dimension defined in terms of the renormalized coupling constant is constructed in the case of using the higher derivative regularization. The analytic expression for the Adler function for N = 1 SQCD is found in this scheme to the order O ( α s 2 ) . The problem of scheme-dependence of the D-function and the NSVZ-like equation is briefly discussed.

Divergent integrals in quantum field theory (QFT) can be given well defined existence as Lorentz covariant complex measures, which may be analyzed by means of a spectral calculus. The case of the photon self energy is considered and the spectral vacuum polarization function is shown to have very close agreement with the vacuum polarization function obtained using dimensional regularization / renormalization in the timelike domain. Using the spectral vacuum polarization function a potential function defined in the timelike domain is derived. The Uehling potential function, from which the Uehling contribution to the Lamb shift may be computed, is derived from an analytic continuation into the spacelike domain of this potential function. The spectral running coupling for QED is computed from this analytically continued potential function. The integral defining the spectral running coupling constant is shown to converge for all non-zero energies while that for the running coupling constant computed using dimensional regularization / renormalization is shown to diverge for all non-zero energies. It is seen that the spectral running coupling does not have a Landau pole and agrees both qualitatively and quantitatively with the results of scattering experiments at all energies.

We discuss the quantization of non-ultralocal integrable models directly in the continuous case, using the example of the Alday-Arutyunov-Frolov model. We show that by treating fields as distributions and regularizing the operator product, it is possible to avoid all the singularities, and allow to obtain results consistent with perturbative calculations. We illustrate these results by considering the reduction to the massive free fermion model and extracting the quantum Hamiltonian as well as other conserved charges directly from the regularized trace identities. Moreover, we show that our regularization recovers Maillet's prescription in the classical limit., Comment: 33 pages, extended version of arXiv:1505.01516

We consider the harmonic superspace formulation of higher-derivative 6 D , N = ( 1 , 0 ) supersymmetric gauge theory and its minimal coupling to a hypermultiplet. In components, the kinetic term for the gauge field in such a theory involves four space-time derivatives. The theory is quantized in the framework of the superfield background method ensuring manifest 6 D , N = ( 1 , 0 ) supersymmetry and the classical gauge invariance of the quantum effective action. We evaluate the superficial degree of divergence and prove it to be independent of the number of loops. Using the regularization by dimensional reduction, we find possible counterterms and show that they can be removed by the coupling constant renormalization for any number of loops, while the divergences in the hypermultiplet sector are absent at all. Assuming that the deviation of the gauge-fixing term from that in the Feynman gauge is small, we explicitly calculate the divergent part of the one-loop effective action in the lowest order in this deviation. In the approximation considered, the result is independent of the gauge-fixing parameter and agrees with the earlier calculation for the theory without a hypermultiplet.

We propose a new renormalization procedure to all orders in perturbation theory, which is formulated on an extended position space. This allows us to apply methods from massless Quantum Field Theory to models of massive fields. These include the technique of homogeneous and associate homogeneous distributions for the extension problem contained in the renormalization theory on position space. This also makes it possible to generalize the notion of residues of Feynman amplitudes, which characterize the presence of additional scales due to renormalization, to the massive case.

Using the Slavnov–Taylor identities we prove that the three-point ghost vertices with a single line of the quantum gauge superfield are not renormalized in all loops in N=1 supersymmetric gauge theories. This statement is verified by the explicit one-loop calculation made by the help of the BRST invariant version of the higher covariant derivative regularization. Using the restrictions to the renormalization constants which are imposed by the non-renormalization of the considered vertices we express the exact NSVZ β-function in terms of the anomalous dimensions of the Faddeev–Popov ghosts and of the quantum gauge superfield. In the expression for the NSVZ β-function obtained in this way the contributions of the Faddeev–Popov ghosts and of the matter superfields have the same structure.

Finding an efficient and compelling regularization of soft and collinear degrees of freedom at the same invariant mass scale, but separated in rapidity is a persistent problem in high-energy factorization. In the course of a calculation, one encounters divergences unregulated by dimensional regularization, often called rapidity divergences. Once regulated, a general framework exists for their renormalization, the rapidity renormalization group (RRG), leading to fully resummed calculations of transverse momentum (to the jet axis) sensitive quantities. We examine how this regularization can be implemented via a multi-differential factorization of the soft-collinear phase-space, leading to an (in principle) alternative non-perturbative regularization of rapidity divergences. As an example, we examine the fully-differential factorization of a color singlet's momentum spectrum in a hadron-hadron collision at threshold. We show how this factorization acts as a mother theory to both traditional threshold and transverse momentum resummation, recovering the classical results for both resummations. Examining the refactorization of the transverse momentum beam functions in the threshold region, we show that one can directly calculate the rapidity renormalized function, while shedding light on the structure of joint resummation. Finally, we show how using modern bootstrap techniques, the transverse momentum spectrum is determined by an expansion about the threshold factorization, leading to a viable higher loop scheme for calculating the relevant anomalous dimensions for the transverse momentum spectrum.

We study two-dimensional quantum gravity on arbitrary genus Riemann surfaces in the Kähler formalism where the basic quantum field is the (Laplacian of the) Kähler potential. We do a careful first-principles computation of the fixed-area partition function Z[A] up to and including all two-loop contributions. This includes genuine two-loop diagrams as determined by the Liouville action, one-loop diagrams resulting from the non-trivial measure on the space of metrics, as well as one-loop diagrams involving various counterterm vertices. Contrary to what is often believed, several such counterterms, in addition to the usual cosmological constant, do and must occur. We consistently determine the relevant counterterms from a one-loop computation of the full two-point Green's function of the Kähler field. Throughout this paper we use the general spectral cutoff regularization developed recently and which is well-suited for multi-loop computations on curved manifolds. At two loops, while all “unwanted” contributions to ln⁡(Z[A]/Z[A0]) correctly cancel, it appears that the finite coefficient of ln⁡(A/A0) does depend on the finite part of a certain counterterm coefficient, i.e. on the finite renormalization conditions one has to impose. There exists a choice that reproduces the famous KPZ-scaling, but it seems to be only one consistent choice among others. Maybe, this hints at the possibility that other renormalization conditions could eventually provide a way to circumvent the famous c=1 barrier.

We construct a new version of the higher covariant derivative regularization for a general N=2 supersymmetric gauge theory formulated in terms of N=1 superfields. This regularization preserves both supersymmetries of the classical action, namely, the invariance under the manifest N=1 supersymmetry and under the second hidden on-shell supersymmetry. The regularizing N=2 supersymmetric higher derivative term is found in the explicit form in terms of N=1 superfields. Thus, N=2 supersymmetry is broken only by the gauge fixing procedure. Then we analyze the exact NSVZ β-function and prove that in the considered model its higher loop structure is determined by the anomalous dimension of the chiral superfield Φ in the adjoint representation which is the N=2 superpartner of the gauge superfield V. Using the background field method we find that this anomalous dimension is related with the anomalous dimension of the hypermultiplet and vanishes if the effective action is invariant under N=2 background supersymmetry. As a consequence, in this case the higher loop contributions to β-function also vanish. The one-loop renormalization structure in the considered regularization is also studied by the explicit calculations of the one-loop renormalization constants.

We complete the computation of the Yang–Mills vacuum wave functional in three dimensions at weak coupling with O ( e 2 ) precision. We use two different methods to solve the functional Schrodinger equation. One of them generalizes to O ( e 2 ) the method followed by Hatfield at O ( e ) [1] . The other uses the weak coupling version of the gauge invariant formulation of the Schrodinger equation and the ground-state wave functional followed by Karabali, Nair, and Yelnikov [2] . These methods need to be carefully regularized to yield correct results. This is done in this paper with full detail.

The exact NSVZ relation between a β-function of N = 1 SQED and an anomalous dimension of the matter superfields is studied within the Slavnov higher derivative regularization approach. It is shown that if the renormalization group functions are defined in terms of the bare coupling constant, this relation is always valid. In the renormalized theory the NSVZ relation is obtained in the momentum subtraction scheme supplemented by a special finite renormalization. Unlike the dimensional reduction, the higher derivative regularization allows to fix this finite renormalization. This is made by imposing the conditions Z 3 ( α , μ = Λ ) = 1 and Z ( α , μ = Λ ) = 1 on the renormalization constants of N = 1 SQED, where Λ is a parameter in the higher derivative term. The results are verified by the explicit three-loop calculation. In this approximation we relate the DR ¯ scheme and the NSVZ scheme defined within the higher derivative approach by the finite renormalization.

The two-dimensional N=(2,2) Wess–Zumino (WZ) model with a cubic superpotential is numerically studied with a momentum-cutoff regularization that preserves supersymmetry. A numerical algorithm based on the Nicolai map is employed and the resulting configurations have no autocorrelation. This system is believed to flow to an N=(2,2) superconformal field theory (SCFT) in the infrared (IR), the A2 model. From a finite-size scaling analysis of the susceptibility of the scalar field in the WZ model, we determine 1−h−h¯=0.616(25)(13) for the conformal dimensions h and h¯, while 1−h−h¯=0.666… for the A2 model. We also measure the central charge in the IR region from a correlation function between conserved supercurrents and obtain c=1.09(14)(31) (c=1 for the A2 model). These results are consistent with the conjectured emergence of the A2 model, and at the same time demonstrate that numerical studies can be complementary to analytical investigations for this two-dimensional supersymmetric field theory.

The renormalization of general gauge theories on flat and curved space-time backgrounds is considered within the Sp(2)-covariant quantization method. We assume the existence of a gauge-invariant and diffeomorphism invariant regularization. Using the Sp(2)-covariant formalism one can show that the theory possesses gauge invariant and diffeomorphism invariant renormalizability to all orders in the loop expansion and the extended BRST symmetry after renormalization is preserved. The advantage of the Sp(2)-method compared to the standard Batalin-Vilkovisky approach is that, in reducible theories, the structure of ghosts and ghosts for ghosts and auxiliary fields is described in terms of irreducible representations of the Sp(2) group. This makes the presentation of solutions to the master equations in more simple and systematic way because they are Sp(2)- scalars., Comment: Typos corrected, refs added, V3 Journal version

The low lying spectrum of the O(n) effective field theory is calculated in the delta-regime in 3 and 4 space-time dimensions using lattice regularization to NNL order. It allows, in particular, to determine, using numerical simulations in different spatial volumes, the pion decay constant F in QCD with 2 flavours or the spin stiffness rho for an antiferromagnet in d=2+1 dimensions., 20 pages, no figures

The fixed point structure of the renormalization flow in Einstein gravity and higher derivative gravity is investigated in terms of the background effective action. A refined perturbative framework is developed consisting of: use of a covariant operator regularization that keeps track of powerlike divergences, a non-minimal subtraction ansatz for the originally dimensionful couplings in combination with a ‘Wilsonian’ matching condition, and the construction of a one-loop effective action exactly gauge-independent on-shell in regularized form. Using this framework strictly positive fixed points for the dimensionless Newton constant g N and the cosmological constant λ can be identified already in one-loop perturbation theory. The renormalization flow is asymptotically safe with respect to the nontrivial fixed points in both cases. In Einstein gravity a residual gauge dependence of the fixed points is unavoidable while in higher derivative gravity both the fixed point and the flow equations are universal. Along this flow spectral positivity of the Hessians can be satisfied, thereby meeting an essential condition for a well-defined Euclidean field theory setting. Dependence on O ( 10 ) initial data is erased to accuracy 0.5 % after O ( 100 ) units of the renormalization mass scale and the flow settles on a λ ( g N ) orbit.

We construct numerically the minimal surface in AdS spacetime surrounded by the light-like segments, which are dual to the 4, 6 and 8-point gluon scattering amplitudes in N = 4 super-Yang–Mills theory. We evaluate the area of the minimal surface in the radial cut-off regularization and compare these areas with the formula conjectured by Bern, Dixon and Smirnov (BDS), which is modified by the remainder function of cross-ratios of external momenta for n ( ⩾ 6 ) -point amplitudes. In our momentum configuration cross-ratios are constant. We calculate the difference of areas with different conformal boost parameters, which is independent of the remainder function, and find that its dependence on the boost parameter is numerically consistent with the BDS formula.

We consider finite-size corrections in the SU ( 2 ) × SU ( 2 ) sector of type IIA string theory on AdS 4 × C P 3 , which is the string dual of the recently constructed N = 6 superconformal Chern–Simons theory of Aharony, Bergman, Jafferis and Maldacena (ABJM theory). The string states we consider are in the R × S 2 × S 2 subspace of AdS 4 × C P 3 with an angular momentum J on C P 3 being large. We compute the finite-size corrections using two different methods, one is to consider curvature corrections to the Penrose limit giving an expansion in 1 / J , the other by considering a low energy expansion in λ ′ = λ / J 2 of the string theory sigma-model, λ being the 't Hooft coupling of the dual ABJM theory. For both methods there are interesting issues to deal with. In the near-pp-wave method there is a 1 / J interaction term for which we use zeta-function regularization in order to compute the 1 / J correction to the energy. For the low energy sigma-model expansion we have to take into account a non-trivial coupling to a non-dynamical transverse direction. We find agreement between the two methods. At order λ ′ and λ ′ 2 , for small λ ′ , our results are analogous to the ones for the SU ( 2 ) sector in type IIB string theory on AdS 5 × S 5 . Instead at order λ ′ 3 there are interactions between the two two-spheres. We compare our results with the recently proposed all-loop Bethe ansatz of Gromov and Vieira and find agreement.

We consider the partition function of the boundary OSp ( 2 S + 2 | 2 S ) coset sigma model on an annulus, based on the lattice regularization introduced in the companion paper. Using results for the action of OSp ( 2 S + 2 | 2 S ) and B L ( 2 ) on the corresponding spin chain, as well as mini-superspace and small g σ 2 calculations, we conjecture the full spectrum and set of degeneracies on the entire critical line. Potential relationship with the OSp ( 2 S + 2 | 2 S ) Gross–Neveu model is also discussed.

We show that in the massless N=1 supersymmetric Wess-Zumino theory it is possible to devise a computational strategy by which the x-space calculation of the ladder 4-point correlators can be carried out without introducing any regularization. As an application we derive a representation valid at all loop orders in terms of conformal invariant integrals. We obtain an explicit expression of the 3-loop ladder diagram for collinear external points., LaTeX, 17 pages, 8 figures

We couple a massive spin 2 particle to electromagnetism. By introducing new, redundant degrees of freedom using the Stueckelberg formalism, we extract an intrinsic, model independent UV cutoff of the effective field theory describing this system. The cutoff signals both the onset of a strongly interacting dynamical regime and a finite size for the spin 2 particle. We show that the existence of a cutoff is strictly connected to other pathologies of interacting high-spin fields, such as the Velo-Zwanziger acausality. We also briefly comment on implications of this result for the detection of high spin states and on its possible generalization to arbitrary spin., Comment: 14 pages, to appear in Nuclear Physics B

We compute the relation between the pole quark mass and the minimally subtracted quark mass in the framework of QCD applying dimensional reduction as a regularization scheme. Special emphasis is put on the evanescent couplings and the renormalization of the epsilon-scalar mass. As a by-product we obtain the three-loop on-shell renormalization constants Zm(OS) and Z2(OS) in dimensional regularization and thus provide the first independent check of the analytical results computed several years ago., Comment: 22 pages

We study the c L = 25 limit, which corresponds to c = 1 string theory, of bulk and boundary correlation functions of Liouville theory with FZZT boundary conditions. This limit is singular and requires a renormalization of vertex operators. We formulate a regularization procedure which allows to extract finite physical results. A particular attention is paid to c = 1 string theory compactified at the self-dual radius R = 1 . In this case, the boundary correlation functions diverge even after the multiplicative renormalization. We show that all infinite contributions can be interpreted as contact terms arising from degenerate world sheet configurations. After their subtraction, one gets a well defined set of correlation functions. We also obtain several new results for correlation functions in Liouville theory at generic central charge.

The soft and collinear singularities of general scalar and tensor one-loop N-point integrals are worked out explicitly. As a result a simple explicit formula is given that expresses the singular part in terms of 3-point integrals. Apart from predicting the singularities, this result can be used to transfer singular one-loop integrals from one regularization scheme to another or to subtract soft and collinear singularities from one-loop Feynman diagrams directly in momentum space., Comment: 19 pages latex

We non-perturbatively calculate the scale dependence of the static axial current in the Schroedinger functional scheme by means of a recursive finite-size scaling technique, taking the continuum limit in each step. The bare current in the O(a) improved theory as well as in the original Wilson regularization is thus connected to the renormalization group invariant one. The latter may then be related to the current at the B-scale defined such that its matrix elements differ from the physical (QCD) ones by O(1/M). At present, a (probably small) perturbative uncertainty enters in this step. As an application, we renormalize existing unimproved data on F_B^{bare} and extrapolate to the continuum limit. We also study an interesting function h(d/L,u) derived from the Schroedinger functional amplitude describing the propagation of a static quark-antiquark pair., Comment: 34 pages, 12 postscript figures, 9 tables, latex2e; version published in Nucl. Phys. B, only 1 reference added

The reparametrization symmetries of Witten's vertex in ordinary or vacuum string field theories can be used to extract useful information about classical solutions of the equations of motion corresponding to D-branes. It follows, that the vacuum string field theory in general has to be regularized. For the regularization recently considered by Gaiotto et al., we show that the identities we derive, are so constraining, that among all surface states they uniquely select the simplest butterfly projector discovered numerically by those authors. The reparametrization symmetries are also used to give a simple proof that the butterfly states and their generalizations are indeed projectors., Comment: 37 pages, 4 figures, v2: numerical factors in section 2.3 and Appendix C corrected, report number corrected

We consider correlation functions containing the axial current of one light and one heavy quark in the static approximation as well as in full QCD, using the lattice regularization. Up to one-loop order of perturbation theory, we study the difference between the full and the effective theory in the continuum limit. In the full theory we find a term non-analytic in 1/m, revealing the asymptotic character of the 1/m-expansion. In general, deviations from the m-to-infinity limit turn out to be small and are well described by the first non-trivial terms when m is a factor 2-3 above the external scale. We also investigate the mass dependence of discretization errors, and find that the behaviour of the correlation functions at finite lattice spacing differs significantly from that in the continuum limit when the quark mass is large., Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Nucl. Phys. B; acknowledgement added

We extend the gauge coupling of Super-Yang-Mills theories to an external superfield composed out of a chiral and an antichiral superfield and perform renormalization in the extended model. In one-loop order we find an anomalous breaking of supersymmetry which vanishes in the limit to constant coupling. The anomaly arises form non-local contributions and its coefficient is gauge and scheme independent and strictly of one-loop order. In the perturbative framework of the construction the anomaly cannot be absorbed as a counterterm to the classical action. With local gauge coupling the symmetric counterterms with chiral integration are holomorphic functions and this property is independent from the specific regularization scheme. Thus, the symmetric counterterm to the Yang-Mills part is of one-loop order only - and it is the anomaly which gives rise to the two-loop order of the gauge $\beta$-function in pure Super-Yang-Mills theories and to its closed all-order expression., Comment: 34 pages, LaTeX

We perform a systematic analysis of soft supersymmetry breaking terms at the one loop level in a large class of string effective field theories. This includes the so-called anomaly mediated contributions. We illustrate our results for several classes of orbifold models. In particular, we discuss a class of models where soft supersymmetry breaking terms are determined by quasi model independent anomaly mediated contributions, with possibly non-vanishing scalar masses at the one loop level. We show that the latter contribution depends on the detailed prescription of the regularization process which is assumed to represent the Planck scale physics of the underlying fundamental theory. The usual anomaly mediation case with vanishing scalar masses at one loop is not found to be generic. However gaugino masses and A-terms always vanish at tree level if supersymmetry breaking is moduli dominated with the moduli stabilized at self-dual points, whereas the vanishing of the B-term depends on the origin of the mu-term in the underlying theory. We also discuss the supersymmetric spectrum of O-I and O-II models, as well as a model of gaugino condensation. For reference, explicit spectra corresponding to a Higgs mass of 114 GeV are given. Finally, we address general strategies for distinguishing among these models., Comment: 49 pages: includes three tables and nine figures

We study the relation between the Baier-Dokshitzer-Mueller-Peigne-Schiff (BDMPS) and Zakharov formalisms for medium-induced gluon radiation off hard quarks, and the radiation off very few scattering centers. Based on the non-abelian Furry approximation for the motion of hard partons in a spatially extended colour field, we derive a compact diagrammatic and explicitly colour trivial expression for the N-th order term of the kt-differential gluon radiation cross section in an expansion in the opacity of the medium. Resumming this quantity to all orders in opacity, we obtain Zakharov's path-integral expression (supplemented with a regularization prescription). This provides a new proof of the equivalence of the BDMPS and Zakharov formalisms which extends previous arguments to the kt-differential cross section. We give explicit analytical results up to third order in opacity for both the gluon radiation cross section of free incoming and of in-medium produced quarks. The N-th order term in the opacity expansion of the radiation cross section is found to be a convolution of the radiation associated to N-fold rescattering and a readjustment of the probabilities that rescattering occurs with less than N scattering centers. Both informations can be disentangled by factorizing out of the radiation cross section a term which depends only on the mean free path of the projectile. This allows to infer analytical expressions for the totally coherent and totally incoherent limits of the radiation cross section to arbitrary orders in opacity., 22 pages, LaTeX, eps-figures included, typos corrected, Comment on (5.13) added, to appear in NPB

We present a method to control the regularization scheme dependence in the running of couplings in Kaluza-Klein theories. Specifically we consider the scalar theory in five dimensions, assuming that one dimension is compactified and we study various regularization schemes in order to analyze concretely the regularization scheme dependence of the Kaluza-Klein threshold effects. We find that in one-loop order, although the $\beta$-functions are different for the different schemes, the net difference in the running of the coupling among the different schemes is very small for the entire range of energies. Our results have been extended to include more than one radii, and the gauge coupling unification is re-examined. Strings are also used as a regulator. We obtain a particular regularization of effective field theory which can accurately describe the string Kaluza-Klein threshold effects., Comment: 39 pages, 12 figures uses epsf.sty

We present a new regularization method, for d dim (Euclidean) quantum field theories in the continuum formalism, based on the domain wall configuration in (1+d) dim space-time. It is inspired by the recent progress in the chiral fermions on the lattice. The wall "height" is given by 1/M, where M is a regularization mass parameter and appears as a 1+d dim Dirac fermion mass. The present approach gives a thermodynamic view to the domain wall or the overlap formalism in the lattice field theory. We will show qualitative correspondence between the present continuum results and those of the lattice. The extra dimension is regarded as the (inverse) temperature t. The domains are defined by the directions of the "system movement", not by the sign of M as in the original overlap formalism. Physically the parameter M controls both the chirality selection and the dimensional reduction to d dimension. From the point of regularization, the limit $Mt\ra 0$ regularize the infra-red behaviour whereas the condition on the momentum ($k^\m$) integral, $|k^\m|\leq M$, regularize the ultra-violet behaviour. To check the new regularization works correctly, we take the 4 dim QED and 2 dim chiral gauge theory as examples. Especially the consistent and covariant anomalies are correctly obtained. The choice of solutions of the higher dim Dirac equation characterize the two anomalies. The projective properties of the positive and negative energy free solutions are exploited in calculation. Some integral functions, the incomplete gamma functions and the generalized hypergeometric functions characteristically appear in the regularization procedure., 51 pages,10 figures

We consider, in a string theory framework, physical processes of phenomenological interest in models with a low string scale. The amplitudes we study involve tree-level virtual gravitational exchange, divergent in a field-theoretical treatment, and massive gravitons emission, which are the main signatures of this class of models. First, we discuss the regularization of summations appearing in virtual gravitational (closed string) Kaluza-Klein exchanges in Type I strings. We argue that a convenient manifestly ultraviolet convergent low energy limit of type I string theory is given by an effective field theory with an arbitrary cutoff $\Lambda$ in the closed (gravitational) channel and a related cutoff $M_s^2/\Lambda$ in the open (Yang-Mills) channel. We find the leading string corrections to the field theory results. Second, we calculate exactly string tree-level three and four-point amplitudes with gauge bosons and one massive graviton and examine string deviations from the field-theory result., Comment: 39 pages, 8 figures, references added

We study properties of a scalar quantum field theory on two-dimensional non-commutative space-times. Contrary to the common belief that non-commutativity of space-time would be a key to remove the ultraviolet divergences, we show that field theories on a non-commutative plane with the most natural Heisenberg-like commutation relations among coordinates or even on a non-commutative quantum plane with Eq(2) symmetry have ultraviolet divergences, while the theory on a non-commutative cylinder is ultraviolet finite. Thus, ultraviolet behavior of a field theory on non-commutative spaces is sensitive to the topology of the space-time, namely to its compactness. We present general arguments for the case of higher space-time dimensions and as well discuss the symmetry transformations of physical states on non-commutative space-times. PACS: 03.70, Keywords: Quantum field theory, Ultraviolet divergences, Regularization, Non-commutative space-times

We use a gauge-invariant regularization procedure, called ``split dimensional regularization'', to evaluate the quark self-energy $\Sigma (p)$ and quark-quark-gluon vertex function $\Lambda_\mu (p^\prime,p)$ in the Coulomb gauge, $\vec{\bigtriangledown}\cdot\vec{A}^a = 0$. The technique of split dimensional regularization was designed to regulate Coulomb-gauge Feynman integrals in non-Abelian theories. The technique which is based on two complex regulating parameters, $\omega$ and $\sigma$, is shown to generate a well-defined set of Coulomb-gauge integrals. A major component of this project deals with the evaluation of four-propagator and five-propagator Coulomb integrals, some of which are nonlocal. It is further argued that the standard one-loop BRST identity relating $\Sigma$ and $\Lambda_\mu$, should by rights be replaced by a more general BRST identity which contains two additional contributions from ghost vertex diagrams. Despite the appearance of nonlocal Coulomb integrals, both $\Sigma$ and $\Lambda_\mu$ are local functions which satisfy the appropriate BRST identity. Application of split dimensional regularization to two-loop energy integrals is briefly discussed., Comment: Latex, 17 pages, 4 figures, uses epsf.sty, epsfig.sty; to appear in Nuc. Phys. B

The conversion of second-class constraints into first-class constraints is used to extend the coordinate-free path integral quantization, achieved by a flat-space Brownian motion regularization of the coherent-state path integral measure, to systems with second-class constraints., 21 pages, plain LaTeX, no figures

We reanalyse the question whether the quantum Bogomolnyi bound is saturated in the two-dimensional supersymmetric kink and sine-Gordon models. Our starting point is the usual expression for the one-loop correction to the mass of a soliton in terms of sums over zero-point energies. To regulate these sums, most authors put the system in a box with suitable boundary conditions, and impose an ultraviolet cut-off. We distinguish between an energy cut-off and a mode-number cut-off, and show that they lead to different results. We claim that only the mode cut-off yields correct results, and only if one considers exactly the same number of bosonic and fermionic modes in the total sum over bound-state and zero-point energies. To substantiate this claim, we show that in the sine-Gordon model only the mode cut-off yields a result for the quantum soliton mass that is consistent with the exact result for the spectrum as obtained by Dashen et al. from quantising the so-called breather solution. In the supersymmetric case, our conclusion is that contrary to previous claims the quantum Bogomolnyi bound is not saturated in any of the two-dimensional models considered.

Pole masses of quarks in the quantum chromodynamics are calculated to the two-loop order in the framework of the regularization by dimensional reduction. For the diagram with a light quark loop, the non-Euclidean asymptotic expansion is constructed with the external momentum on the mass shell of a heavy quark., Comment: the version accepted for publication in Nucl.Phys.B. The new references are added, new Appendix are presented, little misprints fixed in eqs. (2), (14), (17). LaTex, 23 pages, including 1 eps-figure

A systematic derivation is given of the worldline path integrals for the effective action of a multiplet of Dirac fermions interacting with general matrix-valued classical background scalar, pseudoscalar, and vector gauge fields. The first path integral involves worldline fermions with antiperiodic boundary conditions on the worldline loop and generates the real part of the one loop (Euclidean) effective action. The second path integral involves worldline fermions with periodic boundary conditions and generates the imaginary part of the (Euclidean) effective action, i.e. the phase of the fermion functional determinant. Here we also introduce a new regularization for the phase of functional determinants resembling a heat-kernel regularization. Compared to the known special cases, our worldline Lagrangians have a number of new interaction terms; the validity of some of these terms is checked in perturbation theory. In particular, we obtain the leading order contribution (in the heavy mass expansion) to the Wess-Zumino-Witten term, which generates the chiral anomaly., Comment: 23 pages, Plain Tex, no macros needed, some minor changes and some references added

In this paper the stability and the renormalizability of Yang-Mills theory in the Background Field Gauge are studied. By means of Ward Identities of Background gauge invariance and Slavnov-Taylor Identities the stability of the classical model is proved and, in a regularization independent way, its renormalizability is verified. A prescription on how to build the counterterms is given and the possible anomalies which may appear for Ward Identities and for Slavnov-Taylor Identities are shown.

The vacuum polarization due to chiral fermions on a 4--dimensional Euclidean lattice is calculated according to the overlap prescription. The fermions are coupled to weak and slowly varying background gauge and Higgs fields, and the polarization tensor is given by second order perturbation theory. In this order the overlap constitutes a gauge invariant regularization of the fermion vacuum amplitude. Its low energy -- long wavelength behaviour can be computed explicitly and we verify that it coincides with the Feynman graph result obtainable, for example, by dimensional regularization of continuum gauge theory. In particular, the Standard Model Callan--Symanzik RG functions are recovered. Moreover, there are no residual lattice artefacts such as a dependence on Wilson--type mass parameters., 23 pages, LaTeX

One loop anomalies and their dependence on antifields for general gauge theories are investigated within a Pauli-Villars regularization scheme. For on-shell theories {\it i.e.}, with open algebras or on-shell reducible theories, the antifield dependence is cohomologically non trivial. The associated Wess-Zumino term depends also on antifields. In the classical basis the antifield independent part of the WZ term is expressed in terms of the anomaly and finite gauge transformations by introducing gauge degrees of freedom as the extra dynamical variables. The complete WZ term is reconstructed from the antifield independent part., Comment: 15 pages, An example of non-abelian antisymmetric field is added. Some corrections are made to refrain from using the reconstruction theorem in the gauge fixed basis

We use a numerical method to obtain the weak coupling perturbative coefficients of local operators with lattice regularization. Such a method allows us to extend the perturbative expansions obtained so far by analytical Feynman diagrams calculations. In SU(3) lattice gauge theory in four dimensions we compute the first eight coefficients of the expectation value of the Wilson loop on the elementary plaquette which is related to the gluon condensate. The computed eight coefficients grow with the order much faster than predicted by the presence of the infrared renormalon associated to the dimension of the gluon condensate. However the renormalon behaviour for large order is quite well reproduced if one considers the expansion coefficients in a new coupling related to the lattice coupling by large perturbative corrections. This is expected since the lattice and continuum Lambda scales differ by almost two orders of magnitude., Comment: 11 pages, LaTeX

In the presence of consistent regulators, the standard procedure of BRST gauge fixing (or moving from one gauge to another) can require non-trivial modifications. These modifications occur at the quantum level, and gauges exist which are only well-defined when quantum mechanical modifications are correctly taken into account. We illustrate how this phenomenon manifests itself in the solvable case of two-dimensional bosonization in the path-integral formalism. As a by-product, we show how to derive smooth bosonization in Batalin-Vilkovisky Lagrangian BRST quantization., Comment: LaTeX, 12 pages

The nonlocal regularization method, recently proposed in ref.\,\ct{emkw91,kw92,kw93}, is extended to general gauge theories by reformulating it along the ideas of the antibracket-antifield formalism. From the interplay of both frameworks a fully regularized version of the field-antifield (FA) formalism arises, being able to deal with higher order loop corrections and to describe higher order loop contributions to the BRST anomaly. The quantum master equation, considered in the FA framework as the quantity parametrizing BRST anomalies, is argued to be incomplete at two and higher order loops and conjectured to reproduce only the one-loop corrections to the $\hbar^p$ anomaly generated by the addition of $O(\hbar^{k})$, $k, Comment: 32 pages, LaTeX (uses feynman), 3 figures (few typos corrected, 3 references added, final version to appear in Nucl.Phys.B)

Two Dimensional Gravity with R2-term is quantized around the R2-Liouville solution in the semiclassical way. Renormalization, regularization (infra-red, ultra-violet) and a topological term (∂(ϕ∂ϕ)) are carefully treated. All (1-loop) divergences are renormalized by the cosmological constant (μ) and the R2-coupling-constant (β) for the case β > 0. The quantum meaning of the topological term is clarified. The renormalization group beta-functions of the couplings β and μ are obtained. It is found that the theory is conformal (i.e. the beta-functions=0) for w = (β/A) · (16π · 48π/(26 − cm)) ⩾ 1 (where A is a fixed area) exactly when the coupling constant ξ of the topological term takes the value of 1. As for 0 < w < 1, β is asymptotically free for cm < 26 and μ is asymptotically non-free.

We study the operator that corresponds to the measurement of volume, in non-perturbative quantum gravity, and we compute its spectrum. The operator is constructed in the loop representation, via a regularization procedure; it is finite, background independent, and diffeomorphism-invariant, and therefore well defined on the space of diffeomorphism invariant states (knot states). We find that the spectrum of the volume of any physical region is discrete. A family of eigenstates are in one to one correspondence with the spin networks, which were introduced by Penrose in a different context. We compute the corresponding component of the spectrum, and exhibit the eigenvalues explicitly. The other eigenstates are related to a generalization of the spin networks, and their eigenvalues can be computed by diagonalizing finite dimensional matrices. Furthermore, we show that the eigenstates of the volume diagonalize also the area operator. We argue that the spectra of volume and area determined here can be considered as predictions of the loop-representation formulation of quantum gravity on the outcomes of (hypothetical) Planck-scale sensitive measurements of the geometry of space., 36 pages, latex, 13 figures uuencoded

Infrared regularized versions of 4-D N=1 superstring ground states are constructed by curving the spacetime. A similar regularization can be performed in field theory. For the IR regularized string ground states we derive the exact one-loop effective action for non-zero U(1) or chromo-magnetic fields as well as gravitational and axionic-dilatonic fields. This effective action is IR and UV finite. Thus, the one-loop corrections to all couplings (gravitational, gauge and Yukawas) are unabiguously computed. These corrections are necessary for quantitative string superunification predictions at low energies. The one-loop corrections to the couplings are also found to satisfy Infrared Flow Equations., Version to appear in Nucl. Phys. B. (several parts have been expanded, and extra results have been added.)

A semi-analytic method to compute the first coefficients of the renormalization group functions on a random lattice is introduced. It is used to show that the two-dimensional $O(N)$ non-linear $\sigma$-model regularized on a random lattice has the correct continuum limit. A degree $\kappa$ of ``randomness'' in the lattice is introduced and an estimate of the ratio $\Lambda_{random}/\Lambda_{regular}$ for two rather opposite values of $\kappa$ in the $\sigma$-model is also given. This ratio turns out to depend on $\kappa$., Comment: PostScript file. 22 pages. Revised and enlarged version